Master´s thesis is focused on portal milling machine driven by ball screw and nut. There is a limit where it is suitable to use a driven screw or driven nut. Both variants are solved based on specified X-axis travel distance. In last part is solved the design of support long shaft ball screw driven by nut. The work also includes 3D CAD model of both variants and drawing documentation.

This master’s thesis focuses on the image reconstruction from holographic microscope. The first part of the thesis summarizes problems of holography, describes its principle and application particularly in live cell biology. In the second part the description of several methods used for off-axis hologram reconstruction is provided. The last part describes the implementation of the basic step in holographic reconstruction – the elimination of autocorrelation and twin image – and then also the reconstruction of 3D information of the sample.

The thesis deals with headstock and spindle of the universal turning center. In the introduction part is a destription of the headstock morfology. It describe how the spindle and headstock can be solved in terms of its bearing, installation, used clamping interface, lubrrication, cooling and sealing. The second part is devoted to the universals turning machines which are available on the market. In the final part is the practical solution of the headstock and spindle on which can be performed for milling and drilling operation instead of turning.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of a selected structural part of multi-tasking machine tool. The solved construction part is the design of a turning table with the possibility of positioning with specified parameters. The research part is focused on CNC machine tools, multi-tasking machine tools and individual parts of turning tables with possible positioning. In a design part, the design of design variants of possible solutions is made and the choice of the design solution is made with the help of multicriteria analysis. Subsequently, the selected design solution is processed with the help of the necessary technical calculations. The result of the work is then a 3D model and the required drawing documentation.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a leading health burden of the 21st century. Alterations of the individual endocrine stress response and the monoamine system may pathophysiologically contribute to the obesity pandemic and its metabolic and mental complications. OBJECTIVES: (i) to measure hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness and its relation to serum concentrations of the arginine-vasopressin (AVP) surrogate copeptin in subjects with obesity (OB) compared to non-obesity controls (NOC), (ii) to test whether HPA axis responsiveness and copeptin are related to central noradrenaline (NA) transporter (NAT) availability, (iii) to assess brain serotonin transporter (SERT) binding potentials in OB compared to NOC. METHODS: 40 subjects with obesity (BMI > 35kg/m2) were compared to 25 non-obesity controls, matched for age and sex. (i) All individuals underwent the combined dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone (dex/CRH) test. Plasma ACTH and cortisol curve parameters were derived, and copeptin was assessed in the 1500h sample. (ii) Positron emission tomography (PET) was applied in 10 OB and 10 NOC using the NAT-selective radiotracer S,S-[11C]O-methylreboxetine (MRB) and associated to curve indicators derived from the dex/CRH test as well as to copeptin. (iii) PET using the SERT selective radiotracer [11C] DASB was performed in 30 OB and 15 NOC for intergroup comparison. RESULTS: (i) OB subjects showed an increased HPA axis responsiveness as measured by cortisol concentrations after CRH stimulation. Correspondingly, the AVP surrogate copeptin was higher in OB along with being significantly associated to HPA axis reactivity. OB subjects had a higher adrenal sensitivity as measured by a lower ACTH/cortisol ratio. (ii) In NOC, the HPA response was related to NAT availability of the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex while in OB, this association was located in the hypothalamus. (iii) There were no differences in SERT availability between OB and NOC, but a higher inter-regional SERT connectivity was observed in OB. CONCLUSION: This work supports the notion of an increased endocrine stress response in human obesity, pointing to interacting alterations of the HPA and neurohypophyseal axes. Normally, these stress axes seem to be linked to prefrontal-limbic NA signaling, whereas a loss of this association in favor of a hypothalamic-centered relation is observed in OB. The SERT network pattern is more closely inter-related in OB, albeit central SERT concentrations per se do not differ between OB and NOC.:ABBREVIATIONS 4 LIST OF FIGURES 5 I. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION 6 II. INTRODUCTION 7 2.1 Obesity as a global health burden 7 2.2 Neurobiology of stress 8 2.3 Stress and obesity 8 2.4 Neuroendocrine correlates of the stress response – The hypothalamic pituitary-adrenaland neurohypophyseal axes 9 2.4.1 Anatomy of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and neurohypophyseal axes 10 2.4.2 The role of CRH, ACTH and cortisol in the context of metabolism and obesity 11 2.4.3 The role of AVP in the context of metabolism and obesity 12 2.4.4 Measuring HPA axis responsiveness by means of the combined dexamethasonecorticotropin-releasing hormone (dex/CRH) test 12 2.4.5 Measuring AVP secretion by its equally-released surrogate copeptin 14 2.5 The noradrenergic system in the context of obesity and stress axis modulation 14 2.5.1 NA and its influence on feeding behavior16 2.5.2 The association of the noradrenergic system with the HPA and neurohypophyseal axes 16 2.5.3 Monoamine transporters as regulators of neurotransmitter signaling 17 2.5.4 Noradrenaline transporter imaging 18 2.6 The serotonergic system in obesity 19 2.6.1 Role of serotonin in the context of feeding behavior and metabolism 20 2.6.3 5-HTT imaging 21 2.7 Objectives and hypotheses 22 2.8 Study design 23 III. RESULTS 24 3. 1 Post-dexamethasone serum copeptin corresponds to HPA axis responsiveness in human obesity 24 3. 2 Central noradrenaline transporter availability is linked with HPA axis responsiveness and copeptin in human obesity and non-obese controls 34 3. 3 Central serotonin transporter availability in highly obese individuals compared with nonobese controls: A [11C] DASB positron emission tomography study 46 IV. SUMMARY 56 4.1 Subjects with obesity show an enhanced HPA axis responsiveness which correlates to serum concentrations of the AVP surrogate copeptin and abdominal fat distribution 56 4.2 HPA axis responsiveness and copeptin concentrations are differentially related to central NAT availability in subjects with obesity compared to non-obesity controls 58 4.3 Central serotonin transporter availability does not significantly differ in subjects with obesity compared to their non-obesity counterparts 59 4.4 Future direction 61 V. References 62 VI. APPENDICES 79 6.1 Curriculum vitae 79 6.2 Publications 81 6.3 Scientific contribution of the doctoral candidate to the publications 82 6.4 Declaration of the independent writing of this thesis 83 6.5 Acknowledgements 84

