Master's thesis treat of optical connection. The aim of this work was also the practical implementation and successful testing. Communications signal is low frequency in the range of 20 to 15 kHz and intended length of the coupling is approximately 200 m. The first is the work carried out theoretical analysis issues. Then is described the design and implementation of its own facility. In conclusion, the measurement is done and evaluate the parameters. I have dealt the optical connection with using a laser beam that is modulated frequency modulation. This optical signal is converted in the receiver using a PIN photodiode (type PIN) back to the electrical signal. Then there is the demodulation and amplification. The frequency modulator and demodulator is phase lock loop. It realizes the type of circuit CMOS 4046. The work is designed properly functioning equipment. It serves for the transmission of speech and audio signal line. It has good properties that match the criteria. The connection can be used outdoors due to the use of cover. The scope of communication may be even greater than 200 meters

A novel photonic frequency discriminator has been developed. The discriminator utilizes a Mach Zehnder interferometer-assisted ring resonator to achieve enhanced linearity. A numerical frequency-domain two-tone test is performed to evaluate the unique design of the discriminator, particularly for suppression of the third order intermodulation distortion. The discriminator is switchable between linear-intensity and linear-field regimes by adjusting a phase delay on one arm of the Mach Zehnder interferometer. Through the simulation, the linear<intensity discriminator is shown to be advantageous. The discriminator is an optical ring resonator-Mach Zehnder interferometer synthesized passive filter. The ring resonator is made of Arsenic trisulfide (As2S3) and the bus waveguide is a Titanium<diffused Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) waveguide. This As2S3 ring-on-Ti:LiNbO3 hybrid structure offers electro-optic tunability of the device owing to a strong electro-optic effect of the substrate material. A large optical confinement factor achieved by vertical integration of the As2S3 strip waveguide on a LiNbO3 substrate enables a low loss ring resonator. The Mach Zehnder interferometer is formed by the optical path length difference of the birefringent LiNbO3 substrate instead of a physical Y-branch structure, which makes the fabrication tolerances relaxed. In order for this highly birefringent device to be characterized, each polarization mode must be measured separately. A novel algorithm which can measure the wavelength-swept Jones matrix including its phase response is devised. The efficacy of the algorithm is demonstrated by characterizing a ring resonator. Finally, the fabricated discriminator is fully characterized using the algorithm.

