La propagation en Asie, Europe et Afrique du virus Influenza Aviaire hautement pathogène (IAHP) H5N1, l'épidémie de A/H1N1pdm en 2009, l'émergence de l'Influenza faiblement pathogène (IAFP), mais zoonotique, H7N9 en Chine en 2013 et la circulation récente de l'IAHP H5N8 en Europe, montrent que l'évolution permanente de ces virus chez les oiseaux, les humains et les porcs, pause un risque en santé humaine et animale au niveau mondial. Au cours des 10 dernières années, des efforts ont été fait pour renforcer les capacités en santé publique et vétérinaire. Malgré tout, le virus IAHP H5N1 reste endémique dans certains pays où il peut passer inaperçu dans les populations de volailles mais provoquent des cas humains. Ces pays sont caractérisés par une majorité de leur population vivant en zones rurales, une absence de systèmes de santé primaire et des secteurs de santé inefficaces.La surveillance passive (évènementielle) des maladies animales et humaines est souvent la seule méthode réalisable dans les milieux ruraux. Produisant une information incomplète, biaisée ou transmise avec des délais importants, elle a besoin d'être amélioré par des approches nouvelles mis en œuvre dans un cadre « One Health » prenant en compte les interfaces entre humains, animaux et environnement. Nous avons donc dans cette thèse conçu et/ou appliqué de nouvelles méthodes d'évaluation, de conception ou d'amélioration de la notification des cas d'IAHP H5N1 chez l'animal et chez l'homme en Asie du sud-est.Nous avons en premier examiné différentes alternatives d'évaluation. Nous avons appliqué des arbres de scénario (stochastique) pour modéliser et évaluer le système de surveillance de l'IAHP H5N1 en Thaïlande dans les systèmes traditionnels de productions avicoles. Nous avons estimé la sensibilité de la surveillance passive à 50 % (IC95 % 0,04-0,75) pour une détection maximale de 3 fermes infectées. Cela a montré l'utilité de cette méthode pour prouver l'absence de maladie dans les pays à ressources limitées. Par des méthodes participatives, nous avons impliqué les « agents communautaires de santé animale » dans leur propre évaluation et développé une nouvelle grille, qui comprend des indicateurs de succès utilisés par les agents eux-mêmes.Dans la seconde partie, nous avons examiné les méthodes pour améliorer la conception et l'efficacité de la surveillance passive. Nous avons appliqué la grille, pour évaluer 251 agents villageois dans trois provinces du Cambodge. La grille nous a permis de noter leur niveau d'activité et d'analyser, par régression logistique, les facteurs qui influencent l'obtention d'un score élevé. Puis, nous avons mis en place une étude pilote pour tester la déclaration par texto (SMS) auprès de 112 participants de 68 villages. L'objectif était de détecter des pics de mortalité et d'identifier plus rapidement les foyers de maladies infectieuses. Nous avons enfin utilisé l'analyse décisionnelle multicritère (MCDA) pour cartographier les risques de diffusion de l'IAHP H5N1 chez les volailles et les populations humaines en Thaïlande et au Cambodge, afin de renforcer la surveillance dans les zones à risque.En conclusion de ce travail, nous avons effectué une analyse comparative de deux environnements socio-économiques contraints : le Cambodge et Madagascar. Nous avons analysé les recherches mises en œuvre par le CIRAD (Centre Français de recherche pour le développement International) et ses partenaires dans ces 2 pays au cours de projets effectués ces 10 dernières années. L'objectif était de montrer comment de nouvelles approches pour les systèmes de surveillance peuvent être transférées entre différents pays aux contextes difficiles. A partir de cela, de nouvelles perspectives sont proposées. / The latest events such as the spread over Asia, Europe and Africa of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1, the epidemic of A/H1N1pdm in 2009, the emergence of the Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) but zoonotic virus H7N9 in China in 2013 and the recent circulation of HPAI H5N8 in Europe, show that the permanent evolution of influenza virus in birds, humans and pigs is exposing the world to the risk of new strains with unpredictable consequences in public and animal health. In the last 10 years, a lot of efforts have been put in the improvement of capacity of animal and public health systems. However the disease is now endemic in several countries where the virus goes often undetected within the poultry population resulting in sporadic human cases and mortality. These countries are characterized by a large proportion of their population living in rural areas with poor incomes, a lack of primary care system and inefficient public or veterinary health sectors.Passive surveillance is often the only type of method feasible in poor rural settings in human and animal surveillance. With often incomplete, biased or delayed information this method will benefit from new methods of evaluation or new design concepts that could be implemented within a “One Health” framework to take into account the interfaces between human, animals and environment. We have in this thesis conceived and/or applied new methodologies for the evaluation, the design or the improvement of volunteer case-reporting of human or animal HPAI H5N1 in South-east Asia.We have first looked at different options of evaluation. We have applied stochastic scenario tree to model and assess the surveillance system of HPAI H5N1 in Thailand in backyard and free-range poultry production systems. We have estimated the sensitivity of the passive surveillance at 50% (CI95% 0.04-0.75) for a maximum detection of 3 infected farms, and showing the usefulness of this method to demonstrate freedom of disease in countries with limited resources. Thanks to participatory methods, we have involved Village Animal Health Workers (VAHWs) in their own evaluation and developed a new criteria grid, which includes local indicators of success developed and used by the VAHWs themselves.In a second part, we have considered methods to improve the design and the efficiency of passive surveillance. We have applied the grid conceived previously, to evaluate 251 VAHWs in three provinces of Cambodia. The grid allowed us to give a score to their level of activity and to analyse through logistic regression the factors influencing the most “good score”. Then we have implemented a pilot-study to test the use of SMS reporting from 112 participants from 68 villages, the objective was to detect peaks of mortality, to identify more rapidly outbreaks of infectious diseases. In a final section we have used multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to map the risk of diffusion of HPAI H5N1 in poultry and in human, in order to adjust and reinforce the surveillance in the zones with greater risk of occurrence of the disease in Thailand and Cambodia.To conclude this work about tools and methods to improve surveillance systems in remote areas, we have done a comparative analysis of two challenging environments, Cambodia and Madagascar. We have done a cross analysis of the researches implemented by CIRAD (French Research Centre for International Development) in these countries during research projects implemented over the past decade. The objective was to show how new approaches for surveillance systems could be transferred between different countries with difficult socioeconomic environments and to propose new perspectives.

