Li Wai-ki Viki. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-190). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Note --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Historical Background / Structure of Thesis / Literature Review / Methodology / Problems Encountered / Do People Tell the Truth? / Fieldsite一Why Shenzhen? / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "The ""Superior"" Hong Kong Chinese" --- p.35 / Construction of Hong Kong Identity / Hong Kong People's Views of Mainlanders / Hong Kong People's Views of Cross-border Marriages / How Do Mainland Chinese View Themselves? / Hong Kong Identity Card as Symbolic Capital / Grading of Ethnicity / Conclusion / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Hong Kong Men --- p.64 / Who is More Inclined to Marry a Mainland Woman? / What are Hong Kong Men Looking for in a Wife? / Mainland Women vs. Hong Kong Women / Hong Kong Men's Attitude Toward Marriage / Hong Kong Men's Sense of Masculinity and Femininity / Power Relation between Husband and Wife / Yuhn Fahn Decides Who is Miss Right / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Mainland Women Who Seek Hong Kong Husbands --- p.96 / Who is More Inclined to Marry a Hong Kong Man? / What are Mainland Women Looking for in a Husband? / Mainland Women's Attitude toward Marriage / Hong Kong Men vs. Mainland Men / "Who are the Most Desirable Husbands, After All?" / Constructed Reality vs. Actual Reality / Conclusion / Chapter Chapter 5 --- When Hong Kong Men Meet Mainland Women --- p.125 / The Trip to Zhanjiang / The Magazine Version / Conclusion / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.157 / Relationship between Hong Kong People and Mainland Migrants / Possible Trends in Marriage Patterns / Appendices --- p.175 / Bibliography --- p.182

Nowadays, an increasing amount of media platforms provide the users with opportunities for sharing their opinions about products, companies or people. In order to support users accessing opinion-based information, and to support engineers building systems that require opinion-aware reasoning, intelligent opinion-aware tools and techniques are needed. This thesis contributes methods and technology for opinion-aware information management from two different perspectives, namely document summarisation and knowledge representation. Document summarisation has been widely investigated as a mean to reduce information overload. This thesis focuses on statistical models for summarisation, with a particular attention to divergence-based models, within the context of opinions. Firstly, topic-based document summarisation is addressed, contributing a study on divergence-based document to summary similarity and the definition of a novel algorithm for summarisation based on sentence removal. Secondly, summarisation models are tailored to opinion-oriented content and shown to be useful also when exploited for different tasks such as sentiment classification. Thirdly, summarisation models are applied to knowledge-oriented data, in order to tackle tasks such as entity summarisation. The comprehensive task addressed is the knowledge-based opinion-aware summarisation of content (free text, facts). This thesis also contributes a broad discussion on knowledge representation of opinions. A thorough study on how to model opinions using traditional techniques, such as Entity-Relationship (ER) modelling, underlines that a high-level, opinion-aware layer of conceptual modelling is useful since it hides away implementation details. A conceptual and logical knowledge representation methodology for modelling opinions is hence proposed, with the purpose of guiding engineers towards the use of best practices during the development of sentiment analysis applications. Specifically, an extension of the traditional ER modelling and the definition of an automatic mapping procedure, to translate opinion-aware components of the conceptual model into a relational model, help achieving a clear separation between conceptual and logical modelling. The mapping procedure yields an automatic and replicable methodology to design applications which require opinion-aware reasoning.