Nous proposons des liaisons optiques en Silicium à faible coût utilisant des longueurs d'onde de propagation de 650 à 850 nm. La création de circuits intégrés optoélectroniques à grande échelle et de bus de données optiques au sein même des circuits intégrés, utilisant des composés Silicium CMOS, ont été envisagées présentant une voie prometteuse [1] - [3]. Dans les dernières tentatives de réalisation de systèmes optoélectroniques en CMOS, les technologies était principalement orientée sur l'utilisation des longueurs d'onde à 1550 nm [4] - [6], principalement en raison de la facilité de conception et de fabrication des guides d'ondes dans ce régime de longueur d'onde. Cependant, aucune source optique rapide efficace et aucun photo-détecteur Si ne sont disponibles à cette longueur d'onde de 1550 nm. Aujourd'hui, les solutions pour surmonter le problème sont principalement axées sur l'intégration de sources optiques basées sur des éléments du groupe IIIV reportés sur Silicium par liaison moléculaire [7a] - [7b].Si la source optique, le détecteur, les guides d'ondes et les capteurs pouvaient être réalisés sur la même puce CMOS Silicium, par exemple à une longueur d'onde de 750 nm, divers systèmes micro-photoniques sur puces, légers et miniaturisés, pourraient être conçus et réalisés. Alors que les sources optiques au Silicium ne sont peut-être pas encore au niveau de performance requis pour les communications à très haut débit, les systèmes optoélectroniques "tout-Silicium" à faible coût restent encore un excellent point de départ. Ces sources pourraient également conduire à un nouveau champ qui pourrait s'appeler «microsystèmes photoniques Si» ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles applications et produits notamment pour l'optique médicale, biomédicale, les interconnexions optiques et la biophotonique. Ces systèmes ne nécessitent de bande passante à très haute fréquence pour émettre, et les puissances d'émission de nos diodes électroluminescentes (LED) à avalanche peuvent être suffisantes pour assurer le fonctionnement de tels systèmes. Ce travail de thèse de doctorat traite donc des liaisons optiques SiGe / Si à faible coût en utilisant des dispositifs Photonique-Microondes tels que une source à Diode Electro-Luminescente (DEL) à avalanche en Silicium (SiAvLED) et Silicium-Germanium intégrée en technologie bipolaire, des guides d'ondes optiques en Nitrure de Silicium et en Oxyde de Silicium, des phototransistors bipolaires à hétérojonction (HPT) SiGe. Ce travail se concentre sur l'intégration combinée de sources optiques à l'échelle micrométrique, de guides d'ondes optiques et de détecteurs sur une même puce pour former une liaison de communication complète pour diverses applications iv impliquant des liaisons de courte longueur d'onde (750 nm à 950 nm). Les progrès fournis par ce travail par rapport aux travaux antérieurs pourraient être synthétisés comme suit:• La source optique, le guide d'ondes et le détecteur ont tous été intégrés et alignés sur la même puce, dans une technologie industrielle RF bipolaire SiGe 0,35μm, pour former une liaison optique ou optique micro-onde complète sur puce à la longueur d'onde de 750 nm.• Une série de liaisons de communication optique de deuxième génération de 50μm de longueur, utilisant des longueurs d'onde de propagation de 650 à 850 nm, a été conçue et réalisée en technologie SiGe bipolaire également. Des sources optiques, des guides d'ondes et des détecteurs de dimensions micrométriques ont tous été intégrés sur la même puce pour former une communication complète sur les liaisons micro-optiques. Des LED Si à base d'avalanche (Si Av LED), des contacts Schottky, des stratégies de densification TEOS, des guides d'ondes à base de Nitrure de Silicium et des technologies de détection bipolaire SiGe de pointe ont été utilisées comme stratégies de conception clés.• Le logiciel de simulation R-soft (Beam Prop) a été utilisé comme outil de simulation / We propose a low cost full-silicon optical links utilizing 650 – 850 nm propagation wavelengths. The creation of large-scale opto-electronic integrated circuits and optical data “highways” inCMOS integrated circuitry, utilizing Si CMOS compounds, have been envisioned and hold much promise [1] - [3] The latest attempts for realizing optoelectronic systems in CMOS technology have until now mainly been focused on utilizing wavelengths at 1550 nm [4] - [6], mainly because of the ease of design and fabrication of waveguides in this wavelength regime. However, no effective high-speed optical sources and Si detectors are available at this 1550nmwavelength. Today solutions to overcome the problem are mostly focused on the integration of group III-V elements based optical sources on Silicon through molecular bonding [7a] – [7b]. If optical sources, detectors, waveguides, and sensors could be realized on the same Si CMOS chip at, say, 750 nm wavelength, various low power consuming, light and miniature on-chip-based micro-photonic systems can be designed and realized. While Silicon optical sources may not yet be at the required performance level for very-high speed communications, the low cost “all silicon”opto-electronic systems still remain a great grail. These sources could lead as well to new field that could be appropriately named “Si photonic microsystems” opening the route to new sensing applications and products especially for the medical, biomedical optics, optical interconnect and bio-photonics field. These systems also do not require ultrahigh frequency bandwidths to transmit, and the emission powers of our avalanche Si light-emitting diodes(LEDs) may be sufficient to sustain the operation of such systems. This PhD thus deals with low cost SiGe/Si optical links using Microwave-Photonics devices such as, Bipolar integrated SiAvLED, Silicon Nitride and Silicon Oxide optical waveguides, SiGeHPTs, Si and SiGe/Si LEDs. It focuses on the combined integration of micron-scale optical sources, optical waveguides and detectors on the same chip to form a complete communication link for various applications involving short wavelength links (750nm to 950nm). The progress provided by this PhD to previous works could be synthesized as below:• Optical source, waveguide and the detector were all integrated and aligned on the same chip, in an industrial based technology, to form complete on-chip micro-optical links at750nm wavelength, with a SiGe radio frequency (RF) 0.35µm bipolar process.• A series of second generation of on-chip optical communication links of 50µm length, utilizing 650 – 850 nm propagation wavelengths, have been designed and realized inSiGe. Micron dimensioned optical sources, waveguides and detectors were all integrated ion the same chip to form a complete communication on-chip micro-optical links. Avalanche based Si LEDs (Si Av LEDs), Schottky contacting, TEOS densification strategies, Silicon-Nitride based waveguides, and state of the art SiGe bipolar detector technologies were used as key design strategies.• R-soft simulation software (Beam Prop) was used as a mathematical capable simulation tool to model various Silicon-Nitride optical waveguide structures, before the designing, the fabrication, characterization and testing of the device. Various device structures were modeled, simulation iterations were performed on several optical waveguide designed structures before the device design, and the devices were tested experimentally.• Best performances of the designed on-chip optical links show a conversion loss as low as30dB from source to detector with up to 500MHz in cut off frequency. The good alignment and the good efficiency of each device are then clearly achieved. Higher frequency performances are also envisaged from preliminary measurements

