Graduate work uses decisions methods of management for decisions of individual options for financing the fleet. The result is a simple formula that can be used by small businesses to choice of financing a vehicle intended for business. Evaluation of options, using the real calculations are: financial leasing, operational leasing and loan.

The theme of my thesis The operational and financial leasing of cars (accounting and tax view) is the evaluation of the advantages of these two forms of financing. Firstly there are basic terms and types of leasing after that the situation on Czech leasing trade is evaluated. Subsequently the accounting and tax view on operational and financial leasing is processed. Theoretical knowledge is applied to practical case study, there is evaluated the most optimal form of financing a car.

This thesis is focused on the topic of leasing especially from the legal point of view. The first part deals with history of leasing, definition of leasing, dividing of leasing according to different criterias and also with Czech leasing market. The following part is concerned with legal regulations of leasing (leasing contract) primarily in Czech, but also in European and international law and formulation of terms of the leasing contract as well. The final part contains the main objective of this thesis, which is analysis of the general commercial terms of the leasing contract and their comparison with legal regulations. In connection with this analysis, there are mentioned several suggestions and recommendations for improvement of the current situation.

This diploma thesis tries to generally characterize selected forms of financing while purchasing tangible fixed assets by an entity. These forms are a bank credit, financial and operational leasing. This paper mainly focuses on accounting and taxation factors which are linked with the individual forms. Theoretical resources of given topic are applied to a model case which compares financial flows of bank credit and financial leasing. The thesis also includes current research of relevant segment of subjects which is focused on practical application of selected forms of financing within the individual sections of the Czech economy.

This diploma thesis deals with the choice of a suitable form of an external financing for the selected company. Individual banking products and services are generally defined in the theoretical part. Defined banking products are then compared within the analytical part of this work. Analytical part of this work contains also some calculations. The most suitable financing method for the selected company is recommended within the last part of this work.

Syfte: Tidigare användes IAS 17 vid redovisning av leasingavtal där operationella leasingavtal uteslöts från balansräkningen. Detta bidrog till en felaktig bild av företagens finansiella ställning. Standarden IFRS 16 infördes då som inte längre behandlar avtalen olika. Tidigare studier behandlar endast fiktiva siffror vilket har gjort det svårt att se den verkliga påverkan. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur införandet av IFRS 16 har påverkat företags nyckeltal för publika bolag samt hur effekten sett ut mellan branscherna.   Metod: Studien baseras på en positivistisk forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv ansats. Studien antar en kvantitativ strategi som baseras på sekundärdata från Thomson Reuters Eikon. Datamaterialet presenterar data från två år, 2018 respektive 2020, i 235 publika företag vilket resulterade i 2036 observationer. Insamlad data analyserades i ett statistikprogram, SPSS, och sammanställdes sedan i tabeller.  Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar bevis för ett samband mellan implementeringen av IFRS 16 och påverkan på nyckeltal, där vissa nyckeltal påverkades mer än andra. Resultatet för sambandet mellan nyckeltalen och branscherna påvisar att vissa branscher påverkas mer av införandet än andra. Studiens slutsats är därför att nyckeltalen påverkas i och med implementeringen men inte i den utsträckning som förväntades samt att branscherna påverkades olika av implementeringen.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till reella siffror vilket inte tidigare varit möjligt. Den beskriver även vilka branscher som drabbats mer än andra samt hur den egentliga påverkan ser ut. Studien bidrar till sist till att se hur nyckeltal kan komma att påverkas av framtida redovisningsregleringar.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Förslag till vidare forskning på ämnet är att inkludera fler länder, branscher och andra nyckeltal för att få fler perspektiv på hur den reella påverkan ser ut. Ett ytterligare förslag hade varit att gå in djupare på de påverkade branscherna för att skapa en större förståelse för påverkan av implementeringen och hur denna påverkan ser ut för enskilda företag. / Aim: Previously, IAS 17 was used in accounting for leases where operating leases were excluded from the balance sheet. This contributed to an inaccurate picture of the financial position of enterprises. The IFRS 16 standard was introduced at the time, which no longer treated the contracts differently. Previous studies only process fictitious numbers which makes it difficult to see the real impact. The purpose of the study is to describe how the introduction of IFRS 16 has affected public companies´ financial ratios and if the transformation has influences industries differently.   Method: The study assumes positivistic research with a deductive approach. The study adopts a quantitative strategy based on secondary data from the database Thomson Reuters Eikon. The material presents data from two years, 2018 and 2020, in 235 listed companies in Sweden and Germany which resulted in 2036 observations. The collected data has been analysed in one statistical program, SPSS, and then compiled into tables.  Results and conclusions: The results of the study gives some evidence that the implementation of IFRS 16 has a connection with the influence on financial ratios, where some financial ratios had a more significant impact than others. The results for the relationship between the financial ratios and the industries show that some industries are more affected by the introduction than others. The study's conclusion is therefore that the ratios are affected by the implementation but not to the extent that was expected and that the industries were affected differently by the implementation.  Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to real numbers, which has not previously been possible. It also describes which industries that have been affected more than others and what the actual impact looks like for companies in these industries. The study ultimately helps to see how financial ratios may be affected by future accounting regulations.  Suggestions for future research: One suggestion for future research is to include more countries, industries, and other financial ratios to get more perspectives on what the real impact looks like. A further suggestion would have been to go deeper into the affected industries to create a greater comprehension of the impact of the implementation and what the impact looks like for individual companies.

