Submitted by Daniel Araujo Gonçalves null (daniel.araujogoncalves@gmail.com) on 2016-08-01T13:43:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_Tese_versão_final.pdf: 3648542 bytes, checksum: 7acd793a874f48c8a008a28e1e550948 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-02T19:00:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_da_dr_ilha.pdf: 3648542 bytes, checksum: 7acd793a874f48c8a008a28e1e550948 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T19:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_da_dr_ilha.pdf: 3648542 bytes, checksum: 7acd793a874f48c8a008a28e1e550948 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos quatro métodos analíticos visando a determinação de elementos químicos em diversas amostras. O primeiro estudo consistiu na determinação de Cr e Mn em placentônios provenientes de bovinos por espectrometria de emissão atômica em filamento de tungstênio (WC AES). O tempo de integração de sinal para 30 ms, proporcionou LOD 45 vezes menor para Mn e 150 vezes menor para Cr com relação a 500 ms. Testes de adição e recuperação apresentaram desvio padrão (SD) de ± 0,02 mg L-1 e recuperações de 91 a 102%. No segundo foram realizadas quantificações de Cr em cápsulas medicinais produzidas na China, a WC AES. A faixa linear de trabalho para determinação de Cr por WC AES foi de 10-100 μg L-1. Os limites de detecção foram de 3 μg L-1, o que possibilitou determinações em um nível 28 vezes menor que o valor máximo de Cr recomendado em medicamentos pela Farmacopeia Americana (USP). A precisão (% RSD) foi calculada na faixa de 5,2 – 7,4% e não foram significativamente diferentes através da aplicação de um teste ANOVA fator único a nível de confiança de 95% (p > 0,05) quando comparados com a técnica de Espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES). No terceiro estudo, um Espectrometro de Emissão Óptica com plasma induzido por micro-ondas – MIP OES (MP-AES, Agilent 4200), foi usado em combinação com o método de análise por diluição de padrão (SDA) para determinar Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni e Zn em amostras de café, chá verde, energético, cerveja, whiskey e cachaça. Não foi necessária preparação da amostra, a não ser uma simples diluição em HNO3 1% v v-1. A eficiência do SDA foi avaliada por experimentos de adição e recuperação e os resultados foram comparados com os métodos tradicionais de calibração externa (EC), o padrão interno (IS) e adição de padrão (AS). As recuperações médias por SDA para vários elementos avaliadas neste trabalho foram entre 90 e 99%. Para o método tradicional de adições padrão, por exemplo, as recuperações médias entre 101 e 122% foram obtidos para os mesmos analitos e amostras. No quarto estudo um MIP OES (MP-AES, Agilent 4200) foi utilizado para a determinação de Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni e Pb na matriz de óleo fusel onde emprega-se a calibração externa preparada em solução de 1% HNO3 e 1-propanol. Soluções contendo 5 e 50% da matriz v v-1 foram diluidas em 1-propanol e solução de óleo fúsel puro foram analisados. Não foram observados efeitos de matriz quando empregou-se a calibração com soluções de 1-propanol mesmo para determinações na amostra não diluída, com recuperações entre 90-109%. Os LODs para Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni e Pb em 1-propanol foram de 0,03; 0,009; 0,01; 0,007 e 0,04 mg L-1, respectivamente. O procedimento descrito para o MIP OES é uma abordagem simples, exata e precisa para rastrear análise de elementos de óleo fúsel. / In this work were developed four analytical methods for the determination of chemical elements in several samples. The first study consisted in determination of Cr and Mn in placenton from bovine animals by Atomic emission spectrometry in tungsten filament (WC AES). Signal integration time for 30 ms, provided LOD 45 times lower for Mn and 150 times lower for Cr with respect to 500 ms. Addition and recovery tests presented standard deviation (SD) of ± 0,02 mg L-1 and recoveries of 91 to 102%. In the second were carried out baseline measurements of Cr in medicinal capsule produced in China by WC AES. The linear range for determination of Cr by WC AES was 10 - 100 μg L-1 . The limits of detection were 3 μg L-1 , which allowed determinations in a level 28 times smaller than the maximum value of Cr recommended medicines for the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP). The precision (% RSD) was estimated in the range of 5,2 – 7,4% and were not significantly different by applying a test ANOVA single factor at the level of confidence 95% (p > 0,05) when compared with Optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES). In the third study, a Spectrometer of Optical Emission plasma induced by microwave – MIP OES (MP-AES, Agilent 4200), was used in combination with the method of analysis for standard dilution (SDA) to determine Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni e Zn in samples of coffee, green tea, energetic, beer, whiskey and cachaça brazilian. It didn't require sample preparation except a simple dilution in HNO3 1% v v-1 . The efficiency of the SDA was evaluated by experiments of addition and recovery, and the results were compared with the traditional methods of external calibration (EC), the internal standard (IS) and addition of default (AS). Average recoveries for SDA to various elements evaluated in this study were between 90 and 99%. For the traditional method of standard additions, for example, the average recoveries between 101 and 122% were obtained for the same analytes and samples. In the fourth study a MIP OES (MP-AES, Agilent 4200), was used for the determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni e Pb in the array of fusel oil where is used the external calibration solution prepared 1% HNO3 and1-propanol. Solutions containing 5 and 50% of the matrix v v-1 were dissolved in 1-propanol and fusel oil pure solution were analyzed. Matrix effects were not observed when it was calibration with 1-propanol solutions even for undiluted sample determinations, with recoveries between 90 - 109%. The LODs for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in 1-propanol were of 0,03; 0,009; 0,01; 0,007 and 0,04 mg L-1 , respectively. The procedure described for MIP OES is a simple, accurate and precise approach to trace elements analysis of fusel oil. / CAPES PDSE: 99999.002566/ 2014-01

Orientador: Mirian Cristina dos Santos / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos quatro métodos analíticos visando a determinação de elementos químicos em diversas amostras. O primeiro estudo consistiu na determinação de Cr e Mn em placentônios provenientes de bovinos por espectrometria de emissão atômica em filamento de tungstênio (WC AES). O tempo de integração de sinal para 30 ms, proporcionou LOD 45 vezes menor para Mn e 150 vezes menor para Cr com relação a 500 ms. Testes de adição e recuperação apresentaram desvio padrão (SD) de ± 0,02 mg L-1 e recuperações de 91 a 102%. No segundo foram realizadas quantificações de Cr em cápsulas medicinais produzidas na China, a WC AES. A faixa linear de trabalho para determinação de Cr por WC AES foi de 10-100 μg L-1. Os limites de detecção foram de 3 μg L-1, o que possibilitou determinações em um nível 28 vezes menor que o valor máximo de Cr recomendado em medicamentos pela Farmacopeia Americana (USP). A precisão (% RSD) foi calculada na faixa de 5,2 – 7,4% e não foram significativamente diferentes através da aplicação de um teste ANOVA fator único a nível de confiança de 95% (p > 0,05) quando comparados com a técnica de Espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES). No terceiro estudo, um Espectrometro de Emissão Óptica com plasma induzido por micro-ondas – MIP OES (MP-AES, Agilent 4200), foi usado em combinação com o método de análise por diluição de padrão (SDA) para determinar Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni e Zn em amostras de café, chá verde, ene... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work were developed four analytical methods for the determination of chemical elements in several samples. The first study consisted in determination of Cr and Mn in placenton from bovine animals by Atomic emission spectrometry in tungsten filament (WC AES). Signal integration time for 30 ms, provided LOD 45 times lower for Mn and 150 times lower for Cr with respect to 500 ms. Addition and recovery tests presented standard deviation (SD) of ± 0,02 mg L-1 and recoveries of 91 to 102%. In the second were carried out baseline measurements of Cr in medicinal capsule produced in China by WC AES. The linear range for determination of Cr by WC AES was 10 - 100 μg L-1 . The limits of detection were 3 μg L-1 , which allowed determinations in a level 28 times smaller than the maximum value of Cr recommended medicines for