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The concept of One Health is a rather new term that is used to describe the need for collaboration across expert disciplines to ensure health for humans, animals and the environment. The concept of One Health covers many different aspects of problems that pose a threat to a sustainable planet, for example zoonotic diseases, food hygiene, antibiotic resistance and animal welfare. In recent years the interest in One Health issues has expanded in a truly amazing way, therefore, it is in our interest to present an overview of One Health projects globally, regarding the topics of zoonotic diseases and animal welfare. The aim of this literature study is to conduct an overview of published studies, in the areas of zoonotic diseases and animal welfare, from geographically distinct parts of the world, including Europe, Middle East, South America, South-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. This will be done by answering questions regarding the analysed publications, to explore similarities and differences between the previously mentioned geographic areas, regarding the two topics of interest. PubMed was used as search engine to identify publications suitable for the aim of this literature overview. 178 publications within the area of zoonotic diseases and 139 publications within the area of animal welfare met the inclusion criteria and were analysed and evaluated according to a question-sheet. Cross-border collaborations appeared to be more common in the field of zoonotic diseases than in the field of animal welfare. Looking at the amount of published papers, there seemed to be an elevation in number of publications focusing on zoonotic diseases from the time interval 2012-2013 to 2014-2015, in contrast to animal welfare, where the publication numbers increased some years later, from 2014-2015 to 2016-2017. Sub-Saharan African and South American publications focused more on vector borne diseases than the other investigated geographic areas. Regarding the most common cause of animal welfare issues, it appeared to be housing and human management in all investigated geographical demarcations.

The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causative pathogens of diarrhoea in young ruminants; therefore, it causes economic losses and impairs animal welfare. Besides C. parvum, there are many other non-infectious and infectious factors, such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and Giardia duodenalis, which may lead to diarrhoeic disease in young livestock. Often, more than one infectious agent is detected in affected animals. Little is known about the interactions bet-ween simultaneously occurring pathogens and their potential effects on the course of disease. In this review, a brief overview about pathogens associated with diarrhoea in young ruminants is presented. Furthermore, information about coinfections involving Cryptosporidium is provided.