Background and problem: IAS 17, the name of the previous standard of leasing, allowed firms to showcase their leasing as either operational or financial. This allowance led to the financial reports of firms not presenting the leasing requirements and therefore showing misleading financial ratios. After a review performed by the IASB and FASB and the given conclusions, IFRS 16 was implemented in January 2019. This led to leasing contracts required to be presented in financial form, with the exception of leasing contracts with duration below 12 months and assets valued less than 5 000 United States Dollar. As of today, it is mandatory to report a leasing contract in the balance sheets, which facilitates economic comparisons and eliminates potential flaws when analysing financial situations of certain firms. IFRS 16 is expected to affect the financial ratios, cash flow analysis and income statement and balance sheet of companies that are included.    Purpose: The purpose of this study is to aid build an understanding of the impact on the financial ratios of firms operating on Nasdaq OMX Nordic after the implementation of IFRS 16. Additionally, this study aims to analyse if certain sectors are affected in different ways. Methodological approach: The methodological approach of this study is a quantitative method. To collect the data for this approach, interim reports for the first quarter of 2019 are used. In this study, the calculations of the financial rations have been done with the support of a census survey based on 103 publicly quoted companies within retailing and construction & service industries within Nordic. Lastly, the cross-over effects following the change to IFRS 16 within the financial ratios of these companies are constructed within the same industries.  Results: The introduction and implementation of IFRS 16 showed significant effects across all sectors. This is explained due to, the firms in the selected sectors of this study, mainly being financed through leasing. The results of this study show that effects of the implementation of IFRS 16 were most significant in the retailing industry, followed by the service industry. The construction industry was impacted the least by observing the financial ratios. / Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: I den tidigare standarden IAS 17 hade företagen möjligheten att redovisa sina leasingavtal som operationella- eller finansiella leasingavtal. Företagens möjlighet till att redovisa leasingavtalen som operationella ledde till att företagens finansiella rapporter inte synliggjorde leasingåtaganden. Efter en granskning utförd av IASB och FASB visade det sig att nyckeltalen gav en missvisande bild gällande företagens finansiella ställning vid tillämpning av operationell leasing. Till följd av detta implementerades IFRS 16 den 1 januari 2019, som förtydligar att samtliga leasingavtal skall redovisas som finansiella med undantag för leasingavtal med löptid under 12 månader och tillgångar av mindre värde än 5 000 amerikanska dollar. Företagen behöver numera redovisa sina leasingavtal i balansräkningen, vilket skapar ökad jämförbarhet och eliminerar tidigare brister vid bedömning av företagens finansiella ställning. IFRS 16 förväntas påverka företagens nyckeltal, kassaflödesanalys samt resultat- och balansräkning. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att bidra med en förståelse för hur IFRS 16 påverkat företagens nyckeltal på Nasdaq OMX Nordic. Studien ämnar även till att undersöka ifall branscherna påverkats olika. Metod: Studien har utgått från en kvantitativ forskningsmetod, där datainsamlingen baseras på delårsrapporter från 2019, kvartal 1. Beräkning av nyckeltal har genomförts utifrån en totalundersökning som avser en population på 103 nordiska börsnoterade företag inom detaljhandeln, tjänstesektorn och byggbranschen. Därefter undersöktes övergångseffekterna av IFRS 16 på nyckeltalen mellan detaljhandeln, tjänstesektorn och byggbranschen. Resultat: IFRS 16 har haft en betydande påverkan på nyckeltalen i samtliga branscher. Detta till följd av att företagen i studiens utvalda branscher främst finansieras genom leasing. Studiens resultat visade att koncernföretag inom detaljhandeln påverkats mest av IFRS 16. Därefter kommer tjänstesektorn och sedan byggbranschen med minst påverkan på nyckeltalen.

