This thesis explores the arguments and evidence for reform of commercial property leases through legislative intervention. It identifies and explains the causes of landlord and tenant disputes arising mainly from poorly drafted commercial leases. It investigates the relevant codes for leasing business premises, the Law Society business lease, the regulatory reform of part II of the 1954 Act, the British Property Federation lease, and various other attempts at reform of commercial property leases. This research also investigates the potential need for ethnic minorities in commercial property to have the key legal terms of commercial property leases made available in both English and other languages. There is little previous academic research on reform of commercial property leases through legislative intervention (other than Crosby Reading reports). This research aims to contributute towards filling the gap that exists in the literature by investigating reform through legislation. This research involved semi-structured interviews with participants from five groups: lawyers, surveyors/agents, landlords, tenants and business owners. Most interviewed supported reform of commercial property leases through legislative intervention, and better guidance explaining the meaning of key legal terms of commercial property leases, especially from ethnic minority businesses.

The subject of this master thesis is analysis and assessment of effective legal regulation of the lease of business premises under Act. No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code, as amended. Author's discourse is ordered into nine chapters in which related legal institutes are gathered. In the first chapter the author defines aims of this master thesis and rationalizes the necessity of special legal regulation of the lease of business premises. The second chapter of this master thesis contains a general discourse about lease in which the author outlines the system of the legal regulation and then defines the lease with its four defining elements which are the subject of the lease, relinquishment of the subject of the lease to the tenant for use, temporary character of the lease and the fact that the landlord relinquish the subject of the lease to the tenant for use against payment of the rent. The third chapter is dedicated to interpretation of the term "business premises (in Czech "prostory sloužící k podnikání") which has been incorporated to the Czech law by the recent re-codification of the substantive civil law. With respect to the abovementioned term the author describes the conceptual change of special legal regulation in which the legislator has abandoned the old term non-residential premises (in...

This diploma thesis deals with a legal regulation of lease of apartments and the business premises after the recodification of private law. I have divided the thesis into four chapters in which I try to provide a comprehensive view on the legal legislation. I refer to fundamental changes that were connected with the recodification of lease relationship and I also compare this with the previous legal regulation, an Act of 26 February 1964 the Civil Code, and it's subsequent amendments. In this part I also evaluete it's impact on rights and obligations of contractual parties. In the new legislation the legislator paid attention to the legal framework of the lease of an apartment, especially to the lease on business premises. The most significant difference between the lease of an apartment and the lease on business premises is in it's purpose. The purpose of a lease of apartment is, particulary, to ensure housing for a lessee and his household member, however the purpose of a lease on business premises is to satisfy business aims and aims of other persons who are lessee of these premises. In the case that the main purpose of the lease is not housing or the lessee is a legal entity then we have to use general provisions about the lease (e.g. Article 2201 and follows of the Civil Code). I consider the...

Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka erfarenheter svenska poliser har av arbetet med fordonsstopp och vilka premisser de utgår från vid beslut om att kontrollera fordon i trafiken. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem poliser, framkom att de överlag hade svårt att besvara frågan gällande vilka erfarenheter de har av arbetet med fordonsstopp. Resultatet tyder på att dessa erfarenheter gör arbetet lättare för poliserna, samtidigt upplevs erfarenheterna kunna resultera i oönskade beteenden. Deras erfarenheter är också att arbetet har utvecklats med åren. Utöver lagöverträdelser, verkade inte några klargjorda premisser gällande beslut om fordonsstopp finnas. Trots detta uppgav deltagarna liknande premisser, såsom trafikförseelser, underrättelseinformation och känslan av att något inte står rätt till.  I samband med fordonsstopp sker selekteringen inför beslutsfattandet genom allmän profilering och något poliser benämner byggstenar. Det förekom dock delade uppfattningar om vad som format deras premisser. / The purpose of this study was to examine what experience Swedish police officers have of traffic stops and on which premises they decide to control a vehicle in traffic. Through semi structured interviews with five police officers, it appeared that they generally had difficulties in answering questions regarding their experience of traffic stops. The results indicate that these experiences seem to facilitate the work for the policemen, simultaneously the experiences appear to result in unwanted behaviour. Their experiences are that the work have developed through the years. Beyond delinquency, there seems to be no clear premises regarding decision making in traffic stops. Despite that the participants stated similar premises, among others; traffic violence, intelligence information and the feeling that something doesn't feel right. Associated with traffic stops the selection for decision making is done by general profiling and something that police officers refers to as building blocks. However, there were different opinions regarding what have formed their premises.