La présente étude concerne le domaine des systèmes de transmission par fibres optiques et plus particulièrement l’impact des différentes techniques de filtrage (optiques) sur les performances des systèmes de transmission optiques (métro, accès). En réception, ces systèmes présentent un filtre étroit, qui permet de filtrer le signal sans avoir à traiter le bruit dans la liaison. On considère généralement que l'étroitesse du filtre de réception est indispensable au bon fonctionnement d'une liaison sans répéteurs, et que la sensibilité de la liaison est d'autant plus grande que la largeur du filtre est proche de la limite théorique que constitue la largeur du spectre du signal émis. L'utilisation de tels filtres présente des contraintes. D'une part, les filtres présentent des pentes raides, et sont coûteux. D'autre part, un décalage de la longueur d'onde de l'émetteur est toujours possible, de sorte que la plupart des récepteurs comprennent des filtres de réception dont la longueur d'onde est asservie sur la longueur d'onde de l'émetteur. Pour un système de transmission à multiplexage en longueurs d'onde WDM, dans lequel plusieurs longueurs d'ondes distinctes peuvent être utilisées, ceci permet d’augmenter la capacité d’information transmise, mais pose cependant de réelles contraintes telle que la diaphonie entre voies. Les canaux sont multiplexés dans la même fibre puis filtrés à la réception par un filtre optique qui sert à la fois au démultiplexage des canaux et à un éventuel filtrage optique dans le spectre du canal étudié. Le filtre optique aura des paramètres variables : forme, bande passante, et longueur d’onde centrale, ensuite le canal ainsi filtré sera analysé par le récepteur. Ce dernier comprend une photodiode suivie d’un filtre électrique de la forme de la fonction de filtrage de type de Bessel d’ordre 5. La qualité de l’information sera évaluée, par le taux d’erreur binaire TEB. Dans ce travail de thèse nous proposons une analyse de l’impact des paramètres fondamentaux des filtres sur les performances d’une liaison par la simulation système. / This study relates to the field of optical transmission systems fibers and more particularly the impact of different filtering techniques (optical) on the performance of optical transmission systems (metro access). Reception, these systems have a narrow filter, which filters the signal without having to deal with the noise in the link. It is generally considered that the narrowness of the receiving filter is indispensable for the proper functioning of a link without repeaters, and the sensitivity of the link is even greater than the width of the filter is close to the theoretical limit that is the spectrum width of the transmitted signal. The use of such filters has constraints. Firstly, the filters have steep slopes, and are expensive. On the other hand, a shift of the wavelength of the emitter length is always possible, so that most of the receivers comprise receiving filters whose wavelength is locked to the wavelength of the transmitter. For a transmission system with wavelength multiplexing, wherein plural different wavelengths may be used, this allows to increase the capacity of information transmitted, but however poses real constraints such that crosstalk between channels. The channels are multiplexed in the same fiber and filtered upon receipt by an optical filter which is used both in the channels and demultiplexing a possible optical filter in the spectrum of the considered channel. The optical filter has variable parameters: shape, bandwidth, and center wavelength, then the channel will be filtered and analyzed by the receiver. It includes a photodiode followed by an electrical filter of the form of the filter function of order Bessel type 5. Quality information will be evaluated by the bit error rate BER.In this thesis we propose to analyze the impact of the fundamental parameters of the filters on the performance of an optical system.

This diploma thesis is focused on design and prototyping of wireless optical link for an indoor usage. In the beginning of the thesis frequency spectrums of infrared, visible and ultraviolet light are described by its typical qualities such as values of attenuation or reflection capability. On the basis of this analysis, a proper wavelength has been chosen for usage at the engineered communication system. Next part is devoted to selection of suitable communication components on basis of its declared qualities. In the following chapter this qualities are in carefully measured and after that they are compared with values provided by its manufacturer. The following section is devoted to design schemes of transceiver modules. After completion of the design the manufacturing of PCB, mounting components and the analysis of their distribution was described. The last part of this thesis deals with testing of created prototype in terms of maximum transmission distances and operating frequencies. At the very end of this project, in one small section ways to improve system characteristics was discussed.

