In the 1970s the Canadian government took a strong stand against apartheid sport policies. Despite Canada’s limited sporting links with South Africa, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau and his Liberal government took on a leading Commonwealth position in promoting the isolation of South African sport. The catalyst for this leadership was Canada as host of two ‘mega’ sporting events during the 1970s - the 1976 Montréal Olympics and the 1978 Edmonton Commonwealth Games. This thesis focuses on the progression and adoption of new policies and initiatives which looked to strengthen Canada’s foreign policies dealing with apartheid sport while promoting these initiatives within the Commonwealth. Canada, a senior member of the association, had proved itself to be a key ally of newly independent Commonwealth nations throughout the 1960s and into the 1970s. These nations looked to Canada for guidance. Along with taking on a stronger Commonwealth position during the Trudeau era, Canada also looked to increase its international presence by focusing less on its traditional ties with the United States and more on forging relationships with a variety of newer nations. As Canada looked outside its borders to assert itself, within the country regionalism was on the rise with the advent of Québec separatism. All these factors played a major role in the development of Canadian foreign policy during the 1970s. This thesis focuses on the balance between internal and external pressures for change and how changes unfolded in light of Canada holding two mega sporting events in quick progression. From 1968 to 1980, Trudeau dominated Canadian politics. An engaging figure, he came to power promoting his notion of a ‘Just Society’ and looking to expand Canada’s international prestige. Newly opened archives of the External Affairs Department at the Library and Archives Canada show that Trudeau played a key role in the development of Canada’s new policies, especially during the period of 1975 to 1978. The wide range of primary sources consulted, many recently opened through Access to Information and Privacy requests, alongside a variety of sources from voluntary associations, analysed in this thesis provide a fulsome, chronological narrative of how Canada moved to the forefront of the Commonwealth and the association’s movement to isolate South African apartheid sport.

The concept of ignorance has been unfairly stigmatised in research and practice, and consequently has not received the attention it deserves as a powerful motivator of behaviour in organisations. To understand the role of ignorance, it must be examined as a productive force rather than a shameful weakness, an achievement instead of a failure. This thesis develops an understanding of how ignorance is achieved and why it is perpetuated in the context of managing the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, a series of worldwide mega-events that are popular with proponents of urban development, but which have experienced persistent organisational problems in the form of cost overruns, schedule delays, and scope creep. To do so, this research draws on literature about ignorance from the disciplines of philosophy, anthropology, sociology, and organisational theory, to motivate an embedded case study of Games Organising Committees (OCs) in six host cities around the world. These OCs, which were actively planning the Games during the research, are studied through qualitative research, to develop a dynamic understanding of the role of ignorance in planning the Games. The findings and analysis are presented from two perspectives: the structure of the ‘Games system’ and of the OC; and, the substance of Games planning in the areas of cost, time and scope. While other studies have focused on ignorance as necessary, strategic, and inadvertent, the original contribution to knowledge of this thesis is the proposal of a theoretical framework that focuses on the functional and detrimental outcomes of ignorance. This framework is also shown to be useful in understanding why ignorance persists between organisations, and suggests three basic principles for further research: ignorance as a productive force in management; structure as a scaffold for ignorance; and budget, time and scope as catalysts for ignorance.

The underrepresentation of sportswomen in all forms of news coverage has been widely acknowledged by feminist media scholars. However, some researchers claim that there is a shift towards greater gender equality of sports media coverage, especially during the Olympic Games. In light of such studies, the present study examined the quantitative and qualitative media representations of male and female athletes in six German news media outlets during the Olympic Games 2016. The empirical analysis focused on the coverage of the German men’s and women’s hockey team. In contrast to previous studies, the chosen example represents a special case, since on the factual level, hockey can be seen as a gender equal sport, because hockey is played by men and women equally in Germany and both teams won the bronze medal at the Olympics 2016. Content analysis and feminist critical discourse analyses were used to examine in what ways the media portrays male and female hockey players differently and thereby plays a part in the ideological construction of gender. The study found that, although the selected German media outlets gave more coverage to the hockey women than sportswomen usually receive, the coverage was filled with narratives based on hegemonic masculinity that produces striking contrasts between the female and male hockey players. Results show that the media was more likely to minimize the athleticism of the hockey women, by comparing them to the men’s team, including non-sport relevant information or emphasizing their traditional gender roles as wives and mothers. Moreover, the coverage of the female hockey players typically employed expressions which imitate femininity, whereas the language used to report on the male athletes contained power descriptors, conforming to the hegemonic notions of masculinity. Thus, the media reporting produces gender differences and naturalizes a gender hierarchy in which sportswomen are represented as inferior.