Electrohydraulic drives are primarily used whenever a low power/weight ratio, a compact build and/or large forces are required for individual applications. These drives are often used together with electric drive technology in machines. However, in terms of automation, unlike electric drives, electrohydraulic drives are still largely connected via analog interfaces and centralized closed control loops today. To compensate for this competitive disadvantage of hydraulic drive technology and, at the same time, significantly enhance its performance and diagnostics capability, a consistent automation solution has been developed that can be configured for both centralized and decentralized solutions. This contribution firstly gives an overview over this complete solution already available and its classification in the automation world. In a second step, the subset of decentralized drive solutions contained therein is presented in more detail and their benefits are explained on the basis of some exemplary applications.

(EN) Research in interactions between the nervous and immune systems is focused mainly on mammals, while in other vertebrates, including birds, it remains neglected. Two types of cannabinoid receptors interconnect the nervous and immune systems: CB1, which is in mammals involved in regulation of neural processes, and CB2, which is in mammals involved in regulation of immune processes. However, little is presently known about the roles of these receptors in nervous and especially immune processes in birds. Therefore, in this work I focus on the expression of cannabinoid receptors in cognitively advanced bird species (parrots, passerines) during induced sterile peritoneal inflammation. Unlike passerines, parrots appear to lack the gene for CB2, which may affect the inflammation regulation. I have revealed no changes in the expression of these receptors during peritoneal inflammation neither in parrots, nor in songbirds. Nevertheless, the increase in expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL- 1β in the brain in parrots confirms the importance of neuroimmune interaction and mutual influences along the gut-brain axis. This work suggests that even in birds, the central nervous system is affected by inflammation through the gut-brain axis. The expression of cannabinoid receptors does not change much...