Communication via fiber optical cable (links) is the latest advancement of the transmission media currently used for data transmission. Despite initial problems, using of this medium in recent years has greatly expanded due to their indisputable advantages. Optical cable is a great combination of reliability and security of data transfer. Its constantly improving transmission parameters contribute to the high speeds in the long-distance transmission of data. In the theoretical part of this work some kinds of optical cables are mentioned, also the most important parameters and the most widely used methods of measurement of these cables. Apart from that other methods of joining optical cables and the most used types of optical cables are also mentioned. The values of the decline and reflection, which are led into the device after connecting these parts into the optical lines. The device using the measuring method of the reverse reflection is also described in this thesis altogether with its most important parts and the way of the display of the measured track on the graphic image of the device. The problematics of identification and decline dead zone and the factors influencing the lenght of dead zone – the ability to identify two independent events on the link patchcord of the variable lenght, is also described in details in this thesis. In the practical part a series of measurements and evaluation (numerical and graphical) of the measured values of decline lenghts and identificating dead zones of the OTDR device will be carried out.

This master’s thesis is focused on behaviour of the TCP/IP protocol on free-space optical link which is affected by the effect of atmospheric turbulence. This causes fluctuation of the received optical power and therefor bit error rate changes. In the simulation model short-time bit error rate is calculated from random generated received optical signal and then used in time-domain analysis of the OMNeT++ network simulator. A buffer in transmitter is designed based on simulation results. It pauses the data transmitting in cases of FSO link outage. This method is then implemented into FPGA device.

Dizertačná práca pojednáva o vlnových a elektromagnetických javoch, ku ktorým dochádza pri zatienení eliptického Gausovského zväzku kruhovou apretúrou. Najprv boli z Huygensovho-Fresnelovho princípu odvodené dva modely Fresnelovej difrakcie. Tieto modely poskytli nástroj pre zavedenie kontrastu difrakčného obrazca ako veličiny, ktorá kvantifikuje vplyv difrakčných javov na prevádzkové parametre optického spoja. Následne, pomocou nástrojov elektromagnetickej teórie svetla, boli odvodené štyri výrazy (dva presné a dva aproximatívne) popisujúce geometrický útlm optického spoja. Zároveň boli skúmané tri rôzne prípady odsmerovania zväzku - priečne posunutie a uhlové odsmerovanie vysielača, resp. prijímača. Bol odvodený výraz, ktorý tieto prípady kvantifikuje ako útlm elipticky symetrického Gausovského zväzku. Všetky vyššie uvedené modely boli overené v laboratórnych podmienkach, aby sa vylúčil vplyv iných javov. Nakoniec práca pojednáva o návrhu plne fotonického optického terminálu. Najprv bol ukázaný návrh optického vysielača nasledovaný vývojom optomechanickej sústavy prijímača. Pomocou nástrojov geometrickej a maticovej optiky boli vypočítané parametre spoja a odhad tolerancie pri zamierení spoja.

This master’s thesis is focused on behaviour of the TCP/IP protocol on free-space optical link which is affected by the effect of atmospheric turbulence. This causes fluctuation of the received optical power and therefor bit error rate changes. In the simulation model short-time bit error rate is calculated from random generated received optical signal and then used in time-domain analysis of the OMNeT++ network simulator. A buffer in transmitter is designed based on simulation results. It pauses the data transmitting in cases of FSO link outage. This method is then implemented into FPGA device.

Most modern clock and data recovery circuits (CDR) are based on analog blocks that need to be redesigned whenever the technology process is to be changed. On the other hand, CDR based blind oversampling architecture (BO-CDR) can be completely designed in a digital process which makes its migration very simple. The main disadvantages of the BO-CDR that are usually mentioned in a literature are complexity of its digital circuitry and finite phase resolution resulting in larger jitter sensitivity and higher error rate. This thesis will show that those problems can be solved by designing a new algorithm of BO-CDR and subsequent optimization. For this task an FPGA was selected as simulation and verification platform. This enables to change parameters of the optimized circuit in real time while measuring on real links (unlike a simulation using inaccurate link models). The output of this optimization is a new BO-CDR algorithm with heavily reduced complexity and very low error rate. A new FPGA-based method of jitter measurement was developed (primary for CDR analysis), which enables a quick link characterization without using probing or additional equipment. The new method requires only a minimum usage of FPGA resources. Finally, new measurement equipment was developed to measure bit error distribution on FSO links to be able to develop a suitable error correction scheme based on ARQ protocol.