the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP). The precision (% RSD) was estimated in the range of 5,2 – 7,4% and were not significantly different by applying a test ANOVA single factor at the level of confidence 95% (p > 0,05) when compared with Optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES). In the third study, a Spectrometer of Optical Emission plasma induced by microwave – MIP OES (MP-AES, Agilent 4200), was used in combination with the method of analysis for standard dilution (SDA) to determine Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni e Zn in samples of coffee, green tea, energetic, beer, whiskey and cachaça brazilian. It didn't require sample prepara... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica versátil e rápida para a determinação de Cr, Mn e Ni em aços martensíticos e austeníticos, através do processo de dissolução química parcial em sistema de injeção em fluxo acoplado ao Espectrômetro de Emissão Ótica acoplado indutivamente (ICP-OES). O procedimento, também priorizou menor manipulação de amostra e consumo de reagentes. A solução extratora, HNO3 e HCI 7,0 mol L-1 e 6,0 mol L-1 respectivamente 1:1 v/v foi utilizada para a dissolução química parcial dos aços inoxidáveis. A quantificação dos metais dissolvidos foi feita utilizando-se o método da somatória, que relaciona a concentração de um elemento individual com a somatória dos elementos determinados, segundo a fórmula: i% = Ci /Ct x 100, onde Ci é a concentração do elemento i e Ct é a soma das concentrações de todos elementos determinados. Os resultados não apresentaram diferença significativa em um nível de confiança de 95% com os valores certificados das amostras de referência e com os valores da dissolução total assistida por microondas. O procedimento apresentou freqüência analítica de 20 determinações por hora. / The objective of this work was the development of a versatile and fast analytical methodology for the determination of Cr, Mn, and Ni in martensitic and austenitic steels, through on-line partial chemical dissolution using a flow injection system coupled to an ICP-OES. The procedure also aimed the smallest sample manipulation and reagents consumption. The extractor solution, 7.0 mol L-1 HNO3 and 6.0 mol L-1 HCI 1:1 v/v, was used to the on-line partial chemical dissolution of the stainless steels. The quantification of the dissolved metals was made using a method, that relate the concentration of an individual element with the sum of all elements concentrations, applying the formula: i% = Ci /Ct x 100, where Ci is the concentration of the element i and Ct is the sum of the concentration of all elements determined. No significant difference has been present by the results, at a confidence level of 95%, with the certified values of the reference materials and with the total dissolution values obtained by microwave - assisted sample pretreatment. The procedure presented analytic frequency of 20 determinations per hour.

The aim of the diploma thesis was the diagnostics of plasma generated in the atmosphere simulating conditions on Mars. This diploma thesis is focused on the simulation of Mars’ atmosphere at atmospheric pressure and normal laboratory temperature. Due to the similar conditions of Mars' atmosphere with Earth, this planet has been explored in the past as well as up to now. Mars' atmosphere is composed mostly of carbon dioxide, which makes up more than 90 % of Mars' atmosphere. A glow discharge generated in a special reactor at atmospheric pressure at a flow of pure CO2 was used to simulate the atmosphere of Mars. Part of the measurement was performed only in pure CO2 with changing current of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mA. Part of the measurements was focused on the study of the effect of the addition of various gases, such as nitrogen, hydrogen and methane, at changes in their flow rates of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 sccm. The products formed in the special reactor were analysed using a mass spectrometer with proton ionization and with a flight time analyser. Optical emission spectrometry was used for plasma diagnostics and composition. Mainly simple aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were detected. With increasing flow rates of the individual gases, more complex aromatic compounds with higher molecular weights were formed. Corresponding mass and optical emission spectra were measured simultaneously.