A segurança contra incêndios ainda é um tema incipiente no Brasil. Em São Paulo a primeira legislação data de 1983, sendo conseqüência das tragédias ocorridas nos anos de 1970, como a do Edifício Andraus, em 1972, e a do Edifício Joelma em 1975. Este trabalho procura discorrer sobre o projeto de saídas de emergência dos edifícios escolares construídos pelo Estado de São Paulo e em especial, os mais contemporâneos, que estão elevando seu gabarito de altura e concentrando sua população. Inicialmente fez-se uma abordagem histórica onde procurou-se examinar as principais características tipológicas das escolas construídas pelo Estado de São Paulo e, no capítulo seguinte, um levantamento das legislações edilícias produzidas pelo Município e pelo Estado de São Paulo, sempre com foco na segurança contra incêndio e, em especial, nas saídas de emergência. Em seguida, procurou-se compreender o conceito de desempenho, os principais modelos matemáticos utilizados na segurança contra incêndios e as variáveis que podem influenciar um processo de abandono, tais como: a velocidade das pessoas, o tempo de resposta ao alarme e o comportamento humano em situações de incêndio. Por fim, algumas simulações de abandono por computador para quatro escolas foram realizadas, utilizando o modelo matemático denominado buildingExodus, com o objetivo de avaliar as saídas de emergência e contribuir para o aprofundamento e a divulgação do conhecimento sobre o assunto. / Fire safety is still an incipient subject in Brazil. In São Paulo, the first piece of legislation dates back to 1983, being a consequence of the tragedies that occurred in the 1970s, such as the one in the Andraus Building in 1972 and the one in the Joelma Building in 1975. This work aims at discoursing on the design of the emergency exits of the school buildings that have been constructed by the State of São Paulo, especially the design of the most contemporary structures, which have been increasing in height and concentrating their population. Initially, a historical perspective is presented, followed by an examination of the principal characteristics of the schools that the State of São Paulo has built and by a study of the building regulations that the City and the State of São Paulo have created, always focusing on fire safety and, especially, on emergency exits. After that, this work tries to understand the performance-based concept, the principal mathematical models utilized in fire safety and the factors that may influence an evacuation process, such as: peoples travel speeds, the time delay to start evacuating on hearing a fire alarm, and the human behavior in fire situations. Finally, some computer-based evacuation simulations in four schools were done, utilizing the mathematical model called buildingExodus, in order to evaluate the emergency exits and to contribute to the further understanding and dissemination of the subject.

A segurança contra incêndios ainda é um tema incipiente no Brasil. Em São Paulo a primeira legislação data de 1983, sendo conseqüência das tragédias ocorridas nos anos de 1970, como a do Edifício Andraus, em 1972, e a do Edifício Joelma em 1975. Este trabalho procura discorrer sobre o projeto de saídas de emergência dos edifícios escolares construídos pelo Estado de São Paulo e em especial, os mais contemporâneos, que estão elevando seu gabarito de altura e concentrando sua população. Inicialmente fez-se uma abordagem histórica onde procurou-se examinar as principais características tipológicas das escolas construídas pelo Estado de São Paulo e, no capítulo seguinte, um levantamento das legislações edilícias produzidas pelo Município e pelo Estado de São Paulo, sempre com foco na segurança contra incêndio e, em especial, nas saídas de emergência. Em seguida, procurou-se compreender o conceito de desempenho, os principais modelos matemáticos utilizados na segurança contra incêndios e as variáveis que podem influenciar um processo de abandono, tais como: a velocidade das pessoas, o tempo de resposta ao alarme e o comportamento humano em situações de incêndio. Por fim, algumas simulações de abandono por computador para quatro escolas foram realizadas, utilizando o modelo matemático denominado buildingExodus, com o objetivo de avaliar as saídas de emergência e contribuir para o aprofundamento e a divulgação do conhecimento sobre o assunto. / Fire safety is still an incipient subject in Brazil. In São Paulo, the first piece of legislation dates back to 1983, being a consequence of the tragedies that occurred in the 1970s, such as the one in the Andraus Building in 1972 and the one in the Joelma Building in 1975. This work aims at discoursing on the design of the emergency exits of the school buildings that have been constructed by the State of São Paulo, especially the design of the most contemporary structures, which have been increasing in height and concentrating their population. Initially, a historical perspective is presented, followed by an examination of the principal characteristics of the schools that the State of São Paulo has built and by a study of the building regulations that the City and the State of São Paulo have created, always focusing on fire safety and, especially, on emergency exits. After that, this work tries to understand the performance-based concept, the principal mathematical models utilized in fire safety and the factors that may influence an evacuation process, such as: peoples travel speeds, the time delay to start evacuating on hearing a fire alarm, and the human behavior in fire situations. Finally, some computer-based evacuation simulations in four schools were done, utilizing the mathematical model called buildingExodus, in order to evaluate the emergency exits and to contribute to the further understanding and dissemination of the subject.

