This study is based on human resources management to discuss the operating model of dispatched enterprises which includes the influences of cross-organizational collaboration between the internal part and external environment on operating performance. Due to the studies of discussing operating model of dispatched industry were quite limited in the past, this study founds on human resources management, supply-chain management, cross-organizational recreation and cooperative relationships adopting qualitative case study research method. Taking U company which belongs to China Steel Company group for example, collates data and analyzes the subordinative relationships between dispatched agency, dispatched workers and dispatched enterprises and the real operating condition of the industry to construct a operating model which could improve the image of dispatched industry. The result findings are as follows: 1.The operating model of the dispatched industry should control the expected financial target first to be the index of analyzing external environment risks and opportunities and estimating the reaction ability of the company. 2.The operating model is not invariable. It is a dynamic system. It will not find the right direction until proceeding reciprocation procedures many times even continuing. 3.To increase operating performances, dispatched enterprises usually keep different level of cross-organizational collaborative relationships with dispatched agencies. Dispatched enterprises consider that keeping good relationships could improve management efficient and have positive effect to operating performance. 4.By sharing related information, participating in the enterprise internal activities, building up coordinate system and developing mutual values, dispatched enterprises and dispatched agencies not only decrease costs, but increase revenues. 5.The innovation of operating model and transformation of management thought subvert the traditional two-way relationships between employer and employee. The irresistible developing situation of dispatched industry pushes the government to accelerate legislation to be taken as the base for the dispatched industry. The study results could supply for dispatched industry as empirical application consultation and bring up for government legislating for labor dispatched law on the subject of protecting rights of dispatched workers, increasing dispatched job opportunities and developing potential labor force.

The Thesis intends to introduce business in government regulated Water Industry, accurately the area of Water Supply and Sewerage. Its aim is to describe the business market of this field. Moreover, to find out whether the companies in private multinational corporation ownership don't burden their customers with too high price of water supply and find if there is any relationship between the price of water and the profitability of these enterprises. To achieve this aim, companies are categorized into five groups and compared. These groups are created on the basis of the shares of private foreign corporation. A separate group is made of companies that are in ownership of municipalities that means without the influence of private foreign corporations. Firstly the one component prices are compared, then two-component ones. In conclusion, these prices are compared to profitability of these enterprises.

As mudanças da economia originadas a partir do Plano Real, no ano de 1994, trouxeram ao cenário econômico brasileiro uma reestruturação completa do Sistema Financeiro Nacional, dentre elas o desenvolvimento pujante do cooperativismo de crédito. Um dos motivos de tal pujança foi a estruturação das cooperativas de crédito como sistemas, ou seja, reunidas sob uma mesma bandeira, o Sicredi se apresenta como referência desse modelo no Brasil. Desse modo, este estudo buscou avaliar a eficiência relativa da estrutura de atendimento das cem cooperativas do Sicredi com a utilização de análise envoltória de dados e empregando as informações dos modelos operacional e operacional financeiro. No primeiro, buscou-se avaliar a capacidade de atender as transações demandadas pelos associados nos canais de atendimento dessas cooperativas, e no segundo foram observados os impactos das despesas „não juros‟ em relação aos resultados financeiros em 2013. O modelo operacional expôs uma capacidade instalada com oportunidades importantes de melhorias na sua utilização total pelos associados. O modelo operacional financeiro demonstrou oportunidades de melhor aproveitamento na alocação das despesas „não juros‟ na geração de sobras para as cooperativas. / Changes in the economy arising from the Real Plan in 1994, led the Brazilian economic scenario toward a complete restructuring of the National Financial System causing, for example, the strong development of Credit Unions. One reason for this growth was the structuring of credit unions as a system, joined under one single brand, Sicredi presents itself as a reference of this model in Brazil. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the relative efficiency of the service structure of one hundred Sicredi Credit Unions with the use of data envelopment analysis and using the information from the operational and financial operating model. At first model, was evaluated the capacity to serve the transactions demanded from Credit Unions´ members in omni-channels and, in the second model, it were observed impacts of expenses 'no interest' in comparison to financial results in 2013. The operational model showed a installed capacity with significant opportunities for improvement in their total use by members. The financial operational model demonstrated opportunities for better use in the allocation of costs „no interest‟ in profits generation for Credit Unions.