Leasing means that a company rents out an asset to another company and is increasingly used as a source of financing. The standard provider International Accounting Standards Board, together with the Financial Accounting Standards Board, published a new standard in 2016, IFRS 16 Leases, which replaced the previous standard IAS 17 Leases. The main change is to eliminate the difference between financial leases and operational leases by reporting the assets and liabilities in the balance sheet, with the exception of the agreements that run for one year and are of little value. The standard is expected to affect the companies balance sheet, income statement and cash flow analysis. The purpose of the study is to give an account on the current standard, to investigate the extent to which the financial reports of Swedish listed companies are affected and to examine how sectors at Nasdaq Stockholm are affected by the transition. The study is based on 2019 financial reports for the first quarter of the 11 Swedish GICS sectors listed on Nasdaq Stockholm to calculate the key financial ratios; EBIT, EBITDA, ROA and debt/equity ratio. The results of the survey showed that the sectors as a whole received a minimal change after the transition, however, some sectors were affected more than the general change. The key financial ratios EBIT, EBITDA and debt/equity ratio were positively impacted, while ROA was negatively affected by the transition. EBIT median increased by 1,21 percent, EBITDA increased in the median by 6,95 percent, debt/equity ratio increased in the median by 9,38 percent and ROA decreased by 1,74 percent in the median. The consumer discretionary sector was most affected, while the utilities sector was least affected by the transition to the new lease standard. / Leasing innebär att ett företag hyr ut en tillgång till ett annat företag och används alltmer som en finansieringskälla. Normgivaren International Accounting Standards Board har tillsammans med Financial Accounting Standards Board publicerat en ny standard år 2016, IFRS 16 Leasing, vilket ersatte den tidigare standarden IAS 17 Redovisning av leasingavtal. Den huvudsakliga förändringen är att eliminera skillnaden mellan finansiell leasing och operationell leasing genom att redovisa samtliga tillgångar och skulder i balansräkningen, med undantag för de avtal som löper under ett år och är av ringa värde. Standarden förväntas påverka företagens balansräkning, resultaträkning och kassaflödesanalys. Syftet med studien är att redogöra kring den nuvarande standarden, undersöka i vilken utsträckning finansiella rapporterna hos svenska börsnoterade företag påverkas samt undersöka hur sektorerna på Nasdaq Stockholm påverkas av övergången. Studien har utgått från 2019 års finansiella rapporter för första kvartalet hos de 11 svenska GICS sektorerna som är listade på Nasdaq Stockholm för att beräkna nyckeltalen; EBIT, EBITDA, ROA och skuldsättningsgrad. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att sektorerna i helhet fick en minimal förändring efter övergången, dock påverkades vissa sektorer mer än den generella förändringen. Nyckeltalen EBIT, EBITDA och skuldsättningsgrad påverkades positivt, medan ROA påverkades negativt av övergången. EBIT ökade i median med 1,21 procent, EBITDA ökade i median med 6,95 procent, skuldsättningsgrad ökade i median med 9,38 procent och ROA minskade med 1,74 procent i median. Sektorn sällanköpsvaror påverkades mest medan sektorn kraftförsörjning påverkades minst av övergången till den nya leasingstandarden.

The master‘s thesis concerns an analysis of the current estate of the company car fleet in the company ABB Ltd. and with a proposal of an appropriate method of its funding. The thesis considers the theoretical base of funding methods and account and tax aspects of lease funding. In the next part the current estate and current funding is analysed. Chosen leasing companies and their offers of financial and operational leasing are examined. In the suggestions part different methods of lease funding are compared. The monthly costs of each method of funding are reckoned and the appropriate method is suggested considering account and tax aspects. This method will decrease the costs of the company car fleet and will increase the efficiency of its controlling.

The thesis topic „Fixed Assets According to Czech Accounting Legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards“ is to characterize valuation, amortization, decrease the values, reserves and leasing with relation to tangible asset sunder the rules of Czech accounting legislation and International Financial Reporting Standarts, as well as carry out a comparison of the two systems by high lifting the key differences in reporting. The theoretical approach is used to show the differences in the reporting of fixed assets for a specific accounting unit keeping accounts according to Czech accounting legislation which is considering the possibility of preparing consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards.