Short optical pulses and engineered nonlinear media is a powerful combination. Mode locked pulses exhibit high peak powers and short pulse duration and the engineered ferro-electric KTiOPO4 facilitates several different nonlinear processes. In this work we investigate the use of structured, second-order materials for generation, characterization and frequency conversion of short optical pulses. By cascading second harmonic generation and difference frequency generation the optical Kerr effect was emulated and two different Nd-based laser cavities were mode locked by the cascaded Kerr lensing effect. In one of the cavities 2.8 ps short pulses were generated and a strong pulse shortening took place through the interplay of the cavity design and the group velocity mismatch in the nonlinear crystal. The other laser had a hybrid mode locking scheme with active electro-optic modulation and passive cascaded Kerr lensing incorporated in a single partially poled KTP crystal. The long pulses from the active modulation were shortened when the passive mode locking started and 6.9 ps short pulses were generated. High-efficiency frequency conversion is not a trivial task in periodically poled materials for short pulses due to the large group velocity mismatch. Optimization of parameters such as the focussing condition and the crystal temperature allowed us to demonstrate 64% conversion efficiency by frequency doubling the fs pulses from a Yb:KYW laser in a single pass configuration. Quasi phase matching also offers new possibilities for nonlinear interactions. We demonstrated that it is possible to simultaneously utilize several phase matched second harmonic interactions, resulting in a dual-polarization second harmonic beam. Short pulse duration of the fundamental wave is a key parameter in the novel method that we demonstrated for characterization of the nonlinearity of periodically poled crystals. The method utilizes the group velocity mismatch between the two polarizations in a type II second harmonic generation configuration. The domain walls of PPKTP exhibit second order nonlinearities that are forbidden in the bulk material. This we used in a single shot frequency resolved optical gating arrangement. The spectral resolution came from Čerenkov phase matching, a non-collinear phase matching scheme that exhibits a substantial angular dispersion. The second harmonic light was imaged upon a CCD camera and with the spectral distribution on one axis and the temporal autocorrelation on the other. From this image we retrieved the full temporal profile of the fundamental pulse, as well as the phase. The spectral dispersion provided by the Čerenkov phase matching was large enough to characterize optical pulses as long as ~200 fs in a compact setup. The Čerenkov frequency resolved optical gating method samples a thin stripe of the beam, i.e. the area close to the domain wall. This provides the means for high spatial resolution measurements of the spectral-temporal characteristics of ultrafast optical fields. / QC 20100831

Ultrathin film nanocomposites are becoming increasingly important for specialized performance of commercial coatings. Critical challenges for ultrathin film nanocomposites include their synthesis and characterization as well as their performance properties, including surface roughness, optical properties (haze, refractive index as examples), and mechanical properties. The objective of this work is to control the surface roughness of ultrathin film nanocomposites by changing the average particle size and the particle volume fraction (loading) of monomodal particle size distributions. This work evaluated one-layer and two-layer films for their surface properties. Monodispersed colloidal silica nanoparticles were incorporated into an acrylate-based monomer system as the model system. Ultrathin nanocomposites were prepared with three different size colloidal silica (13, 45, and 120 nm nominal diameters) at three different particle loadings (20, 40, and 50 vol. % inorganic solids). Silica particles were characterized using DLS and TEM. AFM was used to measure the root mean square roughness (Rq), ΔZ, and location-to-location uniformity of one-layer and two-layer nanocomposite coatings. Developing an understanding about the properties affected by the type and amount of particles used in a nanocomposite can be used as a tool with nanocharacterization techniques to quickly modify and synthesize desired ultrathin film coatings.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tranquilin_rl_me_bauru.pdf: 1401003 bytes, checksum: 671b0d9181df24fb0ba937b77bcac1d8 (MD5) / O estudo das propriedades fotoluminescentes nos diferentes materiais tanto orgânicos e inorgânicos tem despertado muito o interesse da comunidade científica. Dentre os molibdatos, destacamos o molibdato de bário (BAMoO4) devido suas propriedades ópticas e termoelétricas que junto com suas emissões luminescentes no azul, verde e laranja o tornam um importante material. Neste trabalho, pós de molibdato de bário foram sintetizados pelo método de coprecipitação e processados a 140 ºC por diferentes tempos, em hidrotermal assistido por irradiação de microondas. A caracterização dos pós foi realizada através de difração de raios - X, espectroscopia Raman, absorção na região do infravermelho. As análises microestruturais e morfológicas destes pós foram realizadas através das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura por canhão de elétrons e microscopia de Transmissão. As propriedades ópticas foram verificadas por meio da espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta visível e medidas de fotoluminescência. / The study of properties in different photoluminescent both organic and inorganic materials has attracted much interest form the scientific community. Among the molybdate,. the highlight of barium molybdate (BaMoO4) because their optical properties and thermoelectric that along with its luminescent emission in blue, green and orange make it an important material. In this work of barium molybdate were synthesized by co-precipitation method and processed at 140 ºC for diferent times in hydrothermal assisted by microwave irradiation. The characterization of powders was carried out by-ray diffraction - X, Raman spectroscopy, absorption in the infrared region. The micro structural and morphological analyses of these powders were performed using the techniques of field emission gun scanning electronic microscopy and by trasmission electronic microscopy. The optical properties were observed by spectroscopy in region the ultraviolet visible and measures of photoluminescence.

Orientador: Élson Longo / Banca: Fenelon Martinho Lima Pontes / Banca: Alberthmeiry Teixeira Figueiredo / - O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: O estudo das propriedades fotoluminescentes nos diferentes materiais tanto orgânicos e inorgânicos tem despertado muito o interesse da comunidade científica. Dentre os molibdatos, destacamos o molibdato de bário (BAMoO4) devido suas propriedades ópticas e termoelétricas que junto com suas emissões luminescentes no azul, verde e laranja o tornam um importante material. Neste trabalho, pós de molibdato de bário foram sintetizados pelo método de coprecipitação e processados a 140 ºC por diferentes tempos, em hidrotermal assistido por irradiação de microondas. A caracterização dos pós foi realizada através de difração de raios - X, espectroscopia Raman, absorção na região do infravermelho. As análises microestruturais e morfológicas destes pós foram realizadas através das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura por canhão de elétrons e microscopia de Transmissão. As propriedades ópticas foram verificadas por meio da espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta visível e medidas de fotoluminescência. / Abstract: The study of properties in different photoluminescent both organic and inorganic materials has attracted much interest form the scientific community. Among the molybdate,. the highlight of barium molybdate (BaMoO4) because their optical properties and thermoelectric that along with its luminescent emission in blue, green and orange make it an important material. In this work of barium molybdate were synthesized by co-precipitation method and processed at 140 ºC for diferent times in hydrothermal assisted by microwave irradiation. The characterization of powders was carried out by-ray diffraction - X, Raman spectroscopy, absorption in the infrared region. The micro structural and morphological analyses of these powders were performed using the techniques of field emission gun scanning electronic microscopy and by trasmission electronic microscopy. The optical properties were observed by spectroscopy in region the ultraviolet visible and measures of photoluminescence. / Mestre

Orientador: Edison Bittencourt / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T15:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_AdalenaKennedy_D.pdf: 3876527 bytes, checksum: 24d0e24d715ff4f8fefc97ffd5a4e1b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Em todo o mundo inicia-se uma nova era. A qualidade de vida e segurança dependem cada vez mais da capacidade de toda humanidade em resolver problemas cada dia mais complexos e demorados. Com o advento da comunicação e a globalização o tempo cada vez mais torna-se um bem escasso e precioso. Os materiais semicondutores usados para desempenhar as funções lógicas e de memória de alta velocidade utilizados no processamento de informação e hardware de armazenagem são os materiais mais difíceis de serem produzidos. Com relação a estes materiais nesta indústria, a capacidade de transformação é enorme, pois o que era o equipamento mais moderno num piscar de olhos passa a ser obsoleto. Assim, avanços nas áreas de tecnologias de informação estão relacionados a avanços em semicondutores e conseqüentemente em materiais. Conforme aumenta a funcionalidade dos chips, aumentam também substancialmente as alternativas para melhorá-los, porque a demanda por este produto não para de crescer e aumenta exponencialmente com relação à população que os consome. Para satisfazer à demanda por densidades mais elevadas nos chips, serão necessárias novas tecnologias de empacotamento e interconexão e a integração destas com toda a tecnologia microeletrônica. É, pois, neste contexto que se insere o presente trabalho. Um dos objetivos principais foi a obtenção de uma cobertura que pode ser um início de uma nova tecnologia para o desenvolvimento de um ¿microchip¿ sobre materiais poliméricos. É o nascer de uma nova era na área de materiais e dispositivos eletro-eletrônicos. Para a indústria nacional e para o Pólo Industrial de Manaus, talvez seja uma tecnologia de ponta com um material mais barato e acessível a todos. Para a execução deste trabalho foram feitos planejamentos experimentais visando melhorar as condições ¿ótimas¿ para o recobrimento por spin coating. Através da deposição de filmes de óxido de silício sobre lentes oftálmicas produziu-se os filmes de óxido de sílicio que foram depositados através de um reator de Microwave Electron Cyclotron Resonance, com o auxílio de um campo