Yes / Although the eurozone sovereign debt crisis took many by surprise following the Global Financial Crisis induced Great Recession, this chapter argues that this was an accident waiting to happen with unjustified emphasis placed upon unproven rules and institutions derived from contemporary neoliberal macroeconomic thinking. First, recent developments in macroeconomic are discussed and evaluated in terms of the so-called New Consensus Macroeconomics (NCM) that forms the current mainstream macroeconomic model comprising a blend of New Classical and New Keynesian theories is through adopting the rational behaviour hypothesis and supply-side-determined long-term equilibrium of output. A particular feature of these ideas is the inclusion of rules and institutions that are perceived to result in time consistent policymaking through essentially binding politicians from undertaking in non-optimal behaviour for either opportunistic, partisan or non-rational expectations reasons. Second, in addition to the general backdrop of macroeconomics the chapter considers the notion of a monetary union between countries under the rubric of both exogenous and endogenous Optimum Currency Area (OCA) theory. This combination of theoretical propositions form the bedrock of the eurozone where the TEU convergence criteria and SGP form the rules, while the European Central Bank is the key institution tasked with delivering low and stable price inflation. However, although these notions have become the staple diet of a generation of mainstream economists they comprehensively failed to insulate the eurozone from its sovereign debt crisis.

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In this thesis, optimization of production of lipolytic enzymes by submerzed cultivation of Bacillus subtilis (BS) was studied. Production of lipolytic enzymes was tested in three nutrient media, which differed mainly in main sources of carbon, respectively of nitrogen. The first medium contained mainly extract from calf brain and beef heart (BHIB), the second medium contained peptone and yeast extract (NB) and the third one contained peptone and yeast extract with the addition of 2% (w/v) glucose (NBG). The highest lipolytic activity (0.0784 Uml-1) was measured in NBG medium. Maximum of lipolytic activity was observed before the end of the exponential phase of BS growth in all the media. Temperature optimum in NBG medium was determined from 30 to 50 °C, pH optimum in the range of 5 to 11 and subsequently the temperature stability of lipolytic enzymes produced by the BS was estimated. The activity value was determined spectrometrically using p-nitrophenyllaurate as a substrate. Produced lipolytic enzymes showed maximum activity at 37 °C in the alkaline pH of 8.0. Measurement of temperature stability showed that lipolytic enzymes are relatively thermostable enzymes retaining 100 % of the activity even after 1 hour of cultivation at 30 - 50 °C. The presence of 1% (w/v) olive oil in medium NBG caused a decrease in lipolytic activity by 65 % as well as in pH from 6.5 to 5.4 after 14 days of cultivation. After substitution of glucose by fructose in medium NBG, lipolytic activity showed comparable values during the first week of cultivation. On the other hand, the decrease of lipolytic activity by 29 % in the medium with fructose was observed after 14 days of cultivation. A procedure for the identification of lipolytic enzymes of BS by peptide massfingerprinting was developed to understand the potential of synthetic polyester - poly(e-caprolactone) as a lipase inductor. Degradation study of commercial polyester poly(e-caprolactone) was carried out by submerged cultivation of Bacillus subtilis in NBG medium at initial pH 7.0 and 30 °C for 14 days. PCL (Mn = 10,000, Mw = 14 000) was studied in the form of films (1.0 x 1.0 cm), which were prepared by melt-pressing, rapid cooling of the melt to 4 °C and evaporation of the solvent from 2 % dichlormethane solution. The evaluation of the films shown occurrence of weight loss (7.8 - 17.0 wt.%) together with the formation of numerous holes and cracks in the sample surface in relation to the method of the films preparation. Lipolytic activity values increased by 9 - 17 % in the degradation media compared to control samples. Densitometric monitoring showed also higher increase in cell mass in the degradation medium compared with control samples. Based on the results obtained, the degradation process induced by BS could be suggested.

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Vaste plateau de grès découpé d'innombrables vallées sèches au sein du Sahara oriental, le Gilf el-Kebir a servi de zone refuge pendant l'optimum holocène, d'environ 8000 à 4000 avant notre ère. Les données archéologiques permettent de restituer les pratiques quotidiennes et les stratégies de moyen ou long terme des groupes ayant fréquenté la région pendant cet intervalle. L'habitat et la mobilité, la gestion des ressources et approvisionnements et l'organisation des activités sont autant de témoins de la relation de l'homme à son environnement, et de la façon dont il l'exploite pour ses besoins. Au Gilf el-Kebir, l'appropriation de la nature se traduit en termes matériels et idéels. Au VIe millénaire avant notre ère, l'adoption du pastoralisme implique des changements sur le plan de l'économie domestique, de l'organisation sociale et des symboles. Sur les parois des abris du nord-ouest, l'art rupestre traduit en images la façon dont l'homme conceptualise sa place et son rôle au sein de son environnement. Les figurations atypiques de bêtes mi-homme mi-animal participent à notre compréhension des procès de socialisation de la nature. / With its foothills carved by numerous dry valleys, the sandstone plateau of the Gilf el-Kebir has been used as a refuge area in the Eastern Sahara during the Holocene optimum, from around 8000 to 4000 Be. Archaeological data allow understanding the daily practices and also the medium- and long-term strategies of the groups who settled in the region. Housing and mobility, management of resources and procurement and organization of the activities are ail witnesses of the relationship of man to his environment, and how he uses it for his needs. In the Gilf el-Kebir, the appropriation of nature is reflected in the material and conceptual fields. During the VIth millennium BC, the adoption of cattle pastoralism involves changes both in domestic economies and in social and symbolic life. In the northwestern shelters, rock art translates into images the conception that the painters and the engravers had of their own place and role among their environment. The atypical representations of half-human half-animal beasts take part in our understanding of the process for socializing nature.