Die depressive Störung stellt eine weltweit häufige Erkrankung dar, die trotz vieler therapeutischer Optionen zu chronischen Verläufen und Non-Response neigt. Zirka 30 bis 50% der Patienten mit einer akuten Depression respondieren nicht auf eine Behandlung mit einem Antidepressivum trotz ausreichender Dauer und Dosis, so dass nach neuen pharmakologischen Ansätzen gesucht wird. Zudem sind Prädiktionsmöglichkeiten, was wem wann hilft, kaum vorhanden, so dass die klinische Praxis ein Versuchs- und Irrtumsverfahren ist. Ätiologisch gibt es gut dokumentierte neuroendokrinologische Befunde, die für eine Dysregulation der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Achse (HPA-Achse) im Sinne einer erhöhten Aktivität und einer erhöhten Auslenkbarkeit bei Depressionen sprechen. Für verschiedene antidepressive medikamentöse Therapien ist eine Normalisierung dieser Dysregulation beschrieben worden. Der sensitivste und spezifischste Test zur Untersuchung der HPA-Achse bei psychiatrischen Patienten ist der kombinierte Dexamethason/CRH-Test. Hierbei zeigen Patienten während der depressiven Phase eine deutliche Überstimulierbarkeit, d. h. bei depressiven Patienten führte die Gabe von Dexamethason mit anschließender CRH-Injektion zu einer überschießenden ACTH- und auch Cortisol-Antwort. Der Einfluss einer Behandlung mit Antidepressiva auf die HPA-Achse und der Zusammenhang möglicher Veränderungen der HPA-Achsen-Regulation mit dem Ansprechen oder Nicht-Ansprechen auf die Pharmakotherapie ist noch unzureichend beforscht. Teilweise gibt es sogar divergierende Befunde. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe des Dexamethason/CRH-Tests der Einfluss einer antidepressiven Pharmakotherapie mit Citalopram auf die Regulation der HPA-Achse bei 30 vorwiegend unbehandelten Patienten mit einer Majoren Depression untersucht. Die SSRI sind die am häufigsten angewendeten Antidepressiva. Citalopram ist neben seinem S-Enantiomer Escitalopram der selektivste SSRI, der gewählt wurde, um gezielt die Auswirkungen einer rein serotonergen antidepressiven Behandlung zu untersuchen. Vor Beginn der Therapie und nach vierwöchiger Behandlung wurden mittels kombinierten Dexamethason/CRH-Tests bei den Patienten Cortisol- und ACTH-Konzentrationen im Serum gemessen. Die Diagnosen wurden mit SKID I und II bestätigt. Im wöchentlichen Rhythmus wurde während des vierwöchigen Studienverlaufs die aktuelle depressive Symptomatik sowie der Gesamtkrankheitszustand der Patienten mittels Selbst- (BDI) und Fremdratingbögen(HAM-D, CGI) erhoben. Ebenfalls im wöchentlichen Rhythmus wurden medikamentenassoziierte Nebenwirkungen systematisch erfasst. Unter der Behandlung zeigten sich erfreulich viele Responder auf die antidepressive Pharmakotherapie mit Citalopram (23 von 30 Patienten). Eine Herabregulierung der HPA-Achse zeigte sich unter der Behandlung nur auf der Hypophysenebene für die ACTH-Antwort, allerdings nicht auf der Nebennierenrindenebene für die Cortisol-Antwort. Trotz geringerer ACTH-Konzentrationen wurde nach vier Wochen noch die gleiche Menge an Cortisol in der Nebennierenrinde produziert. Die AUC total für ACTH betrug vor der antidepressiven Behandlung mit Citalopram 2077 ± 1260. Nach vier Wochen antidepressiver Pharmakotherapie zeigte sich ein Wert von 1393 ± 485 und damit ein signifikanter Unterschied (p=0,010). Für die AUC total für Cortisol zeigte sich wie bereits erwähnt kein signifikanter Unterschied (AUC total vor Behandlung: 4755 ± 3411 und nach vier Wochen Behandlung: 4901 ± 3688; p=0,813). Möglicherweise ist dies auf einen direkten Effekt von Citalopram auf die Nebennieren im Sinne einer Sensibilisierung zu verstehen. Wirkungen in dieser Richtung wurden bislang nicht beschrieben. Ein prädiktiver Wert für das Ansprechen auf die Behandlung konnte für den Dex/CRH-Test nicht gefunden werden. Responder und Non-Responder unterschieden sich nicht. Auch das aufwendige Procedere des Testes limitiert ihn für eine regelhafte Anwendung in der Klinik. Allerdings besteht weiterhin in diesem Bereich Forschungsbedarf, um die unterschiedlichen Befunde einordnen zu können. Dabei wären z. B. Studien mit einer größeren Fallzahl sowie ein Vergleich mit einer Placebobehandlung wünschenswert.