Syfte: För att motverka den rådande bostadsbristen krävs alternativa sätt till nybyggnad som kan skapa bostäder. Konvertering av olika former av lokaler till bostäder är ett sådant alternativ. Runt om i Svenska före detta industristäder står tomma industribyggnader som har goda kvaliteter men som är svåra att finna en ny användning för. Denna studie utreder vilka möjligheter och problem som är sammankopplat med konverteringen av industrilokaler för att sedan hitta strategier som kan underlätta processen och kombinera bevarandet av gamla byggnader med skapandet av fler bostäder Metod: För att ta del av tidigare forskning användes litteraturstudie som första datainsamlingsmetod. Detta kompletterades med dokumentanalys och intervjuer. Dokument som analyserats är från boverkets byggregler och intervjuerna har utförts med byggherrar och arkitekter på tre pågående konverteringsprojekt. Utöver intervjuerna från insatta i projekten har även en intervju utförts med stadsarkitekten i Norrköping. Resultat: Konverteringen av industrilokaler är en kostsam process där oväntade utmaningar för varje projekt är vanligt förekommande. Ofta finns det från kommun och länsstyrelse även krav på att bevara kulturella och historiska värden vilket komplicerar processen. Att dessutom uppnå de krav och regler som ställs på bostäder leder till dyra lösningar. Resultatet av en konvertering av detta slag är dock unika boenden som ger ett nytt uttryck för såväl byggnad som område samtidigt som man undviker de utsläpp som medföljer rivning och nybygge. För att underlätta konverteringen av industrilokaler till bostäder ges förslagen: nytt regelverk för konverteringar, en lagstiftning om miljöpåverkan och ekonomisk subvention. Konsekvenser: Förslag och strategier som studien har tagit fram är i linje med vad som föreslagits i tidigare forskning, nämligen att det bör ske en förändring i byggregler och lagstiftning gällande just konverteringar till bostäder. Dessa förändringar bör även beakta byggnader där det finns historiska och kulturella kvaliteter som bör bevaras och väga dessa mot byggregler. Att utreda hur ett regelverk som detta bör se ut rekommenderas till framtida forskning. Begränsningar: Arbetet är avgränsat till konverteringen av industrilokaler till bostäder och de möjligheter och problem som finns med sådana projekt. Fallstudien har utförts på tre konverteringsprojekt som alla ligger centralt och har i mindre eller större utsträckning arkitektoniska värden som man vill bevara. De byggregler som varit i fokus är utemiljö, buller, tillgänglighet och dagsljus. / Purpose: In order to counteract the current housing shortage in Sweden there is a need for alternative ways to create new housing units. Converting the usage of different types of facilities to housing is such an alternative. All around former swedish industrial cities there are empty industrial premises containing a lot of quality. However, there is an issue finding a new usage for these buildings. This study investigates what problems and possibilities that are linked to the conversion of industrial premises in order to find strategies that can help ease the process. Through this the combination of preserving old buildings and creating new housing units is enabled. Method: To gather information from previous research within the subject, the first part of our research was literature study. This was complemented with a document analysis and interviews. The documents that were analyzed are from the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning. The interviews were carried out with developers and architects on three projects where industrial premises has been converted to housing. Besides interviewing people within these projects, an interview with the city architect in Norrköping has been performed. Findings: Converting industrial facilities into housing is a costly process where unexpected challenges occur in every project. Many times, there are demands on preserving existing cultural and architectural qualities of a building which complicates the process. Fulfilling demands and regulations of the Swedish building code often leads to expensive solutions when converting facilities into housing. However, the product of this kind of conversion is unique housing units that provide a new expression for the building as well as the area surrounding it. In addition to this, you avoid the emissions and pollutions that are linked with demolishing and re-building on the site. In order to help easing the process of converting industrial facilities to housing units these propositions are given: a new set of regulations for conversions of buildings in to housing, a new law regarding environmental impact and economical subvention for these types of projects. Implications: The suggestions that the study has resulted in are much alike what previous research has concluded: there should be a change in the building regulations, especially for conversion to housing. These changes should consider buildings with historical and cultural qualities which should be kept and compare these with the regulations that may conflict. A recommendation for future research is to investigate a proposal for these new regulations. Limitations: The study is limited to conversion of industrial premises to housing and the opportunities and problems with such projects. The case study includes three conversion projects which are centrally located and more or less have architectural values. The building regulations which has been focused on is: outdoor environment, noise pollution, accessibility and daylight.