Tick-borne encephalitis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease with more than 12,000 annual clinical reported cases globally (WHO, 2021). Tick-borne encephalitis is caused by the flavivirus and transferred by Ixodes ricinus from roe deer to human and affects the central Nervous system. Climate change also increases tick-borne encephalitis incidences in Sweden and fluctuated considerably from year to year. A quantitative study design with secondary data was conducted to analyze the spatial and temporal pattern of Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden from 1986-2020. The distribution of Tick-borne encephalitis within age and sex, along with other factors were also analyzed. The results showed that Tick-borne encephalitis with passing each year spread across the country. Male and age group, 50-59, have more incidence of Tick-borne encephalitis. Incidents were associated with climate conditions such as temperature and precipitation, which provided a favorable environment for Ixodes ricinus for its lifecycle activities, host searching, and disease transmission. Roe deer population, other vertebrates abundance, vaccination, population interest, economy, and land change are the critical factors that facilitate the disease incidence or control. People who visit forests for hunting, trekking, leisure, and professional activities without proper immunity and preventive measures are at risk to infect with Tick-borne encephalitis. The theory One health approach showed suitable performance for the control of this vulnerable climate zoonotic disease.

Apesar de existir diversos programas voltados a crianças que visam promover a educação em guarda responsável de cães e gatos no mundo inteiro, existem poucos estudos avaliando o impacto destas ações no conhecimento de crianças sobre o assunto e a sua influência no bem-estar desses animais. Como é sabido, a educação em guarda responsável tem um papel importante no controle populacional de cães e gatos, na prevenção do abandono, na promoção do bem-estar animal e saúde humana, sendo assim uma questão de saúde única. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do ensino da educação em guarda responsável para crianças e as possíveis interferências deste conhecimento no bem-estar animal. O estudo foi direcionado a crianças de 6 a 10 anos de idade, realizado em uma escola públicado Capão Redondo, distrito localizado na cidade e no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram aplicados questionários a fim de avaliar o conhecimento dos alunos sobre a guarda responsável antes e após seis meses das ações educativas. Os resultados concluíram que crianças que participam de intervenções educativas, apresentam maior conhecimento sobre o tema, portanto o ensino da educação em guarda responsável a crianças é fundamental para torná-los adultos conscientes que podem causar impactos positivos no bem-estar de cães e gatos. / Although there are several programs directed to children to promote responsible pet ownership worldwide ,there are few studies evaluating the impact of the sections on children\'s knowledge about the subject and their influence on the animal welfare. As it is well known, responsible pet ownership driven education plays an important role in the pet population control , in preventing abandonment, in promoting animal welfar e and in human health, thus being a one health issue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of education on responsible pet ownership for children and the possible interferences of this knowledge on animal welfare. The study was direct ed to children from 6 to 10 years of age, conducted at a public school in capão redon do, located in the city and state of são paulo, brazil. Questionnaires were applied in o rder to evaluate students\' knowledge about responsible pet ownership before and aft er six months of educational actions. The results showed that children, who participat e in educational interventions were able to acquire greater knowledge about the subj ect; so we conclude that teaching and overall education in responsible pet ownership for children is fundamental to make them conscient adults,who can have a positive Impaction animal welfare.

As part of recognizing the interconnected nature of different sectors in relation to health, AMR (antimicrobial resistance) has emerged as an issue of high global importance. E. coli isolates were taken from pig farms in Thailand, which serves as a point of interest in the study of ARGs (antimicrobial resistance genes) in emerging economies. The fecal samples were collected from pigs, humans who came in contact with the pigs, and humans who did not have contact with pigs to be analyzed for ARGS, virulence genes, and plasmids. Data was analyzed with an automated pipeline in the form of ARG-MATEE, the Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Multi-Analysis Tool for Enteric E. coli, a tool designed in this study to be used here and in future investigations. ARG-MATEE regulates and records internal software versions in a produced report which also includes data tables for all non phylogeny results in Boyce–Codd normal form and data visualizations for plasmids, ARGs, virulence genes, and phylogeny. Through the use of ARG-MATEE, the iss virulence gene was seen to be significantly different between testing groups as it is present in only human testing groups, suggesting the loss of function of the iss gene in pigs, showing host specialization.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 5 juin 2023) / La surveillance épidémiologique et le contrôle des épidémies sont des aspects cruciaux de la santé globale contemporaine. De grandes institutions nationales et internationales coordonnent l'organisation de la surveillance épidémiologique sur l'ensemble du globe. Différents appels à la collaboration entre pays et disciplines sont formulés pour indiquer des voies à suivre afin de mener ce projet de sécurisation à bien. « Renforcement des capacités » et « One Health » font partie du registre actuel. En suivant un projet de collaboration scientifique canado-africain, ce mémoire vise à rendre compte de comment ces mots d'ordre sont interprétés, saisis et mis en acte par des scientifiques à travers une initiative particulière. Convoquant des approches de l'anthropologie du développement et des Science & Technology Studies, je m'intéresse à la façon dont les acteurs de la santé globale répondent à des appels à projet, formulent et appliquent leurs protocoles, et font usage de ces mots et des cadrages variés des enjeux sanitaires pour ouvrir des espaces de collaboration et de recherche. / Epidemiologic surveillance and control are key aspects of contemporary global health. National and international public health agencies coordinate and organise the deployment of this surveillance around the world. Throughout time, different calls for international and interdisciplinary collaborations have been launched in hopes of advancing the never-ending project of securing population health. "Capacity building" and "One Health" are important part of the current efforts. By following a scientific collaboration between Canadian and African actors, this thesis examines how watchwords such as "capacity building" and "One Health" are interpreted, adopted, and put into practice in a particular project. Drawing on approaches from anthropology of development and Science and Technology Studies, I am interested in the way global health actors respond to project calls, formulate and apply research protocols, and make use of different watchwords and framing of health issues to open pathways for research and collaboration.

Brennpunkt Tiermedizin: Klimawandel und One Health; Veterinary Public Health; Versuchstiere; Arzneimittel und Arzneimittelrecht; Toxikologie; Praxismanagement; Anatomie; Kommunikation und Didaktik; Berufsperspektiven; Geschichte;

In recent years, the world has faced major health challenges, from the rise of antibiotic resistance to the emergence of new pathogens with pandemic potential. This highlights the importance of considering human health as inextricably intertwined with that of other animals and the environment in which they live. This paradigm is known as “One Health”, which is the integration of environmental sciences, veterinary science, and medicine. Within this perspective, viruses, the most abundant biological entities on Earth, play a central role in connecting different organisms, deeply influencing the health of their hosts. Despite their great importance, most viruses are still poorly understood, mainly because of the technical and economic limitations posed by isolation, cultivation, and single colony sequencing. However, recently developed genomic technologies offer a cheaper and more sensitive alternative to study viruses, allowing a better integration of data from various sources and making it possible to explore how they circulate among different hosts and environments. In this thesis, I hypotesise that, by combining different classes of genomic methods with One Health practices, it is possible to reveal much more of the entire picture of viral diversity and evolution that by simply using them in a separated way. I show that this is the case for each one of the scientific questions addressed in this work, which are organised in three main chapters: - In the second chapter I analysed 22 metatranscriptomes from tick samples from different parts of Italy, obtaining a set of 91 viral contigs for which I reconstructed the phylogeny, with the aim to identify the presence of possible pathogens and characterise the unexplored viral diversity in the country. This analysis not only clarified the molecular epidemiology of well-known pathogens such as Tick-borne encephalitis virus, but also allowed the discovery of at least 10 novel viral species. - In the third chapter, I investigated the origin and spread of West Nile virus, an emerging pathogen causing neurological disease worldwide. The goal was to expand the current knowledge of this virus by increasing the number of sequenced genomes and to reconstruct how the virus moved between Africa and Europe. Phylogeographic and phylodynamic methods showed that this pathogen originated in Africa and repeatedly invaded the European continent, revealing the dynamics of its evolution through space and time. - In the last chapter, I contributed to obtaining a set of DNA phages assembled from human microbiomes and viromes by manual curation and comparative genomics and developed a new approach to study their evolution in relation to their bacterial hosts. I found that the strength of co-phylogenetic patterns between viruses and their hosts is generally weak, suggesting that their ecological relationships emerge on short evolutionary timescales. Taken together, these results show how the integration of viral metagenomics and phylogenomics in One Health is essential to answer fundamental questions about the diversity of viruses and how they spread and evolve. Furthermore, the methods and protocols developed in these studies can be applied to similar cases, allowing a systematic exploration of many other datasets to expand our knowledge of the virosphere. This information can be used to implement containment strategies, public health policies, therapies, and biotechnologies.