On étudie une équation différentielle stochastique animée par un processus ponctuel de Poisson, qui modélise un changement continu de lénvironnement d'une population et la fixation stochastique de mutations bénéfiques pour compenser ce changement. La probabilité de fixation d'une mutation augmente dès que le retard phénotypique $X_t$ entre la population et l'optimum augmente. On suppose que les mutations favorables se fixent instantanément induisant un saut adaptatif. En premier lieu, on a étudié le comportement à long terme de la solution de cette équation sachant qu'on ne considère qu'un seul trait phénotypique de la population et on a trouvé les conditions sous lesquelles $X_t$ est récurrent (possibilité de survie) ou transient (extinction inévitable). Ensuite, on a généralisé nos résultats en considérant un vecteur de traits phénotypiques de la population, essentiellement dans $mathbb R^2$. A la fin, on introduit une limite des petits sauts pour caractériser et comprendre le cas récurrent. / We study a stochastic differential equation driven by a Poisson point process, which models continuous changes in a population's environment, as well as the stochastic fixation of beneficial mutations that might compensate for this change. The fixation probability of a given mutation increases as the phenotypic lag $X_t$ between the population and the optimum grows larger, and successful mutations are assumed to fix instantaneously (leading to an adaptive jump). First, we study the large time behavior of the solution of this SDE taking into consideration one phenotypic trait of the population and we find the conditions under which $X_t$ is recurrent (possibility of survival) or transient (doomed to exctinction).Then we generalize our results to the case of a phenotypic traits vector, essentially in $R^2$. Finally, we introduce a small jumps limit to characterize and understand the recurrent case.

Diploma thesis, European Monetary Union, its Development and the Future, deals with the reasons, which ultimately led to the foundation of the later European Union and afterwards the European Monetary Union. The journey, which leads up to the present where we are now, lasted for several decades. The experience with the two World Wars on the European territory was the sufficient reason why the European countries embarked on this common journey. In the first part this thesis offers the insight into the past. In short, the most important historical milestones on this road, leading towards the European, respectively the European Monetary Union, are suggested here. The second part of this thesis focuses on current problems of the European Monetary Union. The individual European macroeconomic indicators are compared with the results obtained overseas, particularly in the U.S.A. and Japan. Ultimately, it appears that the EU in comparison especially with the U.S.A. is lagging behind in some indicators. Another part of the thesis is dedicated to the optimum currency area. Is therefore the European Monetary Union the optimum currency area? A few indicators give again the answer to this question. The resulting values of the indicators show that the European Monetary Union is not the optimum currency area today. The reasons can be found particularly in the political than the economic area. Therefore, there is lots of work waiting for the European politicians, officials, but also ordinary citizens, and it will be only up to them, which way the European Union sets out.

The goal is to describe the evolution of welfare economics from its beginnings to the present, to draw attention to the pitfalls of the various views and orientations, to evaluate the applicability of new welfare economics in terms of real economy and the example of the Republic or other countries (or EU) to indicate the possibilities of welfare economics or its part in practice, including positive and negative impacts on the economy and society. In the first part, which is part of the theoretical problems described welfare economics, and is also outlined the development of welfare economics. In the second part of the problem is applied to housing issues. Outlined here are the current problems associated with this phenomenon. The problem is under consideration from the perspective of welfare economics and its possible applications.

La forte hausse des rendements agricoles, observée tout au long des 150 dernières années, est, pour une large part, due à l’amélioration des variétés, résultant elle-même essentiellement de processus de recherche et développement. L’optimalité sociale de l’effort de recherche entrepris par les firmes de ce secteur, ainsi que des institutions encadrant l’activité de recherche, constituent un sujet important pour les politiques publiques. L’objet de cette thèse est de contribuer à éclairer cette question, en s’efforçant de tenir compte de l’impact sur l’environnement de l’innovation en matière de variétés agricoles. Nous examinons ce sujet à travers trois prismes différents : celui de l’innovation en tant que telle, celui du processus de recherche, et celui du cadre institutionnel offert aux entreprises de recherche. Nous montrons que la prise en compte des effets environnementaux de la recherche en modifie les optima, et devrait donc conduire à une adaptation du cadre incitatif et règlementaire. / The sharp increase in agricultural yields in the past 150 years owes a lot to the improvement of plant varieties, which, to large extent, is the result of the research and development process. Whether the research and development effort undertaken by firms operating in this sector and institutions regulating research are socially optimal is an important question for public policies. This thesis aims to contribute to tackling this issue, and its main contribution is to endeavor to account for the impact of crop innovation on the environment. We address the question through three different perspectives: innovation per se, the research and development process, and the institutional framework available to research firms. We show that environmental externalities of research significantly modify social optima.

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