As mudanças da economia originadas a partir do Plano Real, no ano de 1994, trouxeram ao cenário econômico brasileiro uma reestruturação completa do Sistema Financeiro Nacional, dentre elas o desenvolvimento pujante do cooperativismo de crédito. Um dos motivos de tal pujança foi a estruturação das cooperativas de crédito como sistemas, ou seja, reunidas sob uma mesma bandeira, o Sicredi se apresenta como referência desse modelo no Brasil. Desse modo, este estudo buscou avaliar a eficiência relativa da estrutura de atendimento das cem cooperativas do Sicredi com a utilização de análise envoltória de dados e empregando as informações dos modelos operacional e operacional financeiro. No primeiro, buscou-se avaliar a capacidade de atender as transações demandadas pelos associados nos canais de atendimento dessas cooperativas, e no segundo foram observados os impactos das despesas „não juros‟ em relação aos resultados financeiros em 2013. O modelo operacional expôs uma capacidade instalada com oportunidades importantes de melhorias na sua utilização total pelos associados. O modelo operacional financeiro demonstrou oportunidades de melhor aproveitamento na alocação das despesas „não juros‟ na geração de sobras para as cooperativas. / Changes in the economy arising from the Real Plan in 1994, led the Brazilian economic scenario toward a complete restructuring of the National Financial System causing, for example, the strong development of Credit Unions. One reason for this growth was the structuring of credit unions as a system, joined under one single brand, Sicredi presents itself as a reference of this model in Brazil. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the relative efficiency of the service structure of one hundred Sicredi Credit Unions with the use of data envelopment analysis and using the information from the operational and financial operating model. At first model, was evaluated the capacity to serve the transactions demanded from Credit Unions´ members in omni-channels and, in the second model, it were observed impacts of expenses 'no interest' in comparison to financial results in 2013. The operational model showed a installed capacity with significant opportunities for improvement in their total use by members. The financial operational model demonstrated opportunities for better use in the allocation of costs „no interest‟ in profits generation for Credit Unions.

As mudanças da economia originadas a partir do Plano Real, no ano de 1994, trouxeram ao cenário econômico brasileiro uma reestruturação completa do Sistema Financeiro Nacional, dentre elas o desenvolvimento pujante do cooperativismo de crédito. Um dos motivos de tal pujança foi a estruturação das cooperativas de crédito como sistemas, ou seja, reunidas sob uma mesma bandeira, o Sicredi se apresenta como referência desse modelo no Brasil. Desse modo, este estudo buscou avaliar a eficiência relativa da estrutura de atendimento das cem cooperativas do Sicredi com a utilização de análise envoltória de dados e empregando as informações dos modelos operacional e operacional financeiro. No primeiro, buscou-se avaliar a capacidade de atender as transações demandadas pelos associados nos canais de atendimento dessas cooperativas, e no segundo foram observados os impactos das despesas „não juros‟ em relação aos resultados financeiros em 2013. O modelo operacional expôs uma capacidade instalada com oportunidades importantes de melhorias na sua utilização total pelos associados. O modelo operacional financeiro demonstrou oportunidades de melhor aproveitamento na alocação das despesas „não juros‟ na geração de sobras para as cooperativas. / Changes in the economy arising from the Real Plan in 1994, led the Brazilian economic scenario toward a complete restructuring of the National Financial System causing, for example, the strong development of Credit Unions. One reason for this growth was the structuring of credit unions as a system, joined under one single brand, Sicredi presents itself as a reference of this model in Brazil. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the relative efficiency of the service structure of one hundred Sicredi Credit Unions with the use of data envelopment analysis and using the information from the operational and financial operating model. At first model, was evaluated the capacity to serve the transactions demanded from Credit Unions´ members in omni-channels and, in the second model, it were observed impacts of expenses 'no interest' in comparison to financial results in 2013. The operational model showed a installed capacity with significant opportunities for improvement in their total use by members. The financial operational model demonstrated opportunities for better use in the allocation of costs „no interest‟ in profits generation for Credit Unions.