The work deals with the history of the Olympic Games, which were held in Moscow in 1980 and four years later in Los Angeles. These two major sporting events have been very affected by the political situation. The Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan in the end of 1979 led to the boycott of the Olympic Games from the US and a number of other States. I t was the largest boycott of the history of the games.Also indirectly led to the boycott of the games in Los Angeles, the Soviet Union and its satellites four years later. It is therefore both Olympics history analyzed in political context internationally. In this respect are the most important relations between the Soviet Union and the United States, mentioned are the other important events of international politics in the 1970s. years, including the Soviet-Afghan relations. In the case of two Olympiads are mentioned important facts concerning the Organization of the games facilities, sports venues, results and more. Mention also the impact of the boycott to cast individual and team competitions both Olympics. Part of the work is devoted to the Czechoslovak looking at the whole issue. The history of the Olympics, both the international situation and the way they were presented and accepted at the time in Czechoslovakia are the result of a...

This work offers analysis of propaganda used in Czechoslovak daily journal Rude Pravo, that focused on the topic of the Moscow 1980 and Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games. Both Games were notably affected by Cold War related boycott. Therefore, theoretical part of this work describes major circumstances of the conflict along with socio-historical and media context of Czechoslovakia in its period of normalization. The emphasis is focused mainly on description of censorship mechanisms. The research part of this work analyses the main theme units, found in Rude Pravo and searches for their connection with available documents of censoring authorities ÚV KSČ, ČÚTI and FÚTI.

The subject of this diploma thesis is to map the media presentation development of handicapped sportsmen in years 1992-2012. The thesis focuses on sportsmen media impression in journals Právo (also Rudé právo) and Sport (also Československý sport). The objective of this analysis is to find out, whether the impression of handicapped sportsmen corresponds with the impression of so-called normal sportsmen. The analytical part includes qualitative comparative analysis of articles about paralympic and olympic athletes at the time of Olympic and Paralympic Games. The thesis also analyse articles, that were published one week before or after the Games. The first chapter describes, how were handicapped sportsmen noted in newspaper in the past. As handicapped sportsmen are showed in media stereotypically, therefore there is a term deconstruction of representation and stereotypization as a part of theory behind this study. The framing analysis has its own chapter. The way, how texts about paralympic and olympic athletes are framed, is important for further analysis. That analysis forms six chapters. Every single chapter focuses on a single year, in which Olympic or Paralympic Games were held. Using the analysis of texts about the most successfull athletes leads to a comparison of those Games media...

Title: The analysis of the issue of hosting the Olympic Games. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to describe the functioning of the Olympic Movement, the development of the Olympic Games size, the development of the Olympic Marketing, the bidding process for the Games and to examine this reality in light of the problems each subject creates. Identify positive and negative aspects of the Olympic Games through SWOT analysis. Furthermore, this thesis aims to determine how the Olympic Agenda 2020 is changing the function of the Olympic Movement, the Olympic Games and how it contributes to the future sustainability of games. Used methods: This thesis is a theoretical paper that has a descriptive and analytical nature, so the main method used is an analysis and study of documents, literature and web sources. The information was analyzed and comprehensively processed. Results: Identified problems can be summarized in these points: Decreased interest in bidding for the Olympics due to non existing government guarantees, rejection of Olympics from residents, negative perception of gigantism. Hosting the Olympics is historically linked with cost overruns, for the Summer Games of 230%, for the Winter Games of 94%. China is expected to become the sport epicenter. Gigantism threatens Olympic ideals and...