The electrical properties, in particular the U–I characteristics, current and voltage signal shapes within the pulse, are important parameters for the understanding of the processes taking place in the pulsed glow discharge (PGD). The electrical properties are also closely related to the analytical performance of the PGD such as sputtering rates, crater shapes and emission yields. Moreover, the dependence of the U–I plots on the density of the discharge gas can be used to estimate the gas temperature. This result is relevant for the analysis of thermally fragile samples. Nevertheless, there is a lack of PGD studies where the current and voltage signals are considered in detail. Therefore, this article is dedicated to the electrical properties of PGD. The influence of the PGD parameters (duty cycle and pulse duration) on the electrical properties is examined. The results highlight the optimum parameters for particular analytical applications. The question, whether direct current (dc) and radio frequency (rf) discharges behave similarly is also discussed and all experiments are performed for both modes. The comparative studies reveal strong similarities between dc and rf pulsed discharges. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros tais como, moagem, tamanho de partículas, homogeneidade, segregação, dissolução de amostras e amostragem de suspensão, visando o desenvolvimento de método para a determinação de Ir, Pd, Pt e Rh por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) em sílica mesoporosa para uso catalítico. Após a moagem em moinho eletrônico de almofariz e pistilo, a análise do tamanho e distribuição das partículas revelou que 89% das partículas apresentam tamanhos <100 &#181;m e 23% com tamanho <5 &#181;m. Na avaliação de segregação dos analitos na amostra, os resultados obtidos para amostra com moagem grosseira, indicaram que os elementos estão distribuídos de maneira heterogênea entre as frações. Entretanto, a moagem fina aumentou a homogeneidade e esta pode ser uma etapa importante e necessária no sentido de evitar segregação da amostra. A análise por difração e de Raios-X mostrou que não ocorreram reações mecanoquímicas durante a moagem e por fluorescência de Raios-X forneceu resultados discrepantes entre os laboratórios, o pode estar relacionado com a heterogeneidade que induziu erros de amostragem. A avaliação de desempenho do ICP OES foi feita a partir do estabelecimento de parâmetros de mérito como seletividade, repetibilidade, estabilidade, robutez e limite de detecção. Na otimização foram considerados os parâmetros potência, vazão de nebulização e vazão de gás auxiliar. Foi feito um estudo em solução aquosa e em meio da amostra para escolha das linhas de emissão dos elementos Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh e dos candidatos a padrões internos. Apesar dos bons resultados encontrados em solução aquosa, o aumento do sinal de fundo em meio da amostra restringiu a escolha dos comprimentos de onda. Para o estudo da dissolução das amostras foram avaliados quatro procedimentos em forno de micro-ondas com frasco fechado. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com 150 mg de amostra, 6 mL de água régia e 210 ºC de aquecimento durante 60 min. As determinações por ICP OES usando padrões internos Ru para Pd, Yb para Pt e Dy para Rh foram aquelas que forneceram os resultados mais coerentes com aqueles obtidos por fluorescência de Raios-X. Nos estudos visando à introdução de amostra na forma de suspensão foram avaliados: a massa de amostra para o preparo da suspensão, o efeito da concentração de ácido nítrico e o uso de padrão interno na tentativa de corrigir erros de matriz. 60 mg de amostra com um volume final de 20 mL de ácido nítrico 0,5% (v v-1) foram os escolhidos. Entretanto, a determinação dos elementos via suspensão mostrou resultados muito inferiores aos valores de concentrações esperados. Irídio foi investigado somente para otimização de ICP OES porque a sílica mesoporosa para uso de catalisador automotivo tem não esse elemento em sua composição. / The aim of this study was to evaluate parameters such as grinding, particle size, homogeneity, segregation, sample dissolution and slurry sampling for method development for the determination of Ir, Pd, Pt and Rh in silica mesoporosa for catalyst using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). After the grind in an electronic grider with mill and pistil, the analysis of the particle size distribution showed 89% of particles with sizes <100 &#181;m and 23% of particles with sizes <5&#181;m. The separation in different