For Raman spectroscopy is a need to introduce a laser light into an optic fiber and analyze a collected light at the same time. Therefore it was proposed a specialized optical system. This system can also be used to measure other spectroscopy methods such as photoluminescence. In the theoretical part of this theses, was discussed both mentioned methods and their instrumentations. In addition to the Raman spectroscopy, was also shown some special cases of Raman spectroscopy for enhanced measurement of Raman scattering. The problem of weak signal detection and its reading is also discussed in the theoretical part of the thesis. In the practical part of this thesis was discussed the mechanical design of the optical system and the choice of optical elements that are used in the system. Next, is introduced the manufactured system, which design is based on the parameters of the chosen optical elements. The practical part of the thesis ends with an assembly and testing of the proposed system.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to design a suitable reflector concentrating a light beam into a circular hole in a gobo. The light beam behind the screen should have good efficiency and at the same time good homogeneity. For the reflector design and analysis a software for designing optical systems called LightTools was used. The reflector was designed by six different methods. Several smooth and several faceted reflectors were designed. The selected reflector was analyzed in combination with a varifocal lens. For selected reflector was designed mechanical store with respect to the anticipated operating conditions. This thesis serves as the basis for the producing of the reflector.

Large area fiber array telescopes are a relatively modern development in the long history of telescope design and effectively create a single large equivalent aperture by combining many smaller unit telescopes at a fraction of the cost. In this study a spectrograph optical design is demonstrated that utilizes photonic lanterns in the input fiber feed for the Large Fiber Array Spectroscopic Telescope (LFAST) design concept, where photonic lanterns provide a simplified approach to the fiber feed originally proposed for LFAST. Conservation of etendue is applied to derive the relationship between slit size and photonic lantern ratio, and classical echelle spectrograph designs are explored. A high-resolution spectrograph for LFAST is shown to not be feasible due to the large number of input fibers that result in a large required cross-dispersion within the constraint of practical and cost-effective optical component sizes. An alternative approach of splitting the slit length and replicating spectrographs is explored, and an optimal choice of four spectrographs with a photonic lantern ration of four is determined. Even with this approach, detailed spectrograph component designs show that the spectrograph does not meet the resolution requirements and is fundamentally limited by design constraints imposed by component sizes. Alternative layouts and design decisions to improve optical performance are surveyed for future design research, and include white pupil optics, echelle grating design considerations, spectral arm splitting, and use of reflective and catadioptric systems with aspheric surfaces. While these show promise for improving the spectrograph performance, the design is demonstrated to still be challenging and will likely require innovative approaches to meet the high-resolution design goals.

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No description available.

Photonic links have been proposed to transport radio frequency (RF) signals over optical fiber. External optical modulation is commonly used in high performance RF-photonic links. The practical use of optical fiber to transport RF signals is still limited due to high RF signal loss. In order to reduce the RF signal loss, highly efficient modulators are needed. For many applications, modulators with broad bandwidths are required. However, there are applications that require only a narrow bandwidth. For these narrow-band applications, the modulation efficiency can be improved through the resonant enhancement technique at the expense of reduced bandwidth. The aim of this thesis is to investigate highly efficient Mach-Zehnder optical modulators (MZMs) on Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) with resonant enhancement techniques for narrow-band RF-photonic applications. This work focuses in particular on analyzing the factors that affect the modulation efficiency through resonant enhancement so that the modulator electrode structure can be optimized for maximum modulation efficiency. A parameter study of the effects of the electrode characteristics on the modulation efficiency of resonantly enhanced modulators (RE-MZM) is provided. From this study, optimum design objectives are identified. Numerical optimization is employed to explore the design trade-offs so that optimal configurations can be found. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to assess the performance of optimal RE-MZMs with respect to the variations of fabrication conditions. The results of these investigations indicate that the RE-MZM with a large electrode gap is the optimal design since it provides high modulation efficiency although the inherent switching voltage is high, and is the most tolerant to the fabrication fluctuations. A highly efficient RE-MZM on X-cut LiNbO3 is practically demonstrated with the resonant enhancement factor of 5 dB when comparing to the unenhanced modulator with the same electrode structure and effective switching voltage of 2 V at 1.8 GHz. The performance of the RF-photonic link using the fabr icated RE-MZM is evaluated. Optimization of RE-MZMs for operating at millimeter-wave frequencies is also reported. Factors that limit the modulation efficiency of an RE-MZM at millimeter-wave frequencies are identified. Novel resonant structures that can overcome these limitations are proposed. Preliminary designs indicate that greatly improved modulation efficiency could be expected.