The digitalization of products has become an important driver for service innovation in manufacturing firms. The embedding of digital technology in previously non-digital products creates digitalized product platforms that enable digital service innovation. Digital service innovation offers new business opportunities for manufacturing industries, as well as challenges established premises for value creation.  While digital service innovation can be found in many manufacturing industries, this thesis studies service logic in digitalized product platforms in the vehicle industry. Existing Information Systems (IS) literature presents challenges in digital service innovation relating to value, architecture, and generativity. The design of the architecture of digitalized product platforms requires the identification and combination of digital and non-digital assets. Understanding the architectural aspects is useful in digital service innovation. Moreover, with growing instances of generative digital technologies, it is challenging to develop strategies to leverage generativity for service design in digitalized product platforms. While digital technologies are embedded in products, the role of technology-embeddedness in value creation of digital services is relatively unexplored. Drawing on these challenges, this thesis describes and conceptualizes the underlying premises brought by the architecture and generativity to the value creation of services in digitalized product platforms. The research question addressed in this thesis is: What are the underlying premises for services in digitalized product platforms? To address the question, an interpretive qualitative research approach was adopted in a collaborative research project concerning services enabled by digitalization of vehicles. Drawing on digital innovation and service literature, this thesis presents a theoretical perspective on the role of the architecture and generativity of digitalized product platforms for value creation of digital services. This perspective is conceptualized as underlying premises for this specific class of services. The premises frame the service logic in digitalized product platforms and provide a ground for understanding services in digitalized product platforms in relation to value dimensions, architecture and generativity. The premises are based on five concepts: value-in-architecture, value-in-connectivity, fundamental asset for value creation, mutual dependence of modular and layered modular assets, and re-evaluation of value propositions. The proposed premises offer a basis for understanding value creation of this class of services, and guidance for manufacturing firms designing digitalized product platforms.