particle size fractions showed that the sample with coarse grind (as sent to the lab) is not homogenous for the elements in comparison with that submitted to grind. X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analysis did not showed chemical reactions during the grinding, however a discrepancy between results of different laboratories. The performance of ICP OES was made by using figures of merit such as selectivity, repeatability, stability, robustness and limit of detection. In the optimization of ICP OES power supply, nebulizer flow rate and auxiliary gas flow rate were considered. Studies were conducted in aqueous and in the sample solution to choose emission wavelengths for Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh and internal standard candidates. Despite the good results obtained in aqueous solution, increasing the background signal in sample media restricted the choice of the emission wavelengths. For sample dissolution four procedures using microwave oven with closed-vessel were evaluated. The best results were obtained with 150 mg of the sample, 6 mL of aqua-regia and 210 ºC of heating, during 60 min. Determinations by ICP OES using internal standards Ru for Pd, Yb for Pt, and Dy for Rh were those who provided more consistent results in comparison with those obtained by x-ray fluorescence. For slurry sampling introduction sush parameters were evaluated: the mass of sample to prepare the slurry, the effect of the nitric acid concentration and the use of internal standard to correct matrix effects. 60 mg of the sample with a final volume of 20 mL of nitric acid 0.5% (v v-1) were chosen. However, the determination of Pd, Pt and Rh via suspension showed concentrations below to those expected, as determined by ICP OES in solution. Iridium was investigated only for ICP OES optimization because the silica mesoporosa for automobile catalyst use have not this element in its composition.

Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD OES) has proved to be a versatile analytical technique for the direct analysis of solid samples. The application of a pulsed power supply to the glow discharge (GD) has a number of advantages in comparison with a continuous one and thereby broadens the analytical potential of the GD. However, because the pulsed GD (PGD) is a relatively new operation mode, the pulsing and plasma parameters as well as their influence on the analytical performance of the GD are not yet comprehensively studied. The aim of this dissertation consists in the investigation of the PGD features, which are crucial for both understanding the discharge plasma processes and analytical applications. The influence of the pulsing parameters on the PGD is ascertained and compared for direct current (dc) and radio frequency (rf) discharges. In the research attention is firstly paid on the electrical parameters of PGD, then on the sputtered crater shapes, sputtering rates and finally on the light emission. It is found that the sputtered crater shape is strongly affected by the duration of the applied pulses even when the duty cycle is fixed. The pulse length influences the intensity of the light emission as well (at constant duty cycle). Moreover this influence is different for emission lines of atoms and ions in the plasma. This phenomenon can be seen at the comparison of atomic and ionic lines of different elements. The voltage–current plots of the PGD are found to indicate heating of the discharge gas when operating at high duty cycles. Using this feature a new method for the estimation of the discharge gas temperature from the voltage-current characteristics of the PGD is developed. The calculated temperature values are compared with another temperature measurement technique. Different temperature estimation procedures have shown that the discharge gas temperature can be reduced by around 100 K when PGD is applied. The temperature measurements have also confirmed that the gas heating can be adjusted by variation of the pulsing parameters. The effect of sputtering on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) layer surface of the solar cells is described for the first time. SEM investigations of the CIGSe layer of the solar cells have shown that sputter induced effects can be reduced by variation of the pulsing parameters. With regard to the question whether dc and rf pulsed discharges behave similarly: nearly all phenomena found with dc discharges also appear in the rf case. Hence it is concluded that the pulsed rf and dc discharges are very similar in terms of the electrical properties, sputtered