La thèse porte sur un nouveau concept pour les afficheurs de réalité augmentée placés près de l’œil, notamment pour améliorer les champs de vision. Deux guides d'ondes sont empilés avec un petit espace d'air entre eux. La lumière couplée dans le premier guide d'ondes par le coupleur d’entrée se propage par réflexion interne totale jusqu'à atteindre un miroir cylindrique à l'extrémité du guide. Puis, la lumière réfléchie est couplée dans le second guide d'ondes avant d'atteindre le coupleur de sortie. Un système similaire basé sur des micro-prismes est aussi décrit. Les conceptions ont été simulées avec le logiciel Zemax. Les champs de vision horizontal et vertical obtenus sont respectivement de 30° et 60°. La Fonction de Transfert de Modulation pour tous les champs objets est supérieure à 30% pour 33 npl/mm, ce qui est suffisant pour un système visuel. De plus, un grand volume de déplacement admissible pour l’œil (Eye-box) d'environ 10×8 mm a été obtenu. / We propose a new concept to improve notably the fields-of-view (FOV) of the near to eye displays (NEDs) for augmented reality. Two waveguides are stacked with a small air gap between them. The light coupled in the first waveguide by the in-coupler propagates by total internal reflection until it reaches a cylindrical mirror at the end of the guide. Then, the reflected light is coupled in the second waveguide before to reach the out-coupler. A similar system based on micro-prisms is also described. The designs were simulated with Zemax software. The obtained horizontal and vertical FOV are respectively 30° and 60°. The Modulation Transfer Function for all object fields is greater than 30% for 33 npl/mm, which is sufficient for a visual system. In addition, a large Eye-box of approximately 10 × 8 mm was obtained.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la conception, le prototypage et la caractérisation de microsystèmes photovoltaïques à concentration à base de cellules solaires Cu(In,Ga)Se2. L'objectif est de réduire l'utilisation de matériaux rares en utilisant la concentration de la lumière, et bénéficier des effets de la miniaturisation, comme la dissipation de la chaleur et des pertes résistives inférieurs. Tout d'abord, la conception optique des systèmes à concentration sur la base des microlentilles sphériques est présentée. À l'aide d'un logiciel de tracés de rayon Zemax OpticStudio, nous avons évalué la meilleure combinaison d'éléments, l'épaisseur et les rayons de courbure des lentilles, ainsi que les tolérances de fabrication et de positionnement du système. Un système optique de 1 mm d'épaisseur avec un rapport géométrique de 100 et une tolérance angulaire de +/- 3,5 ° a été conçu. D'autre part, des procédés de fabrication ont été créés et optimisés pour fabriquer un prototype de 5x5 cm² avec 2500 microcellules. Le meilleur mini-module a montré un facteur de concentration de 72x avec une augmentation en valeur absolue de l'efficacité de + 1,6%. Ensuite, des études numériques et expérimentales ont été réalisées sur des systèmes basés sur des concentrateurs luminescents (LSC) et des concentrateurs paraboliques (CPC). Les LSC ont montré un facteur de concentration faible et souffraient de problèmes de répétabilité tandis que les CPC sont une solution très efficace, mais très difficile à fabriquer à l¿échelle du micron. Enfin, nous avons développé un code MATLAB pour estimer l'énergie produite des systèmes conçus, pour évaluer la pertinence des choix technologiques futurs. / In this thesis, we studied the design, prototyping and characterization of micro-concentrated photovoltaic systems based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. The objective is to reduce the use of rare materials using the concentration of light, and benefit from the effect of miniaturization such as heat dissipation and lower resistive losses. First, the optical design of 1D and 2D concentrating systems based on spherical microlenses is presented. Using a ray-tracing software Zemax OpticStudio, we evaluated the best combination of elements, thickness and radii of curvature of the lenses, as well as the tolerances of fabrication and positioning of the system. An optical system of 1 mm thickness with a geometrical ratio of 100 and an angular tolerance of +/- 3.5° has been designed. Second, fabrication processes have been created and optimized to fabricate a 5x5 cm² prototypes with 2500 microcells. The best mini-module showed a concentration factor of 72x with an absolute increase of the efficiency of +1.6%. Third, numerical and experimental studies have been performed on concentrating systems based on Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC) and Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC). The LSC showed a low concentration factor and suffered from repeatability issues while the CPC is a very efficient solution but its specific geometry makes it difficult to fabricate at the micron scale. Finally, we developed a MATLAB code to estimate the producible energy of the designed systems, in order to evaluate the relevance of future technological choices that will be made.

This thesis deals with optical design of f-theta lens for purposes of precision micromachining using a laser beam. Optical design consists of creating a nominal design according to specifications given by Meopta – optika s.r.o company and a tolerance analysis, which describes manufacturability of given design. Specifications given are most importantly diffraction limited image quality, correction of distortion throughout the field and telecentricity of systém in image space. F-theta lens in this thesis was created using an optical design software called Zemax.

Aujourd'hui, les systèmes d'imagerie sont des instruments complexes qui font interagir optique, détecteur et traitement numérique. Afin de dépasser les performances d'imagerie conventionnelles, il devient nécessaire de tenir compte de cette interaction dès la phase de conception et d'optimiser simultanément les paramètres optiques et numériques. L'objectif de ma thèse est de développer des méthodes d'optimisation conjointe pour obtenir de nouveaux systèmes à performances d'imagerie augmentées et de complexité réduite. J'ai tout d'abord étudié le cas de l'augmentation de la profondeur de champ d'une combinaison optique existante. Un masque de phase binaire a été inséré au voisinage du diaphragme d'ouverture d'un objectif ouvert à f/1.2 et a été optimisé de façon conjointe avec un traitement de déconvolution en utilisant le critère basé sur la qualité de l'image restaurée. L'augmentation de profondeur de champ a été quantifiée et des mesures précises de la fonction de transfert de modulation ont permis de valider expérimentalement l'efficacité de ce type d'imageur non-conventionnel. Dans ces premiers travaux, seul le masque de phase a été modifié lors de l'optimisation. Pour accroître encore l'efficacité du système d'imagerie, il est nécessaire d'optimiser l'ensemble de tous les paramètres optiques. Or l'optimisation d'une combinaison optique est un problème complexe qui doit tenir compte de contraintes spécifiques et nécessite l'utilisation d'un logiciel de calcul optique dédié, comme le logiciel Code V qui a été utilisé dans cette thèse. Comme le critère d'optimisation conjointe basé sur la qualité image n'est plus adapté à ce type d'optimisation, j'ai proposé un nouveau critère. Il se base sur les critères d'optimisation classiques de Code V, qui ont été modifiés de façon à prendre en compte de manière implicite le traitement de déconvolution. Cette méthode de conception a tout d'abord été validée dans le cas de l'optimisation d'un masque de phase pour l'extension de profondeur de champ d'une combinaison optique existante. Les résultats obtenus sont équivalents à ceux donnés par l'optimisation suivant le critère de qualité d'image. La technique a ensuite été utilisée pour améliorer une combinaison conventionnelle existante à très forte ouverture (f/0.75) : en modifiant ses paramètres optiques, la combinaison a été allégée et la qualité d'image a été homogénéisée sur l'ensemble du champ. Enfin, j'ai appliqué cette méthode de conception conjointe pour résoudre le problème important de la sensibilité thermique d'un système infrarouge dans la bande 8-12 µm. Cette méthode a permis de concevoir, à partir de zéro, plusieurs types de combinaisons optiques à courte et longue focale, rendues insensibles à la température. Elles présentent un schéma optique plus simple que les solutions athermalisées de façon classique, tout en ayant des performances d'imagerie similaires voire supérieures. / Imaging systems are now complex instruments where lens, sensor and digital processing interact strongly together. In order to obtain better imaging performance than conventional imaging, it has become necessary to take into account this interaction in the design stage and therefore to optimize jointly optical and digital parameters. The objective of my thesis is to develop joint optical-digital optimization methods in order to obtain imaging systems with higher performance and lower complexity. I first considered extending the depth of field of an already existing lens. A binary phase mask has been inserted in the vicinity of the aperture stop of a f/1.2 lens, and it has been optimized jointly with a deconvolution filter using the restored image quality criterion. The increase in depth of field has been quantified, and modulation transfer function measurements have proved experimentally the efficiency of this unconventional imaging system. During this first study only the phase mask was optimized. To further increase the imaging system efficiency, all the optical parameters need to be optimized. However, optical design is a complex problem in which specific constraints have to be taken into account and for which one needs to use a dedicated software. In this thesis I used the Code V optical design software. Since the image quality-based optimization cannot be easily implemented in this type of software, I proposed a new criterion. It is based on classical optical optimization criteria used in Code V that have been modified in order to take into account deconvolution in a implicit manner. This design method has been first validated on the optimization of a phase mask for depth of field extension of an already existing lens. Results were similar to those given by the image quality-based optimization. Then this method has been used to enhance a very fast f/0.75 lens: by modifying its optical parameters, the lens has been simplified, and the image quality has been homogenized over the field. Eventually I applied this joint design method to solve the important problem of thermal sensitivity of an 8-12 µm infrared system. By using this method I designed from scratch several types of short and long focal length athermalized lenses. The obtained lenses are simpler than conventionally athermalized ones while having similar or even higher imaging performance.