magnético em um plasma constituído por uma mistura de argônio, oxigênio e silana. Esse método de deposição é conhecido como ¿ECR¿. A estrutura dos filmes de óxidos de silício depositados foi estudada através de transmitância na região do visível. A morfologia das superfícies recobertas com os filmes foi analisada por Microscopia Óptica e também através de Microscopia de Varredura Eletrônica (MEV). Os resultados de transmitância para os filmes mostram que na medida em que a camada é depositada são formadas estruturas que melhoram a proteção oferecida pela cobertura. As micrografias ópticas revelaram que as lentes sofrem um ¿stress¿ em razão da diferença do coeficiente de expansão entre os dois materiais. As micrografias de MEV mostraram, também, que as superfícies melhores protegidas pelo óxido de silício são as obtidas através de fabricação e moldagem feita com resina acrílica, como comprovam os testes anti-risco. A análise de ângulo de contato do filme mostrou que a cobertura serve como camada aderente ao polímero, mas não como camada hidrofóbica, pois o polímero ainda assim absorve água. As medidas de parâmetros S encontradas foram tiradas com base nas características dos protótipos ensaiados e de acordo com as limitações da resposta em frequência do equipamento utilizado para o ensaio. O resultado dos ensaios também não pode ser melhor detalhado, pois o material foi depositado sem a expectativa dessa finalidade inicialmente. Podemos, entretanto, comprovar que a metodologia é viável e a partir do mesmo principio poderão ser desenvolvidas diversas utilidades para essa técnica inovadora / Abstract: A new era has begun all around the world. The quality of life and health depends more and more on the human capacity of resolving problems that are becoming longer and more complex day by day. As communication and globalization advance, time becomes scarcer and more precious. The semiconductor materials which are used to activate the logical functions, the high velocity memory used in processing information and the storage ¿hardware¿ are the most difficult materials produced in this area. The ability to change is enormous, due to the fact that what was considered the most modern equipment has become obsolete in the blink of an eye. Consequently, the advances in the areas of technological information are related to the advances in those in semiconductors and as result in materials. As the use of the ¿chip¿ increases, the alternatives also become varied, with the objective of improving the chip¿s functions, this is because the demand for the product is getting stronger, increasing, when referring to the population, the search for these products. This study has achieved a covering which can be perceived as a beginning to New Technology, in order to create a ¿microchip¿ with polymeric materials. It¿s the start of a new era when dealing with the area of electro-electronic materials and models. For the National Industry and for Manaus¿ Industry Pole, it might be viewed as cheaper and more accessible technology for all. An adaptation of a reactor has become full filled that produces electronic components for a deposition on a polymer substratum (ophtalmic lenses) for the attainment of a treatment of alternative anti-reflexive. This methodology is used in the industry of electronic components, more known as "chip". In this work they had been experiment design facts to optimize the excellent conditions for the covering for spin coating. Through the deposition of silicon oxide films on ophtalmic lenses one produced the silicon oxide films that had been deposited through a reactor of Microwave Electron Cyclotron Resonance, with aid of a magnetic field, a plasma constituted by a mixture of argon, oxygen and silane.This method of deposition is known as "ECR". The structure of deposited the silicon oxide films was studied through transmittance in the region of the visible light. The morphology of the surfaces re-covered with the films was analyzed by Optic Microscopy and also through Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis (MEV). The results of transmittance for the films show that the measure where the layer is deposited form structures that improve the protection offered for the covering. The MEV micrographs had shown, also, that the surfaces best protection for silicon oxide are the gotten ones through acrylic resin, as they prove the anti-risk tests. The analysis of angle of contact of the film showed that the covering does not serve as hydrophobic layer. The measurements of parameter S which were found, were based on characteristics of the resulted prototypes and the answer limitations regarding the frequency of the equipment used for these readings. Moreover, the overall results can¿t be better detailed due to the fact that the material wasn¿t deposited with this objective. The methodology is viable, and based on the same principles it can develop diverse utilities to this innovate technique / Doutorado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Doutor em Engenharia Química