crater formation, light emission and temperature. It is concluded that matrix specific, as well as matrix independent quantification principles and the intensity correction developed by Arne Bengtson can be applied for the pulsed mode, if special conditions are fulfilled. CIGSe solar cell samples and thin layered electrode metallizations of SAW devices are measured and quantified with application of PGD. The proposed quantification procedures are performed at commercial GD OES devices and can be used for the analysis with application of pulsed rf discharge. The studies of the PGD performed in this dissertation are relevant for the application of the GD OES analysis in materials science. During the collaborative work with Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie and with the research group of Dr. Thomas Gemming at IFW Dresden the optimized pulsed GD OES measurements could be successfully applied at the investigation of thin film solar cells with CIGSe light absorbing layer and electrode matallizations of SAW devices. In case of solar cell samples pulsed GD OES depth profiling along with SIMS measurements reveal the role of the Al2O3 barrier layer in high efficiency solar cells consisting of a CIGSe/Mo/Al2O3/steel substrate layer stack (the barrier layer is to prevent the Fe diffusion into the CIGSe). The features of the CIGSe films growth are studied with help of pulsed GD OES and in situ synchrotron XRD measurements. The diffusion coefficient of Zn into the CuInS2 layer is determined for the first time from the measured GD OES depth profiles of the corresponding solar cell samples. In case of SAW samples, pulsed GD OES measurements helped to evaluate the different SAW electrode preparation procedures and to select the most suitable one. In addition pulsed GD OES depth profiling along with XPS, TEM-EDX and electrode lifetime measurements indicate the possible mechanism of power durability and lifetime improvement of the SAW devices when a small amount of Al is added to the Cu-based electrodes. / Die optische Glimmentladungsspektroskopie (engl. Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry - GD OES) hat sich als eine vielfältige und schnelle Methode für die direkte Analyse von festen Materialien erwiesen. Die Anwendung von gepulsten Glimmentladungen (GD) bietet eine Reihe von Vorteilen im Vergleich zu einer kontinuierlichen Entladung und erweitert dadurch das analytische Potential der Methode. Die praktische Anwendung von gepulsten GD erfordert jedoch ein tiefes Verständnis der Prozesse, die in der Entladung und im elektrischen System ablaufen. Der Einfluss der Puls- und Plasmaparameter auf die analytische Leistung der gepulsten GD ist bislang noch nicht umfassend erforscht worden. Die Zielstellung dieser Arbeit besteht in der Untersuchung der Eigenschaften der gepulsten GD, welche von besonderer Bedeutung sowohl für das Verständnis des Entladungsprozesses als auch für analytische Anwendungen ist. Die Auswirkungen der Pulsparameter auf die gepulste GD wurde für den Gleichstrom-(DC) und Hochfrequenz- (HF) Modus untersucht und verglichen. Die Reihenfolge der Untersuchungen wurde in dieser Arbeit wie folgt gewählt: elektrische Parameter, Sputterkraterformen, Sputterraten und Lichtemission. Die Form des Sputterkraters korreliert stark mit der Pulsdauer, selbst wenn das Tastverhältnis konstant ist. Die Pulsdauer beeinflusst nicht nur die Kraterform, sondern auch die Intensität der Emissionslinien (bei konstantem Tastverhältnis). Darüber hinaus ist dieser Einfluss unterschiedlich für Atome und Ionen. Dieses Verhalten wurde an mehreren Emissionslinien (atomar bzw. ionisch) nachgewiesen. Aus der Analyse der U-I-Kennlinien der gepulsten GD ergab sich, dass es zu einer Erhitzung des Plasmas bei höherem Tastverhältnis kommt. Dieser Effekt wurde zur Bestimmung der Plasma-Gastemperatur ausgenutzt. Die ermittelten Temperaturen wurden mit einer andere Methode verglichen. Aus der Abschätzung ergab sich, dass die Plasmatemperatur bei gepulsten GD um bis zu 100 K gesenkt werden und durch die Pulsparameter genauer eingestellt werden kann. Der Einfluss des Sputterns auf Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) Dünnschichten von Solarzellen wurde erstmals beschrieben. REM-Untersuchungen an GD-gesputterten CIGSe Schichten haben gezeigt, dass die Sputtereffekte durch die Variation der Pulsparameter reduziert werden können. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass HF- und DC-Entladungen dieselben Effekte aufweisen und sich nur geringfügig voneinander unterscheiden. Daraus kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass DC- und HF-Entladungen in Bezug auf elektrische Eigenschaften, Kraterformen, Lichtemission und Temperatur sehr ähnlich sind. Die Quantifizierung der mit gepulsten GD gemessenen Tiefenprofile ergab ferner, dass die Anwendung der Quantifizierungsmethoden für den kontinuierlichen Modus unter den gegebenen Bedingungen zulässig ist. Die Tiefenprofile von Solarzellen-Schichten sowie SAW-Metallisierungen wurden anhand gepulster GD gemessen und quantifiziert. Die empfohlenen Quantifizierungsmethoden können mit kommerziellen GD OES-Geräten durchgeführt werden. Die Untersuchungen an gepulsten GD sind insbesondere relevant für GD OES-Anwendungen im Bereich der Werkstoffwissenschaft. Während der Zusammenarbeit mit dem Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie und der Arbeitsgruppe von Dr. Thomas Gemming (IFW Dresden) konnten optimierte, gepulste GD OES Messungen erfolgreich zur Untersuchung von Dünnschicht-Solarzellen bzw. hochleistungsbeständigen SAW-Metallisierungen angewendet werden. Für die Solarzellen haben GD OES und SIMS Messungen geholfen, die Rolle der Al2O3-Barriere in CIGSe/Mo/Al2O3 Schichtstapeln auf flexiblem Stahlsubstrat besser zu verstehen (Al2O3 soll die Diffusion der Fe-Atome in CIGSe verhindern). Die gemeinsame Untersuchung getemperter CIGSe-Schichten mit gepulster GD OES und in-situ Synchrotron-XRD ergab neue Erkenntnisse zum Schichtwachstum. Der Diffusionskoeffizient von Zn in CuInS2 wurde erstmals aus GD OES-Tiefenprofilen bestimmt. Im Fall der SAW-Metallisierungen konnte die GD OES zur Bestimmung des geeignetsten Herstellungsverfahrens einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten. Die gepulste GD OES hat neben anderen Untersuchungsmethoden wie TEM-EDX, XPS und Lebensdauermessungen die Verbesserung der Leistungsbeständigkeit von Cu-Metallisierungen durch geringen Al-Zusatz aufklären können.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros tais como, moagem, tamanho de partículas, homogeneidade, segregação, dissolução de amostras e amostragem de suspensão, visando o desenvolvimento de método para a determinação de Ir, Pd, Pt e Rh por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) em sílica mesoporosa para uso catalítico. Após a moagem em moinho eletrônico de almofariz e pistilo, a análise do tamanho e distribuição das partículas revelou que 89% das partículas apresentam tamanhos <100 &#181;m e 23% com tamanho <5 &#181;m. Na avaliação de segregação dos analitos na amostra, os resultados obtidos para amostra com moagem grosseira, indicaram que os elementos estão distribuídos de maneira heterogênea entre as frações. Entretanto, a moagem fina aumentou a homogeneidade e esta pode ser uma etapa importante e necessária no sentido de evitar segregação da amostra. A análise por difração e de Raios-X mostrou que não ocorreram reações mecanoquímicas durante a moagem e por fluorescência de Raios-X forneceu resultados discrepantes entre os laboratórios, o pode estar relacionado com a heterogeneidade que induziu erros de amostragem. A avaliação de desempenho do ICP OES foi feita a partir do estabelecimento de parâmetros de mérito como seletividade, repetibilidade, estabilidade, robutez e limite de detecção. Na otimização foram considerados os parâmetros potência, vazão de nebulização e vazão de gás auxiliar. Foi feito um estudo em solução aquosa e em meio da amostra para escolha das linhas de emissão dos elementos Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh e dos candidatos a padrões internos. Apesar dos bons resultados encontrados em solução aquosa, o aumento do sinal de fundo em meio da amostra restringiu a escolha dos comprimentos de onda. Para o estudo da dissolução das amostras foram avaliados quatro procedimentos em forno de micro-ondas com frasco fechado. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com 150 mg de amostra, 6 mL de água régia e 210 ºC de aquecimento durante 60 min. As determinações por ICP OES usando padrões internos Ru para Pd, Yb para Pt e Dy para Rh foram aquelas que forneceram os resultados mais coerentes com aqueles obtidos por fluorescência de Raios-X. Nos estudos visando à introdução de amostra na forma de suspensão foram avaliados: a massa de amostra para o preparo da suspensão, o efeito da concentração de ácido nítrico e o uso de padrão interno na tentativa de corrigir erros de matriz. 