Dans le domaine de la fabrication additive plusieurs technologies cohabitent et présentent des maturités et des applications différentes : le lit de poudre, la projection de poudre et le dépôt de fil pour ne citer que les principales. Nous avons étudié, dans le cadre de cette thèse, la réalisation de pièces de grandes dimensions du domaine aéronautique en alliage d’aluminium, par technologie WAAM (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing) robotisée. Cette technologie repose sur l’utilisation un générateur de soudure à l'arc, d’un système de protection gazeuse et d’un système d'alimentation en métal d'apport sous forme de fil. Pour répondre à cette problématique, plusieurs voies de recherche ont été investiguées. La première traitait principalement de la génération de trajectoires : Plusieurs expérimentations ont permis de montrer l’intérêt et l’importance de la génération de trajectoires et notamment la maitrise de l’orientation outil pour la fabrication additive de pièces complexes en étudiant le respect de la géométrie souhaitée. La seconde concernait l’étude de la santé matière des pièces fabriquées. Des observations au niveau de la microstructure, mais aussi des caractéristiques mécaniques ont permis de mettre en évidence l’influence des paramètres opératoires sur la qualité de la matière déposée. Enfin, la réalisation de pièces fonctionnelles dans le cadre d’un projet financé par la DGA/DGAC et dont les partenaires étaient : STELIA, CONSTELLIUM, CT INGENIERIE et l’Ecole Centrale de Nantes, a permis de mettre en avant l’intérêt du procédé pour la fabrication de pièces aéronautiques. Un élément de structure aéronautique composé de raidisseurs a été fabriqué avec le procédé WAAM sur un substrat double courbure en alliage aluminium. Les difficultés accrues de réalisation ont pu être levées par l'emploi de la méthodologie développée dans le cadre de la thèse. / In the field of additive manufacturing (AM), several processes are present and have different applications and levels of development: the main technologies are powder-bed based AM, powder projection and Wire Additive Manufacturing (WAM). We have studied, in this PhD work, the manufacturing of large scale components in aluminum alloy for aircraft industry with Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). This technology is based on a welding generator, a shielding gas protection and a feedstock (wire in this case). To solve this issue, several ways of research were investigated. The first one dealt with toolpath generation: several experiments have highlighted the importance of tool path generation and the tool orientation to manufacture complex parts and improve the part accuracy. The second one was about the validation of the material quality after deposit. Microstructural observations and mechanical tests have demonstrated the effect of process parameters on the deposit quality. Finally, in the context of a DGA/DGAC funded research project, whose partners were STELIA, CT INGENIERIE, CONSTELLIUM and l’Ecole Centrale de Nantes, the manufacturing of functional part in aluminum alloy has shown the interest of the process for aircraft industry. A structural component based on a double curvature geometry has been manufactured with WAAM. The methodologies developed in this PhD work have enabled us to solve the issues to manufacture that type of component.

Suitable locations for marine current power generation were scouted. The specific turbines considered in this project are vertical axis turbines and require an water velocity of 0.8 m/s to start and has a system efficiency of 20%. In the beginning of the project focus was directed towards areas along Florida's coastal line with high water velocities tapping into the Gulf Stream. Data found the velocities did not meet the water speed requirements. Following this observation, it was decided to discontinue further research in the Florida region and divert the attention towards waters in Alaska. There current velocities were found to be significantly higher. Because velocities vary over time marine current power is not relevant in Alaska, but rather the closely related technology tidal power. Two areas in Alaska distinguished themselves, Cook Inlet and Aleutian Islands.Potential power and annual energy extraction were estimated for turbine stations at each site. A battery energy storage system was implemented to counteract varying water velocities. The most promising site could steadily deliver 269 kW and an annual energy production of 2.44 GWh per turbine.