当今，越来越多的用倾向于使用论坛、博客、脸书等在线工具来表达关于商品、电影和政治等话题的观点。这些观点不仅可以帮助用进行决策，同时也为各个商业和社会领域提供了具有重要价值的反馈信息。因此，面向观点应用成为了当前最活跃的研究领域之一，其中包括观点检索，观点摘要，观点问答。面向观点应用与面向事实应用的根本区别是信息需求的不同，分别是传统的客观信息和主观信息。所谓主观信息是指对于某个特定目标的观点或评论。为了表示主观信息，应该综合考虑观点性、主题相关性，以及观点与主题之间的关联。现有的基于词袋的表示方法将词作为描述客观信息的基本语义单元，它可以有效的表示主题相关性以满足客观信息的需求。而主观信息需要同时考虑观点性和主题相关性，由于单独一个词不能同时表示观点性和相关性，因此词不再是最小的语义单位。此外，基于词袋的表示方法忽略了词序和词义，这使得观点性和相关性两类信息通常混在一起，难以区分。因此，基于词袋方法不能够准确的表示主观信息，并严重的影响了面向观点应用的性能。 / 本文回答了以下几个由主观信息表示不当所引发的研究问题： 1. 对于主观信息而言单个词将不再是基本语义单元，是否存在一种有效的表示方法对其进行描述？ 2. 由于主观信息是观点信息和相关性信息的结合，如何利用新的表示方法来描述这二者之间的关联信息？3. 如何对主观信息进行量化，以便对文档进行检索和分析？ 4. 如何在面向观点应用中实现全新的主观信息表示方法？ / 由于观点检索的结果会直接影响到其它面向观点应用的性能，因此本文从观点检索这一问题入手。首先，我们提出了一种基于句子的方法来分析词袋表示方法的局限性。以此为据，定义了一种具有丰富语义的表达方式来表示主观信息，即词对，它是由出现在同一句子中的情感词和与之关联的目标词共同组成的。然后，我们提出了一系列方法来描述和获取两类语境信息：1）观点内信息：我们给出了三种提取词对的方法以获取观点与主题的关联信息；2）观点间信息：我们提出了一种权重计算方法来度量词对间的相关程度，从而获取词对与词对之间的关系。最后，我们集成了观点内信息和观点间信息并提出了潜在情感关联模型来解决观点检索这一问题。在标准数据集上的实验结果表明，基于词对的表示方法可以有效地描述主观信息，同时潜在情感关联模型能够获取词与词之间的关联信息，从而实现了利用语境信息提高观点检索的效果。 / 此外，我们将词对应用于观点摘要和观点问答中，标准数据集上的评测结果显示基于词对的主观信息表示方法对于其它面向观点应用也同样有效。 / There is a growing interest for users to express their opinions about products, films, politics, by using on-line tools such as forums, blogs, facebooks, etc. These opinions cannot only help users make decisions, e.g., whether to buy a product, but also to ob-tain valuable feedback for business and social events. Today, research on opin-ion-oriented applications (OOAs) including opinion retrieval, opinion summarization and opinion question and answering is attracting much attention. The difference be-tween fact-based and opinion-oriented applications lies in users‘ information need. The former requires objective information and the latter subjective, which comprises of opinions or comments expressed on a specific target. To meet the need of subjective information, both opinionatedness and relevance together with the association between them should be taken into account. Existing systems represent documents in bag-of-word. However, this representation fails to distinguish opinionatedness from relevance. Moreover, due to the ignorance of word sequence, words associations are lost. For this reason, bag-of-word representation is ineffective for subjective information, and affects the performance of OOAs seriously. / In this thesis, we try to answer the following challenging questions arose in subjective information representation. Since word is no longer the basic semantic unit, how would subjective information be represented? Subjective information is a combination of opinionatedness and relevance, so how would the association between them be modeled? How would subjective information be measured for the purpose of document ranking, retrieval, and analysis? How would opinion-oriented applications benefit from subjective information? / We start from solving the problem of opinion retrieval whose results can directly influence the performance of other opinion-oriented applications. We first present a sentence-based approach to analyze the limitation of bag-of-word representation and define a semantically richer representation, namely word pair for subjective infor-mation. A word pair is constructed by a sentiment word and its associated target co-occurring in a sentence. We then propose techniques to capture two kinds of con-textual information. 1) Intra-opinion information: three methods are proposed to ex-tract the word pair. 2) Inter-opinion information: a weighting scheme is present to measure the weight of individual word pair. Finally, we devise an algorithm to integrate both intra-opinion and inter-opinion information into a latent sentimental association model for opinion retrieval. The evaluation on three benchmark datasets suggests the effectiveness of word pair and the latent sentimental association retrieval model provide insight into the words association to support opinion retrieval beneficial from pairwise representation. We also apply word pair to opinion summarization and opinion question answering. The evaluation on two benchmark datasets shows that word pair performs effectively in the applications. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Li, Binyang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [96]-103). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract in Chinese --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Contents --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Problem and Challenges --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Subjective Information Representation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Associative Information in an Opinion Expression --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Opinion Expression Measurement --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Applications of Subjective Information Representation to Different OOAs --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2. --- Contributions --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3. --- Chapter Summary --- p.7 / Chapter 2. --- Pairwise Representation --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Related Woks on Opinion Retrieval --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Opinion Retrieval Models --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Lexicon-based Opinion Identification --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Sentence-based Approach for Opinion Retrieval --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Limitations of Document-based Approaches for Opinion Retrieval --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Sentence-based Approach for Opinion Retrieval --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Evaluation and Results --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Summary --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Pairwise