L'Angélique (Dicorynia guianensis Amsh.) est une espèce forestière de Guyane très exploitée pour son bois mais ce dernier est connu pour présenter une durabilité naturelle variable, dont les conséquences peuvent être très lourdes pour l'utilisateur. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous avons souhaité comprendre l'origine de la durabilité naturelle du duramen se l'Angélique afin d'appréhender sa variabilité pour mieux la prédire. Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en oeuvre une stratégie d'échantillonnage basée sur l'étude architecturale de l'arbre pour appréhender la variabilité de la durabilité naturelle, ce qui a été confirmé par les essais biologiques réalisés. Nous avons par la suite évalué l'influence de potentiels facteurs mesurés dans le bois sur la durabilité naturelle. A ce titre, le rôle des extractibles a été évalué par des approches métaboliques ciblées et non ciblées, couplées à une stratégie de déréplication. La lignine et l'infradensité ont également été retenues comme facteurs de durabilité naturelle de l'Angélique. Enfin, ses caractéristiques propres à l'ontogénie se l'arbre ont été pris en compte et les résultats mettent en lumière l'importance du stade de développement de l'arbre ainsi que son environnement. Enfin, nous avons proposé ses outils spectroscopiques (moyen et proche infrarouge) simples, rapides et fiables pour prédire la durabilité naturelle. Ces résultats sont encourageants et suggèrent leur utilisation potentielle pour la filière bois pour prédire la durabilité naturelle du bois de l'Angélique. / Angélique (Dicorynia guianensis Amsh.) is a tree species in French Guiana that is heavily exploited for its wood, but it is known to have variable natural durability, which can be of severe consequences for the user. In this thesis we wanted to understand the origin of the natural durability of Angelique heartwood in order to understand its variability, to beter predict it. This multidisciplinary work combines wood sciences, natural products chemistry and microbiology. First, we implemented a sampling strategy based on the architectural profile of tree individuals to understand the variability of natural durabilityn which was confirmed by biological assays. We then assessed the influence of potential natural durability factors that we measured in the wood samples. As such, the role of metabolies was investigated using targeted and untargeted metabolomics, coupled with a dereplication strategy. Lignin and infradensity have also been tested as factors of durability for Angelique heartwood. Finally, factors that are related to tree ontogeny have been taken into account and the results highlight the importance of the stage development and the environment of tree individuals. Lastly, we have proposez esasy, fast and reliable spectroscopie tools (medium and near infrared) to predict the nartural durability. These results are encouraging and suggest their potential use by the timber industry to predict durability of Angélique heartwood.

The present study investigated the expression profiles of nine genes involved in immune defense of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and their responses to oral administration of beta-1,3-glucan. The nine immune related genes were beta-glucan binding protein-high density lipoprotein (BGBP-HDL), lipopolysaccharide/beta-glucan binding protein (LGBP), hemocyanin, prophenoloxidase (proPO), transglutaminase (TGase), penaeidin-3 (PEN-3), crustin, cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cMnSOD), and lysozyme. A series of experiments were carried out in the study including: (1) cDNA cloning and characterization of proPO and LGBP; (2) tissue mRNA expressions of the nine genes in adult shrimp; (3) expression and localization of the nine genes during larval and postlarval ontogenic development; (4) the effects of dietary beta-1,3-glucan on the expression of the nine genes. The cDNA cloning study showed that the proPO cDNA contains an open reading frame of 2061 bp and encodes a 686 amino-acid peptide. The protein sequence of the proPO has a similarity of 85% with those of Penaeus monodon and P. semisulcatus and has an identity of between 58 and 77% with other crustaceans. Northern blot analysis revealed that proPO was constitutively expressed mainly in hemocytes. Its transcripts were observed in hemocytes and many other tissues when detected with RT-PCR. The results of in situ hybridizations showed that the hemocytes that infiltrated in tissues were responsible for the positive signals. The LGBP cDNA contains an open reading frame of 1104 bp and encodes a 367 amino-acid protein with a 17 a. a. signal peptide. The protein sequence of the LGBP has a similarity of 97% with LGBP of L. stylirostris, >90% identity with BGBP of P. monodon and LGBP of Fenneropenaeus chinensis and has an identity of between 63 and 86% with other crustaceans. Northern blot analysis revealed that LGBP was constitutively expressed mainly in hepatopancreas. The results of in situ hybridizations showed that the hepatopancreatic F cells might be the major cell type for LGBP production. Using the complete cDNAs of proPO and LGBP and partial fragments of the other seven genes, their tissue expressions were analyzed by conventional RT-PCR, quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization. The results demonstrated that BGBP-HDL, LGBP and hemocyanin were mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas and their expressions levels were about 10 to 30% those of

The thesis is focused on the topic of healthy lifestyle of preschool-age children with the support of educational facilities in which the child is. For this reason are, in the theoretical part, introduced the concepts of health and its determinants, the ontogenesis of the children and adolescent, individual areas of healthy lifestyle and support of these areas at preschool children. The following part is dedicated to the Czech educational system and part of its curriculum focused on the health of the pupil, which is taught at kindergartens. The text is complemented by researches connected with the foreign efforts of implementation of the program of the healthy lifestyle promotion program to the facilities of preschool education. The term "inclusion in education" is also mentioned. In the practical part is the introduction of the suggested educational program focused on the basics of proper nutrition of children in kindergarten and its evaluation.

This diploma thesis deals with art creation of adolescents and early adolescents. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part specifies a teen years period including biological and psychological changes and it also specifies the development of teen years. The attention is also focused on the ontogenesis of art demonstration according to C. Burnt´s, H. H. Luquert´s and particularly V Lowenfeld´s stages. The practical part deals with the analysis of collected research material of tenagers between the ages of 11-16 years. The goal of this thesis is to find out if the art demonstration of present-day teen-agers responses to the ontogenesis model which is described by V. Lovenfeld.

As abelhas eussociais apresentam uma estrutura organizacional que promove, ao longo da vida das operárias, uma série de transições comportamentais, regidas pela divisão etária de trabalho. Operárias inicialmente confinadas no interior do ninho, onde o ambiente é homogêneo e controlado, passam por uma série de mudanças, culminando na atividade de forrageamento, quando são expostas às variações do ambiente externo. A transição entre as diferentes atividades acompanha uma alteração no nível de contato e percepção das pistas ambientais, conforme as tarefas levam as operárias para as proximidades do tubo de saída e, finalmente, para o exterior. Os componentes temporais rítmicos, associados à complexa arquitetura espacial das colônias e características da divisão de trabalho são essenciais para a organização eussocial, mantendo a seqüência e coordenação das atividades exercidas por operárias e rainha. O objetivo deste trabalho foi medir o consumo de oxigênio de operárias de Melipona quadrifasciata, visando caracterizar aspectos cronobiológicos em diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento pós-embrionário. Três grupos de operárias foram estudados: recém-emergidas (24-48h de idade, grupo i), de idade média (10-15 dias, grupo ii) e forrageadoras (mais de 25 dias, grupo iii). As medidas de consumo de oxigênio foram feitas por respirometria intermitente, em condição de escuro constante, 25  1C, alimento e água ad libitum. Os experimentos foram realizados com operárias individualmente isoladas, o que garante um protocolo experimental no qual o ritmo endógeno seja caracterizado sem a interferência de fatores sociais e mantendo a variação interindividual. Cada série temporal foi estabelecida pelo agrupamento de séries, com 24h de duração cada uma, de diferentes indivíduos mantidos em condições experimentais idênticas. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que as operárias dos três grupos apresentam ritmicidade circadiana no consumo de oxigênio, mostrando que os ritmos circadianos estão presentes nas operárias desde a idade de 24-48h. Entre os parâmetros dos ritmos circadianos, o que apresentou maior variação foi a amplitude do consumo de oxigênio: o grupo i exibiu valores de amplitude aproximadamente dez vezes menores que os do grupo iii, sendo os valores do grupo ii intermediários. Freqüências ultradianas significativas foram observadas em todas as operárias estudadas, sendo que a potência espectral em relação à freqüência circadiana foi maior para a idade de 24-48h. Nestas operárias mais jovens, é provável que a ritmicidade ultradiana esteja relacionada à atividade de oviposição da rainha. Os dados obtidos na primavera mostram ciclos de consumo médio de oxigênio mais claros em relação aos dados de inverno. Na primavera a amplitude do consumo de oxigênio foi maior, exceto para as forrageadoras, o que pode ser um indício de estratégias sazonais ligadas à atividade reprodutiva (POP). Os componentes temporais rítmicos, associados aos componentes espaciais, são essenciais na manutenção e coordenação das atividades em uma colônia de abelhas eussociais. A execução de diferentes tarefas inter-relacionadas depende de uma coordenação precisa entre as operárias. Dessa forma, o estudo da organização rítmica, associada ao polietismo etário, traz informações importantes para a compreensão da biologia de uma colônia eussocial. / The eusocial organization promotes a behavioural development of adult worker-bees, based on an age-related division of labour. Workers switch from tasks inside the hive to foraging and undergo a progressive transition from controlled environment of the hive to a diurnal exposure to the environment outside the hive. The coordination of queen and workers’ activities depends on the association of spatial organization of the colony and rhythmicity of bees. This work aimed to detect possible changes in chronobiological parameters during the post-embryonic development of Melipona quadrifasciata workers. Three groups of workers were studied: age 24-48h (group i), 10-15 days old (group ii) and foragers (more than 25 days old, group iii). Oxygen consumption of individually isolated workers was determined by inttermitent respirometry (experiment conditions were constant darkness, 25  1C, water and food ad libitum). For the establishment of a time series, a set of 24h measurements were made under the same conditions in different individuals of the same age. This protocol allowed the characterization of endogenous rhythms with no social influence. Chi-square periodogram analysis revealed that oxygen consumption of all workers studied was controlled by an endogenous circadian clock. M. quadrifasciata workers are therefore rhythmic since the age of 24-48h. Cosinor analysis revealed that amplitude of oxygen consumption changed according to age: group i showed low values, while group iii showed large values (about ten times larger than group i). Ultradian frequencies were detected for all worker groups. The ultradian strength was larger in group i, and might be related to the frequency of queen ovipositions. Data collected during spring showed clearer oxygen consumption cycles in comparison to data collected during winter. Amplitude values were larger in spring, except for group iii, suggesting that seasonal strategies may occur in reproductive activities (POP). The association of rhythmic and spatial properties is essential to the precise organization of an eusocial bee colony. Thus, the study of rhythmicity integrated to division of labour is important to elucidate many questions concerning eusocial bees biology.

B-cells of peripheral blood in humans represent a heterogeneous cellular environment displaying many important functions in the immune system. Recently, there is an increasing amount of evidence that B cell subpopulations are involved in the pathogenesis of many different diseases. However, there is little or no knowledge on how the individual differentiation stages of B lymphocytes are involved in pathological processes, and how they are distributed and represented under the physiological state and under pathological conditions. There is a reasonable assumption that, as with dendritic cells, NK / NKT cells and T lymphocytes, also B cell populations will contain minor and/or rare subpopulations reaching relative frequencies in the range of 0.01% to 0, 1 ‰. The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the extent of phylogenetic and ontogenetic heterogeneity of the peripheral B cell population and lymphopoietic tissues on the basis of a comparative study across different vertebrate species. Another goal of the work was to use polychromatic flow cytometry with 183 individuals, out of them 50 controls and 133 patients with different (immune) pathologies or tumors in order to identify an optimal combination of surface features, and to use it to detect and demonstrate the existence of minor/rare...

Title: The Use of Therasuit method on individuals with cerebral palsy Objectives: The main objective of the work is to observe a 4-week rehabilitation program according to the Therasuit method. Determine whether there will be changes in the area of gross motor skills and primitive reflexes, and to describe the individual course of the rehabilitation process in individual probands. Another objective is an evaluation of the therapeutic effect on the child's physical activities from the parents point of view. Methods: It is a mixed research method which contains an empirical-theoretical form of case sudies of 3 probands.The study included 2 boys and 1 girl aged 3, 4 and 7 years with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, while in the first proband it occurs in the form of spastic diparesis, in the second one in the form of spastic hemiparesis, and in the third one in the form of spastic triparesis. The data collection methods used include input and output kinesiological analysis, qualitative observation of the rehabilitation process and a qualitative interview with a legal representative focused on the child's physical activities prior to and after rehabilitation. Results: We found that after 4-week rehabilitation according to the Therasuit method, all 3 probands improved their gross motor skills. In all 3...

Number of studies report that even when experimental animals are subjected to the exact same conditions, they differ in their behaviour. If these differences were stable in time and across several experimental procedures, we could talk about personality. This diploma thesis studies inter-individual differences in behaviour of laboratory rats (Long Evans strain) in a series of experiments conducted in early ontogeny and in adult age. Apart from analysing inter-individual differences in behaviour and personality of experimental animals, this thesis has two main aims. The first aim is assessing stability of inter-individual differences in behaviour throughout ontogeny. The second aim is to explore possible link between inter-individual differences in behaviour and performance in cognitive tests. We confirmed the existence of inter-individual difference in behaviour in laboratory rats. In this thesis we were, however, not able to assess personality of experimental animals. The differences in behaviour were best described by behaviour in Open field test and Elevated plus maze test. Our results also show marked differences between successive trials of these experiments. We also report that performance in Active allothetic place avoidance is not linked to performance in Morris water maze, even though both...

This book is about the participatory aesthetics of the fantastic. In it, the author argues that the definition of the fantastic presented by Tzvetan Todorov in 1970 can be used, provided it is first adapted to a media-ecological framework, to theorize the role of aesthetic participation in the creation of secondary worlds. Working within a hermeneutical tradition, Todorov understands reader participation as interpretation, in which the creative ambiguities of the literary object are primarily epistemological. However, it is here argued that the aesthetic object of the fantastic is also characterized by material ambiguity. The purpose of this dissertation is then to present a conceptual framework with which to theorize the relation between the material and the epistemological ambiguity of the fantastic. It is argued that such a framework can be found in an ecological understanding of aesthetic participation. This, in turn, entails understanding human subjectivity as a process always already embodied in a material environment. To this extent, the proposed theoretical framework questions the clear and oppositional distinction between form and matter, as well as that between mind and body, nature and culture, and human and non-human, on which a modern and humanist notion of subjectivity is based. And in this sense, the basic ecological assumptions of this dissertation are posthumanist, or non-humanist. From this position, it is argued that an ecological understanding of participation offers a means to reformulate the function of a number of concepts central to studying the aesthetics of the fantastic, most notably the concepts of media, genre and text. As the fantastic focuses on the creation of other worlds, it is an aesthetics of coming into being, of ontogenesis. Accordingly, it will be argued that the participatory aesthetics of the fantastic operationalizes the ontogenesis of media, genres and texts. By mapping the ontogenesis of three distinct media ecologies – the media ecology of fantasy and J. R. R. Tolkien’s secondary world Middle-earth; the media ecology of the American comic book superhero Miracleman; and the media ecology of William Blake – this book argues that the ecological imagination generates world. Per Israelson has been a doctoral candidate in the Research School of Studies in Cultural History at the department of Culture and Aesthetics, Stockholm University. Ecologies of the Imagination is his dissertation.

Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université Montpellier II / L’étude qualitative et quantitative du mode de développement des plantes envahissantes est actuellement considérée comme une étape clef dans la compréhension des phénomènes d’invasion. L’objectif de ce travail est de préciser les relations qui existent entre la structure architecturale des buissons et leur caractère proliférant. Nous avons sélectionné cinq espèces buissonnantes (Cornus sericea L., Cornaceae ; Prunus virginiana L., Rosaceae ; Rhamnus cathartica L., Rhamnaceae ; Rhus typhina L., Anacardiaceae ; Zanthoxylum americanum Mill., Rutaceae) qui sont connues pour leur aptitude à bloquer la succession végétale sous certaines conditions au Sud du Québec (Canada). L’analyse architecturale a permis chez ces espèces de caractériser les unités structurelles et leurs modifications ontogéniques. Ces modifications ontogéniques doivent être prise en compte afin d’obtenir une description complète de la plasticité phénotypique chez ces espèces. L’analyse des différentes unités structurelles révèle qu’elles ne possèdent pas la même signification fonctionnelle : les niveaux d’organisation les plus grands sont responsables majoritairement des capacités de plasticité phénotypique de la plante et de sa compétition. Ces analyses ont abouti à la définition de trois stratégies architecturales correspondant à des comportements individuels et qui sont également pertinentes pour expliquer la prolifération des populations. / Qualitative and quantitative studies of the pattern of invasive plant development is now considered a key aspect in understanding invasiveness. This work was performed to determine relationships between shrub architectural plasticity and proliferating behaviour. We selected five shrub species (Cornus sericea L., Cornaceae ; Prunus virginiana L., Rosaceae ; Rhamnus cathartica L., Rhamnaceae ; Rhus typhina L., Anacardiaceae ; Zanthoxylum americanum Mill., Rutaceae) known to arrest plant succession under certain conditions in Southern Québec, Canada. Architectural analysis revealed species’ structural units and their ontogenic changes. These ontogenic changes need to be calibrated if a full description of phenotypic plasticity is to be obtained. Analysis of the plant structural units reveals that they are of different functional significance: the higher the level of organization, the greater the capacity for phenotypic plasticity and competition. We defined three architectural strategies related to individual behaviours and which can relevantly explain the population proliferation of shrubs.