This dissertation studies the manipulation of particles using acoustic stimulation for applications in microfluidics and templating of devices. The term particle is used here to denote any solid, liquid or gaseous material that has properties, which are distinct from the fluid in which it is suspended. Manipulation means to take over the movements of the particles and to position them in specified locations. Using devices, microfabricated out of silicon, the behavior of particles under the acoustic stimulation was studied with the main purpose of aligning the particles at either low-pressure zones, known as the nodes or high-pressure zones, known as anti-nodes. By aligning particles at the nodes in a flow system, these particles can be focused at the center or walls of a microchannel in order to ultimately separate them. These separations are of high scientific importance, especially in the biomedical domain, since acoustopheresis provides a unique approach to separate based on density and compressibility, unparalleled by other techniques. The study of controlling and aligning the particles in various geometries and configurations was successfully achieved by controlling the acoustic waves. Apart from their use in flow systems, a stationary suspended-particle device was developed to provide controllable light transmittance based on acoustic stimuli. Using a glass compartment and a carbon-particle suspension in an organic solvent, the device responded to acoustic stimulation by aligning the particles. The alignment of light-absorbing carbon particles afforded an increase in visible light transmittance as high as 84.5%, and it was controlled by adjusting the frequency and amplitude of the acoustic wave. The device also demonstrated alignment memory rendering it energy-efficient. A similar device for suspended-particles in a monomer enabled the development of electrically conductive films. These films were based on networks of conductive particles. Elastomers doped with conductive metal particles were rendered surface conductive at particle loadings as low as 1% by weight using acoustic focusing. The resulting films were flexible and had transparencies exceeding 80% in the visible spectrum (400-800 nm) These films had electrical bulk conductivities exceeding 50 S/cm.

No description available.

Over the past few years, the size of semiconductor devices has been shrinking whereas the density of transistors has exponentially increased. Thus, thermal management has become a serious concern as device performance and reliability is greatly affected by heat. An understanding of thermal transport properties at device level along with predictive modelling can lead us to design of new systems and materials tailored according to the thermal conductivity. In our work we first review different models used to calculate thermal conductivity and examine their accuracy using the experimentally measured thermal conductivity for Si. Our results suggest that empirically calculated rates used in thermal conductivity calculations do not capture the scaling behavior for three phonon scattering mechanism properly. This directly affects the estimation of the thermal conductivity and therefore we need to capture them more accurately. Also, we observe that at low temperature the Callaway and the improved Callaway model show good agreement where boundary scattering is dominant, whereas at high temperature iterative and RTA models show good agreement where three-phonon scattering is dominant. Therefore, their lies a need for a model which can characterize K properly at low and high temperature. Second, we then calculate the three phonon scattering rates using first-principles and combine them into the Callaway model. Through our work we successfully build a hybrid model which can be used to describe thermal conductivity of Si for a temperature range of 10K to 425K which captures the thermal conductivity accurately. We also show that in case of Si the improved Callaway model and Callaway model both perform equally well.