Esta tese trata da constituição do campo esportivo (BOURDIEU, 1983) do futebol nos Jogos Olímpicos. Para apresentar a configuração dessa estrutura foi utilizada uma análise documental juntamente com a história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que participaram do torneio olímpico entre 1952 e 1988. O tema referente ao amadorismo e profissionalismo estruturou toda a tese. Os conflitos políticos em torno do COI e da FIFA pelo controle do futebol foram amparados na disputa de poder para estabelecer como seria definido o termo amador. As divergências sobre esse assunto fizeram com que a FIFA criasse a sua Copa do Mundo em 1930 e que o futebol ficasse fora do programa olímpico dos Jogos de 1932. Foi a partir desse debate que os múltiplos olhares em relação ao futebol e aos Jogos Olímpicos sustentaram a tese. Esses olhares foram construídos a partir da história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que defenderam o país no futebol, dos membros e presidentes do COI e da FIFA, dos dirigentes do COB e da CBD, depois CBF, e da imprensa que apareceu nos jornais Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo, e nos Boletins Olímpicos do COI. Desse modo, construiu-se a tese de que foram os conflitos políticos entre o COI e a FIFA em torno do estabelecimento das definições da condição de atleta amador e profissional que ditaram os rumos do futebol olímpico e da modalidade no mundo / This thesis deals with the establishment of football as a sport field (BOURDIEU, 1983) in the Olympic Games. In order to present the configuration of this structure, a documental analysis was performed as well as the review of Brazilian athletes life history, since 1952 until 1988. The theme related to amateurism and professionalism has completely structured this thesis. Political conflicts developed in the relationship of COI and FIFA for control of football activities were based on the power dispute on how amateur should be defined. Deviations related to this subject lead to FIFA launching of its 1930 World Cup, and prevented football from being excluded in the Olympic Games of 1932. Rooted on this debate, multiple views related to football and Olympic Games maintained the thesis. Those multiple views were built upon the life history of Brazilian athletes that defended the country in football games, of members and presidents of COI and FIFA, of the leaders of COB and CBD, later on CBF, and upon press articles shown on Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo diaries, as well as on COI Olympic Bulletins. In this way, it was built the thesis that political conflicts between COI and FIFA were the root for the establishment of the definitions on amateur and professional athlete conditions, which ruled the track of Olympic football, as well as professional football, worldwide

This diploma thesis investigates the extent to which athletes competing in 21st century world athletic competitions, ie OH and MS in athletics, violated anti-doping rules. The main aim is to find out which disciplines at the world's top athletics competitions, ie World Championships in Athletics and the Olympic Games, most frequently appeared in the 21st Century of Doping, and from which countries were athletes who contributed most to the use of doping. The secondary objective is to find out which prohibited substances or methods were most used in the athletic world competitions under study.

Esta tese trata da constituição do campo esportivo (BOURDIEU, 1983) do futebol nos Jogos Olímpicos. Para apresentar a configuração dessa estrutura foi utilizada uma análise documental juntamente com a história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que participaram do torneio olímpico entre 1952 e 1988. O tema referente ao amadorismo e profissionalismo estruturou toda a tese. Os conflitos políticos em torno do COI e da FIFA pelo controle do futebol foram amparados na disputa de poder para estabelecer como seria definido o termo amador. As divergências sobre esse assunto fizeram com que a FIFA criasse a sua Copa do Mundo em 1930 e que o futebol ficasse fora do programa olímpico dos Jogos de 1932. Foi a partir desse debate que os múltiplos olhares em relação ao futebol e aos Jogos Olímpicos sustentaram a tese. Esses olhares foram construídos a partir da história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que defenderam o país no futebol, dos membros e presidentes do COI e da FIFA, dos dirigentes do COB e da CBD, depois CBF, e da imprensa que apareceu nos jornais Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo, e nos Boletins Olímpicos do COI. Desse modo, construiu-se a tese de que foram os conflitos políticos entre o COI e a FIFA em torno do estabelecimento das definições da condição de atleta amador e profissional que ditaram os rumos do futebol olímpico e da modalidade no mundo / This thesis deals with the establishment of football as a sport field (BOURDIEU, 1983) in the Olympic Games. In order to present the configuration of this structure, a documental analysis was performed as well as the review of Brazilian athletes life history, since 1952 until 1988. The theme related to amateurism and professionalism has completely structured this thesis. Political conflicts developed in the relationship of COI and FIFA for control of football activities were based on the power dispute on how amateur should be defined. Deviations related to this subject lead to FIFA launching of its 1930 World Cup, and prevented football from being excluded in the Olympic Games of 1932. Rooted on this debate, multiple views related to football and Olympic Games maintained the thesis. Those multiple views were built upon the life history of Brazilian athletes that defended the country in football games, of members and presidents of COI and FIFA, of the leaders of COB and CBD, later on CBF, and upon press articles shown on Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo diaries, as well as on COI Olympic Bulletins. In this way, it was built the thesis that political conflicts between COI and FIFA were the root for the establishment of the definitions on amateur and professional athlete conditions, which ruled the track of Olympic football, as well as professional football, worldwide