Viena iš aktualiausių šių laikų problemų yra "Nesveikų pastatų sindromas". Patalpų mikologinė būklė - šios problemos sudėtinė dalis, todėl daugelio šalių mokslininkai tiria mikrogrybų paplitimą įvairios paskirties patalpose. Mano atliktų tyrimų tikslas - ištirti Cladosporium, Penicillium ir Aspergillus genčių paplitimą gyvenamosiose patalpose ir įvertinti patalpų mikologinę būklę. Tyrimai atlikti 2007, 2008 ir 2010 metais penkiuose Vilniaus miesto butuose, 23 patalpose. Tirti butai yra skirtinguose miesto mikrorajonuose, namuose, kurių statybai panaudotos skirtingos statybinės medžiagos. Kai kuriuose butuose nustatytas padidintas drėgnumas ar dulkėtumas. Tyrimai atlikti gravitaciniu būdu, mikromicetų pradams nusėdant į Petri lėkšteles ant mitybinės Čapeko terpės. Ekspozicija 15 minučių. Pasėliai inkubuojami penkias paras 25±2oC temperatūroje. Po inkubacijos skaičiuotos ir identifikuotos lėkštelėse išaugusios kolonijos. Iš tiriamųjų butų išskirta nuo 6391,98 iki 50318,82 kfv/m3 mikromicetų kolonijas formuojančių vienetų. Cladosporium genties mikromicetų nuo 720,9 iki 10380,96 kfv/m3; Penicillium - nuo 1009,26 iki 39168,9 kfv/m3; Aspergillus nuo 96,12 iki 3220,02 kfv/m3. Aspergillus niger rūšies nuo 0 iki 672,84 kfv/m3. Mikromicetų paplitimo dažnumas tirtose patalpose: Cladosporium sp.2007 m. - 82,4%; 2008 m. - 91,3%, 2010 m. - 100 %. Penicillium sp. 2007 m. - 100%; 2008 m. - 95%, 2010 m. - 91,3 %. Aspergillus sp. 2010 m. - 65,2 %. Aspergillus niger 2010 m. - 21,7 %. Tirtuose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / One of the most pressing problems of our time is the "sick building syndrome ". Mycological condition of indoor - an integral part of the problem, because many scientists study the prevalence of fungi of various spaces. My studies aim - to explore Cladosporium, Penicillium and Aspergillus genera distribution private homes premises and mycological assessment of the state. Studies carried out in 2007, 2008 and 2010 in five apartments in Vilnius, 23 premises. To explore the apartments are located in different neighborhoods, houses, a building used for various construction materials. Some of the apartments increased humidity or dust. Studies carried out by gravitational, spring deposition of fungi in Petri dishes on a culture matrix. Exposition of 15 minutes. The crop are incubated for five days at 25 ± 2 ° C temperature. After incubation, calculated and identified by the increase in colonies dishes. Abstracted from the apartment from 6391.98 to 50318.82 cfu/m3 fungal colony-forming units. Cladosporium genus micromycetes from 720.9 to 10,380.96 cfu/m3; Penicillium - from 1009.26 to 39,168.9 cfu/m3; Aspergillus, from 96.12 to 3220.02 cfu/m3. Aspergillus niger species from 0 to 672.84 cfu/m3. The frequency distribution of fungal surveyed premises: Cladosporium sp. 2007 - 82.4% in 2008 - 91.3% in 2010 - 100%. Penicillium sp. 2007 - 100% in 2008 - 95% in 2010 - 91.3%. Aspergillus sp. 2010 - 65.2%. Aspergillus niger 2010 - 21.7%. In analyzed in apartments dominated by genera... [to full text]

The crucial issue in the new democratic South Africa was to change the type of education system that was based on social discrimination to one which is non- discriminatory, unbiased and accessible to all South Africans. However, to teach in a multicultural society and being faced with the challenge of teaching multicultural diverse classes, within an OBE paradigm, demands special knowledge, skills and attributes of teachers. Therefore, this study intended to investigate teachers’ OBE practices in multicultural classrooms in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses that could be useful for the improvement of teaching and learning within multicultural contexts. The study was approached from a socio-reconstructivist point of view and focused specifically on schools in the Harrismith region. The purpose of this study was thus to explore and come to a better understanding of how teachers’ OBE practices accommodate multicultural diverse learners in the Harrismith region. In order to direct the study towards the intended purpose, a literature study was undertaken to define multicultural diversity and to conceptualize OBE practices in order to operationalize the concept within the context of the study. The empirical research was done by following a qualitative research design in the form of a case study. Semi-structured, individual interviews and observations were used as data collection instruments. Interviews were conducted with teachers teaching Grade 8 and 9 learners as well as learners from the same grades, of five purposefully selected schools in the Harrismith region. By using maximal variation sampling, ten teachers and ten learners from the selected schools eventually participated in the research. Observations were recorded by means of anecdotal notes which were used to verify and supplement data obtained through the interviews. According to the findings of the empirical research, it appears that the research participants’ understanding of multiculturalism lack substance. The findings also revealed that multiculturalism is mainly accommodated by implementing the following OBE practices: working together with others, showing respect, cultural sensitivity, acknowledgement of individual learner differences, and by creating positive classroom climates. It was also evident that teachers act as change agents by discrediting discrimination and prejudice. Teaching in multicultural classrooms also poses some challenges. These included language problems, acceptance of different cultural practices, racial differences and “inherent” segregation. Though the findings revealed that teachers’ OBE practices still need to be refined in order to successfully accommodate multicultural diversity, positive attitudes were reflected in terms of improving their competence with regard to teaching in a multicultural diverse environment. / MEd, Learning and Teaching, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012