Durable, cheap, and lightweight polymer based solar cells are needed, if simply to meet the demand for decentralized electrical power production in traditionally “off-grid” areas. Using a blend of Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and the low band-gap polymer Poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2- ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT), we have fabricated devices with a wide spectral response and 3% power conversion efficiency in AM 1.5 conditions; however, this thin film system exhibits only 0.43 optical density at 500 nm. To improve the performance of this polymer blend photovoltaic, we aim to increase absorption by adding CdSe(ZnS) core (shell) quantum dots. Four groups of devices are fabricated: a control group with an active polymer layer of 16 mg/mL P3HT, 16 mg/mL PCBM, and 4 mg/mL PCPDTBT; and three groups with dispersed quantum dots at 4 mg/ml, 1 mg/mL, and 0.25 mg/mL. The (CdSe)ZnS quantum dots are coated with octadecylamine ligands and have a peak absorbance at 560 nm and peak emission at 577 nm. The active layer was dissolved in chlorobenzene solvent and spun on glass substrates, patterned with indium tin oxide. The devices were then annealed for fifteen minutes at 110° C, 140° C, and 170° C. Current-voltage characteristic curves v and optical density data were taken before and after the anneal step. Finally, surface characterization was conducted with atomic force microscopy and electrostatic force microscopy. When compared to the control, the sensitized devices exhibited increased absorption and depressed electrical performance with increasing quantum dot loading. The surface morphology, both electrical and physical, showed deviation from the typical values and patterns shown by the control that increased with quantum dot loading. When the degrading electrical characteristics, increasing optical absorbance, and surface changes, are considered together, it becomes likely that the quantum dots interact in a significant manner with the morphology of the P3HT phase, which leads to an overall decrease in performance.

<p>Predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije&nbsp;su prahovi litijum-indijum oksida dopirani&nbsp;različitim jonima retkih zemalja (Eu³⁺; Sm³⁺;&nbsp;Er³⁺; Yb³⁺), sintetisani reakcijom u &nbsp;čvrstoj fazi.&nbsp;Litijum-indijum oksid ima raznovrsne&nbsp;potencijalne primene u viduscintilatora, &nbsp;matrice&nbsp;fosfora za jone retkih zemalja, za&nbsp; čuvanje i&nbsp;konverziju energije i u fotokatalizi. U&nbsp;<br />istraživanju je ustanovljena optimalna metoda&nbsp;sinteze fazno&nbsp; čistih prahova novih fosfora&nbsp;<br />LiInO₂:RE^3+&nbsp;i izvr&scaron;ena njihova detaljna&nbsp;karakterizacija primenom difrakcije X-zraka,&nbsp;<br />skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije,&nbsp;termogravimetrije i diferencijalno termijske&nbsp;analize, Ramanske spektroskopije i difuzno-refleksione spektroskopije. &nbsp;Fotoluminescentna&nbsp;spektroskopija je primenjena u cilju ispitivanja&nbsp;osobina presudnih za &nbsp;primenu ovih materijala.&nbsp;Emisioni spektri i vrednosti vremena života&nbsp;pokazuju efikasne potencijalne fosfore, dok&nbsp;ispitivanja emisije uzorka LiInO₂:Er^3+&nbsp;na&nbsp;različitim temperaturama ukazuju na to da je u&nbsp;pitanju veoma dobar temperaturni senzor u&nbsp;<br />oblasti temperatura (10-300) K.</p> / <p>The subject of this dissertation are powders of&nbsp;lithium-indium oxide doped with different rare&nbsp;earth ions (Eu³⁺; Sm³⁺; Er³⁺; Yb³⁺), synthesized&nbsp;by solid-state reaction. Lithium-indium oxide&nbsp;has a variety of potential applications in the&nbsp;form of scintillators, phosphor matrixes for rare-earth ions, storage and energy conversion&nbsp;devices and photocatalysts. In this study the&nbsp;optimal method of synthesis of pure-phased&nbsp;powders of new phosphors LiInO₂:RE^3+&nbsp;was&nbsp;determined. Also, their detailed characterization&nbsp;<br />using the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron&nbsp;microscopy, thermogravimetry and &nbsp;differential&nbsp;thermal analysis, Raman spectroscopy and&nbsp;diffuse-reflection spectroscopy &nbsp;was performed.&nbsp;Photoluminescence spectroscopy was applied to&nbsp;investigate the properties crucial for the&nbsp;application of these materials. Emission spectra&nbsp;and lifetime values, showed these materials are&nbsp;potential efficient phosphors. Examining the&nbsp;emission of LiInO₂:Er^3+&nbsp;sample at different&nbsp;temperatures indicated that this is a very good&nbsp;temperature sensor in the temperature range (10-300) K.</p>