Representation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of Word Pair --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Sentiment Lexicon Construction --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Topic Term Lexicon Construction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Word Pair Construction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Graph-based Model for Opinion Retrieval --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- HITS Model for Opinion Retrieval --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- PageRank Model for Opinion Retrieval --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Evaluation and Results --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5 --- Chapter Summary --- p.50 / Chapter 3. --- Pairwise Representation Measurement --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1 --- Word Pair Weighting Scheme --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- PMI-based Weighting Scheme --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Evaluation and Results --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Summary --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2 --- Latent Sentimental Association --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Problem Formulation --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- LSA Integrated Generative Model --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Modeling the Dependency between Q and d --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Modeling the Dependency between O and d --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3 --- Parameter Estimation --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Estimating P(Q --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Estimating MI(Q,O --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4 --- Evaluation and Results --- p.69 / Chapter 3.5 --- Chapter Summary --- p.72 / Chapter 4. --- Pairwise Representation in Opinion-oriented Application --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1. --- Opinion Questioning and Answering --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Problem Statement --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Existing Solution --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- A Word Pair based Approach for Sentence Ranking --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Answer Generation --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Evaluation and Results --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2. --- Opinion Summarization --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Problem Statement --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Existing Solution --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Sentence Ranking --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Summary Generation --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Evaluation and Results --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3. --- Chapter Summary --- p.91 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusions and Future Works --- p.93 / Bibliography --- p.97

Two years after its signing into law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), commonly called the Affordable Care Act (ACA), underwent a constitutional challenge at the Supreme Court. The Court’s decision to uphold the power of Congress in enacting most of the provisions of the ACA was regarded as a highly salient decision that is thought to have affected the public perception of the law. The focus of this thesis is to determine whether the Supreme Court was able to frame arguments used for or against the ACA in relation to the decision. By organizing and analyzing open-ended responses gathered from a panel survey both before and after the 2012 decision, I sought to determine how arguments used in discussion about the law and institutions regarding it varied after the decision. Findings show that the argument types used to explain individuals’ policy perceptions remained relatively stable throughout the waves. The study presented here offers an in-depth, micro-level effects of a real Court decision on individuals. By focusing on within-subject language change in a tight window around the decision, this approach helps clarify thinking about the relationship between the Court and public opinion.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

決定美國外交政策的因素是多樣的，有國內因素與國外因素。概括而言，影響其外交決策的國內政治力量有總統、國務院及國務卿，國防部、國會，利益集團同媒體等等，而上述各個權力體都會受到公眾輿論的限制。可以說，公眾輿論是美國這個民主政體的外交行為不可忽視的影響力量。早至上世紀中葉，以沃爾特李普曼為代表的一批國際關係專家曾掀起研究公眾輿論的熱潮，李普曼、阿爾蒙德等持現實主義理論的學者認為公眾輿論不具有穩定性和理性，其情緒化，變幻莫測還容易收到外界影響，不應影響一國的外交決策。爭鋒相對的，自由主義理論的支持者則堅持公眾有權利參與外交決策，也有能力從國家利益出發理性地參與外交問題。 / 自由主義和現實主義理論關於公眾輿論的認識是從不同角度出發去理解公眾輿論在外交決策領域的作用，因此二者難分上下，也不分對錯，一再糾纏與兩種理論的爭鋒不利於我們瞭解美國公眾輿論和外交決策的真實關係。本研究即是從此出發點考慮，跳出理論之爭，而將研究的重點集中於分析公眾輿論是如何在具體的情境中與政府互動的。筆者將通過對1940年代這一政策調整頻繁時期《紐約時報》對華新聞報導的分析，來考察在宋美齡訪美、重慶談判、承認中華人民共和國等歷史事件中美國民眾、媒體態度的變化以及政府在其中的角色如何。本研究的創新之處則在於從小處，即《紐約時報》的新聞報導著手看公眾輿論與美國外交決策這一宏觀互動關係的具體形式，希望有助於美國政治文化的研究。 / Over the past six decades since the founding of the People's Republic of China, our understanding of the Sino-U.S. relations has undergone considerable revisions. From the beginning of the Cold War to President Nixon’s visit to China, U.S. and China had been from enemies to friends, rivals to partners, later with the rise of China as one important power of world politics as well as economy, the balance between relations of U.S. and China flows with the distinguished definition of national interests. Therefore, the images of China in American eyes were never belonged to any stable type, public opinion in the U.S. has developed many different perspectives on China. / Public Opinion plays an interesting role in shaping U.S. foreign policy, and the academic community and political observers have repeatedly debated on elaborations of its influence. To examine whether public opinion has participated in the policy making process of U.S. diplomacy is one good way to investigate if the development and expansion of government institutions would undermine the operation of liberal democracy and infringe on personal liberties. / In order to answer the question in how Public Opinion influences the Government in foreign policy making and how the government, the media and Public interacted, I will conduct empirical studies and News analysis to interpret the New York Times News reports concerning U.S. Foreign Policy towards China in the 1940s. By investigating the interactive relations among the U.S. government, the media represented by New York Times and Public Opinion, I intend to conclude that Public Opinion do play an important role in the foreign policy making process, and the way the Government and Public perceive national interest defines the patterns of their interactions. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李佳. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-97). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Li Jia. / 目錄 --- p.iii / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 《紐約時報》的歷史與風格 --- p.8 / Chapter 第三章 --- 宋美齡訪美 --- p.15 / Chapter （一）、 --- 宋美齡的美國之行 --- p.16 / Chapter （二）、 --- 《紐約時報》的新聞報導與“宋美齡訪美的真相 --- p.19 / Chapter （三）、 --- 結論 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四章 --- “重慶談判 --- p.39 / Chapter （一）、 --- “重慶談判 --- p.39 / Chapter （二）、 --- 《紐約時報》有關“重慶談判的新聞報導及其背景 --- p.41 / Chapter 1、 --- 《紐約時報》與“重慶談判的背景 --- p.41 / Chapter 2、 --- 《紐約時報》對“重慶談判經過的報導 --- p.44 / Chapter （三）、 --- 結論 --- p.61 / Chapter 第五章 --- 美國在承認新中國問題上的爭論 --- p.63 / Chapter （一）、 --- 承認問題始末 --- p.63 / Chapter （二）、 --- 《紐約時報》關於“承認新中國問題的報導和美國在承認問題上的態度 --- p.65 / Chapter （三）、 --- 結論 --- p.86 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結語 --- p.89 / p.94 / p.94 / p.96 / Chapter 附錄： --- 《紐約時報》資料列表 --- p.98

This dissertation examines the shape, objectives, and fate of the anti-immigrationist movement from 1955 to 1981. During this period, groups and individuals operated within the confines of the British political system to advocate for the restriction of non-white immigration to the UK and also to minimize the perceived negative impact these immigrants were having upon the social and economic fabric of the UK. The study argues that by attaching their anti-immigrationist objections to existing political concerns, including anxieties about the welfare state, and by advocating for anti-immigrationist policies and legislation within the confines of established techniques of political activism and protest, anti-immigrationists were far more successful than they might otherwise have been, and indeed more successful than academic studies and popular opinion have portrayed them. However, their reliance upon a language of active citizenship and genuine democracy to justify their arguments to restrict immigration proved to be less popular with elite politicians and senior civil servants than a language of inclusivity and civil rights. As such, while much of the substantive legislation which anti-immigrationists advocated for was implemented at the highest level of government, the anti-immigrationist ethos, and the language in which they expressed their views, was not adopted by these powerful individuals, resulting in a foreclosure and minimization of the role of anti-immigrationists in agitating for the implementation of this legislation and body of policy. Furthermore, the decline of the anti-immigrationist movement was less the result of the success of the left in persuading the right to abandon its commitment to anti-immigrationism than of the success of the extreme right in claiming anti-immigrationism as its own, to the dismay of the more moderate right and centre-right.

A large proportion of World Wide Web (WWW) users treat it as a social medium, i.e. many of them use the WWW to express and communicate their opinions. Economic value or utility can be created if these utterances, reactions, or feedback are extracted from various social media platforms and their content analysed. Some of these benefits are related to e-commerce, marketing, product improvements, improving machine learning algorithms etc. Moreover, establishing links between different social media platforms, based on shared topics and content, could provide access to the comments of users of different platforms. However, studies to date have generally tackled the area of content extraction from each type of social media in isolation. There is a lack of research of some aspects of social media, namely, linking the references from a blog post, for example, to information related to the same issue on Twitter. In addition, while studies have been carried out on various languages, there has been little investigation into social media in the Arabic language. This thesis tackles opinion mining and sentiment analysis of Arabic language social media, particularly in blogs and Twitter. The thesis focuses on Arabic language technology blogs in order to identify the expressed sentiments and then to link an issue within a blog post to relevant tweets in Twitter. This was done by assessing the similarity of content and measuring the sentiments scores. In order to extract the required data, text-mining techniques were used to build up corpora of the raw blog data in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and to build tools and lexicons required for this research. The results obtained through this research contribute to the field of computer science by furthering the employment of text-mining techniques, thus improving the process of information retrieval and knowledge accumulation. Moreover, the study developed new approaches to working with Arabic opinion mining and the domain of sentiment analysis.