60 mg de amostra com um volume final de 20 mL de ácido nítrico 0,5% (v v-1) foram os escolhidos. Entretanto, a determinação dos elementos via suspensão mostrou resultados muito inferiores aos valores de concentrações esperados. Irídio foi investigado somente para otimização de ICP OES porque a sílica mesoporosa para uso de catalisador automotivo tem não esse elemento em sua composição. / The aim of this study was to evaluate parameters such as grinding, particle size, homogeneity, segregation, sample dissolution and slurry sampling for method development for the determination of Ir, Pd, Pt and Rh in silica mesoporosa for catalyst using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). After the grind in an electronic grider with mill and pistil, the analysis of the particle size distribution showed 89% of particles with sizes <100 &#181;m and 23% of particles with sizes <5&#181;m. The separation in different particle size fractions showed that the sample with coarse grind (as sent to the lab) is not homogenous for the elements in comparison with that submitted to grind. X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analysis did not showed chemical reactions during the grinding, however a discrepancy between results of different laboratories. The performance of ICP OES was made by using figures of merit such as selectivity, repeatability, stability, robustness and limit of detection. In the optimization of ICP OES power supply, nebulizer flow rate and auxiliary gas flow rate were considered. Studies were conducted in aqueous and in the sample solution to choose emission wavelengths for Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh and internal standard candidates. Despite the good results obtained in aqueous solution, increasing the background signal in sample media restricted the choice of the emission wavelengths. For sample dissolution four procedures using microwave oven with closed-vessel were evaluated. The best results were obtained with 150 mg of the sample, 6 mL of aqua-regia and 210 ºC of heating, during 60 min. Determinations by ICP OES using internal standards Ru for Pd, Yb for Pt, and Dy for Rh were those who provided more consistent results in comparison with those obtained by x-ray fluorescence. For slurry sampling introduction sush parameters were evaluated: the mass of sample to prepare the slurry, the effect of the nitric acid concentration and the use of internal standard to correct matrix effects. 60 mg of the sample with a final volume of 20 mL of nitric acid 0.5% (v v-1) were chosen. However, the determination of Pd, Pt and Rh via suspension showed concentrations below to those expected, as determined by ICP OES in solution. Iridium was investigated only for ICP OES optimization because the silica mesoporosa for automobile catalyst use have not this element in its composition.

This work deals with elemental analysis of inorganic materials, that are presented by blast furnace slag and geopolymeric material containing fly-ashes. In the theoretical part there are explained principles of elemental analysis of inorganic materials. Ways of dissolution of samples, optical emission spectroscopy and electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis are commented. In experimental part the ICP analysis of oxide standards is described. The standards were used for estimation of EDS-correction factors. Then follow the preparation, proving and use of standards in analysis of blast furnace slag. The work is finished by exact analysis of concentration profiles of elements in interface of phases in geopolymeric material.

This article describes the compositional depth profiling (CDP) of diamond-like carbon (DLC) layers by Glow Discharge-Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES). The DLC layers were deposited on flat steel samples. Analysis by using a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) GD-OES instrument revealed saturation effects of the carbon lines at 156 nm and 165 nm. Therefore, the application of these lines for CDP of DLC layers is not possible. A third line at 193 nm was not affected by this saturation effect and is therefore a good choice for calibration. A second effect was observed as a non-flat crater in combination with large differences of the sputtering rate factor of the substrate (1.1) and the DLC (0.032) led to an unusual behaviour at the interface between the DLC layer and substrate. Both measurements of the crater shape and of the sputtered coating weight up to the interface and just behind it showed clearly that about 30% of the DLC layer remains at the crater edge, once the crater centre reaches the interface. This was found to be the main reason for the incorrect DLC-layer thickness, if the intersection between the carbon and iron concentration was used as a measure for the end of the DLC layer.