This diploma thesis analyses Ulrich's concept of the multiple-roles model and the implementation of the HR Operating Model through selected theoretical bases, published qualitative and quantitative researches conducted especially in the environment of European organizations of the secondary and tertiary sector of the market. HR Operating Model is also analysed through own qualitative research conducted in the personnel department of a selected organization operating in the field of fast moving consumer goods, which becomes a part of a multinational organization. Part of the qualitative research is a descriptive case study that monitors the transformation of the organizational structure of the personnel department, the revision and the implementation of the personnel processes, the degree of its' adaptation to the specific local conditions, the descriptive case study also identifies the positive and the negative consequences of the transformation in the local personnel department. Keywords HR Operating Model, Three-legged Model, multiple-role model, HR Business Partner, transformation of the personnel department

台灣的經濟環境正值產業轉型之際，服務業相對於製造業愈來愈重要，本論文是研究一種服務業的產業，針對各家的派遣計程車隊進行分類，並分析其競爭優勢，期望這樣的研究，能對台灣的服務產業能有一點貢獻。進一步說明如下： 台北市計程車產業，是運輸服務業中的重要的一環，其產值高於捷運及公車服務業之總合。計程車產業特色為個體經營者數量多，透過個體經營的群聚產生派遣車隊，透過派遣車隊產生的正向網路效應，使得加入車隊的個體經營者可獲得更多的好處，因此派遣車隊在此產業角色的重要性與日俱增。 眾多派遣車隊瓜分台北市派車市場就如同戰國時代的多國爭地，車隊的「運作類型」牽動著企業經營體質，之前少見針對多車隊的比較研究，引發本論文的研究興趣，試著將不同的車隊依經營體質分出不同的運作類型，再加以運用競爭優勢的本質，加以排序。 本研究從文獻的回顧探討，確立研究的基礎及架構，透過與業者訪談及資料收集，進行基本資料剖析。進而以車隊規模、成立時間、經營理念、科技採用程度、成立原因、經營立基及其他事業等，歸納出四個營運構面；分別為「策略意圖」、「科技採用」、「營運範疇」及「地理範圍」。 運用這四個構面的參數套用於現有車隊，整理出所有類型，再依其性質推導出三大運作類型，分別為「生存維繫型」、「服務強化型」與「事業拓展型」等。這三大類在本研究的意義分別說明如下：「生存維繫型」是為了攤銷之前所投入成本、「服務強化型」是企業積極的提供服務價值及「事業拓展型」是企業借週邊關聯的事業展開多角化。 最後運用台北市交通局歷年來的評鑑資料佐證本研究的歸納運作類型，結果發現有其正相關，「生存維繫型」的歷年評鑑結果有較差及變差的傾向，「服務強化型」其評鑑結果多於中上，而「事業拓展型」有更優的評鑑結果。這表示運作的類型與服務的品質有正向的關係。 進一步我們推演管理意涵，透過「仲介機構(mediator)」的觀察如NTT DoCoMo的i-mode，是一個市場平台。供應商與消費者運用此平台各取所需。先前學者的研究此類的組織具正向的網路外部性，我們將此類型稱之「組織連結型」。也就是說在本研究的推論之下，派遣車隊發展的最高級，就是以派遣車隊是一個市場平台，這一個市場平台互相連結關聯的週邊事業。 本研究另外一個結論是「不成長、則衰敗」的特性是存在計程車派遣產業。這可提供處在競爭經營環境的服務業省思，可考慮企業成長所投入的風險，也可考慮企業停留原地的風險，相較其風險，決定組織運作的經營方向。 由於篇幅與時間的關係，本文並沒有進一步深入討論這些運作類型該採取怎麼樣經營方式以增強企業體本身，這是未來可以進一步探究的課題。

Enterprise Architecture is so far the highest development step in IT's architectural description of enterprises. At the beginning, just technological architecture existed. However, with the quickly growing complexity of IT other domains occurred, that had to be described. Information or application architectures can serve as examples. IT then realized, that it needed to add to its IT architectures a business view and consequently the discipline Enterprise Architecture came into being. Strategic management is crucial for the development of each enterprise. The thesis focuses on the strategic management of business and the strategic management of IT. The strategic management of business consists of a business strategy and an operating model. To the strategic management of IT then belongs an information strategy and IT governance. Business-IT alignment further explores and ensures the accord between the strategic management of business and the strategic management of IT. The aim of the thesis is to describe the relationship of Enterprise Architecture and the different forms of strategic management and to express to which rate Enterprise Architecture supports them. The explored relationships are: - The relationship of Enterprise Architecture and business strategy - The relationship of Enterprise Architecture and operating models - The relationship of Enterprise Architecture and information strategy - The relationship of Enterprise Architecture and IT governance - The relationship of Enterprise Architecture and business-IT alignment The goals of the thesis are reached via theoretical research and subsequent deduction. The author's personal asset consists of creating a hierarchical model of Enterprise Architecture, of defining Enterprise Architecture's reaction to business strategies, of modifying the methodology MMDIS in respect of information strategy, of depicting, how Enterprise Architecture can be used in IT governance, of illustrating, where Enterprise Architecture contributes to business-IT alignment and of assessing, to which rate Enterprise Architecture supports the different forms of strategic management.

This thesis explores the potential to unify three emerging disciplines: enterprise engineering, enterprise architecture and enterprise ontology. The current fragmentation that exists in literature on enterprise alignment and design constrains the development and growth of the emerging disciplines. Enterprises need to use a multi-disciplinary approach when they continuously align, design and re-design the enterprise. Although enterprises need to be aligned internally (across various enterprise facets), as well as externally (with the environment), most alignment approaches still focus on business-IT alignment, i.e. aligning the business operations with the information and communication technologies and systems of the enterprise. This study focuses on a popular business-IT alignment approach,called the foundation for execution approach, and its associated artefact, called the operating model. The study acknowledges the theoretical contribution of the operating model to establish the required level of business process integration and standardisation at an enterprise in delivering goods and services to customers. Highlighting the practical problems in selecting an operating model for an enterprise, and more specifically the practical problems of identifying process reuse potential at an enterprise, a thesis statement is formulated: The operating model concept, as part of a business-IT alignment approach, can be enhanced with a process reuse identification framework, when a business-IT alignment contextualisation is used. The study is divided into two research questions. The first research question addresses the current fragmentation that exists in the literature, which impairs reuse of the existing business-IT alignment knowledge base. An inductive literature review develops the Business-IT Alignment Model to provide a common contextualisation for current business-IT alignment approaches. The second research question addresses the practical problems of the operating model regarding the identification of process reuse potential at an enterprise. Applying the newly developed Business-IT Alignment Model as a contextualisation instrument, the study demonstrates the use of design research in developing the Process Reuse Identification Framework. The conclusion after the investigation of the two research questions is that the thesis statement was confirmed, i.e. the operating model concept, as part of a business-IT alignment approach, can be enhanced with a process reuse identification framework, when a business-IT contextualisation is used. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Industrial and Systems Engineering / Unrestricted

全民健康保險制度在台灣開辦以來已經快二十年了，在全民都有保險、給付的範圍從基礎到複雜的醫療照護完整、合約醫療機構相當普遍、就醫的方便性等，得到大多數台灣民眾的肯定。 但全民健保這一路實施下來卻為台灣帶來的龐大國家赤字。健保局針對於每年五千餘億的健保費用其中的藥品費用(為第二大支出，占了其中的25%)多次長期進行多種的藥費及藥價管控措施，低廉的新藥核價加上每兩年的藥價調查後的藥價調降，國外藥廠除了要配合健保的藥價政策外，還需要面對醫療機構對於現有藥品再降價的要求。長久下來，藥廠利潤逐年下降影響甚劇。 其中以今年七月所要實施二代健保中「藥品三同」對於原開發藥廠藥衝擊最大。衛生署所實施的三同政策，即是針對健保給付超過15年的藥品，實施「同成分」、「同品質」、「同價格」，調整為同價格。此一政策倘若實施，原開發藥廠利潤嚴重下降，可能會導致會放棄台灣市場，民眾只剩下國產學名藥可以選擇。再者，三同政策最大的瑕疵，在於只單方面考慮健保給付的藥價，卻忽略了藥廠製藥成本，此舉明顯不顧成本不同卻硬性規定價格，明顯違反市場機制，也違反健保精神。 專利藥到期的原開發藥藥廠要如何因應以縮小品質及價格的爭端，只著眼於一昧砍藥價來填補健保財務虧損，不仔細思考同成分就一定同品質的問題而將藥品砍至同一價格的健保署藥物品質認定及給付標準。 本研究探討之研究問題包括: 1)在台灣健保逐年調降藥價的政策下藥品三同政策前，原開發藥廠在台的經營模式為何,2)在政府政策培育下的學名藥如何日益茁壯來影響專利藥到期的原開發藥廠市場活動，3)藥品三同政策實施後對專利藥到期的原開發藥廠的衝擊4)主要獲利的專利藥品皆到期的台灣武田藥品公司未來的經營模式從主要價值活動面該如何調整因應。 本研究以Afuah A.(2004)經營模式架構，先從過去健保政策下原開發藥廠的營運模式做說明，再以目前健保政策環境因素的變化，如何影響個案公司的市場行銷活動，而活動又如何影響公司的資源、定位及成本。 本研究發現「藥品三同」對台廠學名藥因具有較佳的成本競爭優勢，對原開發藥廠產生威脅，但因原料的不穩定性讓病患、處方醫師無法信任。所以原開發藥廠除了監督政府長期對學名藥廠品質加以把關、用訴訟延緩學名藥的上市外、另外一方面併購國內學名藥廠，以配合醫療院所對於低價高品質藥品的需求。最後，專利藥到期的原開發藥廠從健保政策中與學名藥廠價格競爭獲得利潤，就必須改變營運模式，首要的就是降低成本。如何從採購及製造方面有效降低成本著手，進一步調整有形、無形資產投入、人員配置培養與組織等策略資源，以及定價、市場區隔等定位修正，是原開發藥廠需要深入思考的問題。 / National Health Insurance (NHI) program has been implemented in Taiwan for almost 20 years. It has earned recognition for the compulsory enrollment for all residents in Taiwan, the benefits covered from basic to complicated medical care, the prevalence of contract medical facility and the convenience of going to doctors. NHI, however, has caused fiscal deficit for the past few years. Drug cost, among the over 500,000,000,000 NTD health insurance fee, is the second largest expenditure, which takes up 25 percent of health insurance fee. Therefore, Bureau of National Health Insurance has taken measures to manage and control drug cost and drug price multiple times for a long period. Foreign pharmaceuticals have cooperated on the low-priced pricing for new drugs and have lowered drug price after drug price evaluation every two year. However, there is still demand from medical institution for lowering drug price. The profit is therefore significantly affected in the long run. Among the impacts, the significant one for research-based pharmaceutical companies is “three sameness of drug” in the 2nd generation NHI, which will be implemented in this coming July. This three sameness policy is to adjust those drugs which are covered by NHI for over 15 years and are of the same ingredients and quality to the same price. If this policy is put into practice, the profit of research-based pharmaceutical companies would plunge, which may result in their leave of Taiwan market. The domestic generic drugs, as a result, would be the only choice for the general public. Moreover, the major flaw of this three sameness policy is that it merely considers the drug price NHI covers, not the costs of pharmaceutical companies. That the drug price is set inflexibly without taking costs difference into consideration is against not only market mechanism but also the essence of NHI. The questions this study aimed to investigate were: 1. What have been the operating models of research-based pharmaceutical companies in Taiwan in the circumstances of drug price drop year by year before “three sameness policy”? 2. How have the government-sponsored generic drugs affected the market activities of drug patent expiration of research-based pharmaceutical companies? 3. What have been the impacts of “three sameness policy” on drug patent expiration of research-based pharmaceutical companies? 4. How should the operating model of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Taiwan, Ltd. adapt to, from the aspect of primary value activities, the condition of drug patent expiration of its profitable drugs? Based on the framework of operating model by Afuah A.(2004), this study began with the operating model of research-based pharmaceutical companies in former NHI policy. It then elaborated on how changes of the present NHI policy have influenced the marketing activities of the case company and how these activities have influenced the company’s resources, position and costs. This study reveals that “three sameness policies” is favorable for Taiwanese generic manufacturers for their costs competition. However, the instability of raw materials could not gain the trust of patients and doctors. Therefore, in order to cooperate on the demand for low-price and high-quality drug, researched-based pharmaceutical companies supervise the government’s check on the quality of generic manufacturers, employ litigation to suspend the launch of generic drugs or merge domestic generic manufacturers. If research-based pharmaceutical companies with drug patent expiration would like to compete with generic manufacturers and make a profit in NHI policy, they would have to change their operating model. How to reduce costs of purchase and manufacture and go further to adjust the input of physical and intangible assets, strengthen professional training of personnel and organization and modify strategies for pricing and market segmentation are the main issues worth considering.