Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 462116.pdf: 1482130 bytes, checksum: 5db5ac497c9ff6bb0ae1f461cf9b9c4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-20 / Playing the role of a prayerful reader, whether a member of the Catholic Church or not, the individual elaborates his own speech (free prayers) and/or uses the texts that are already done and available for use (canonical prayers). In the later case, he identifies himself as the self in the prayer, and make use of the text as if it were his own, and while enunciates it, gives the speech his own unique meaning. From this view, issues concerning the linguistic phenomena of enunciation, more specifically, the enunciation of Catholic Church s canonic prayer are raise and we aim to access how these enunciative approaches may be designed (elements and concepts); in a way we can perceive the otherness manifestation in the process; which may be understood as repeatable or unrepeatable in this kind of enunciation, which differentiates this kind of enunciation from an ordinary one. All this reflection is based on the principles of the theory developed by Oswald Ducrot Teoria da Argumenta??o na L?ngua (ANL) as it concerns to this matter, so as in the fundaments found on the base of his studies (Saussure and Benveniste) and texts from his pupils i.e. the researcher Carrel. This theory was chosen as the starting point for our investigation due to its objectivity, coherence, and precision the language aspects study, dismissing the need of resorting to aspects external to it. The corpus selected to our discussion is limited to canonic prayers from the Catholic Church, such as the Our Father and Hail Mary, among others aimed to the saints. After considering the occurrence of this enunciation, comparing to the ideas of the scholars presented on the theoretical basis of this work, we noticed that: the concept of the elements from the catholic enunciation distinguishes in some aspect from those that are nor present in the ordinary enunciation; the speaker and the structure of the praying texts respond for the otherness which rises in the enunciative approach; we notice and explain the repeatability and unrepeatability process in the enunciation of this kind of text; we argue the speaker s discursive attitudes and the impossibility of a reversibility process between speaker and the one he is reaching for, and, finally we propose other investigations on the subject hereby studied: the enunciation of texts elaborated and put into use in the language. / Desempenhando o papel de locutor orante, membro ou n?o da Igreja Cat?lica, o indiv?duo elabora seu pr?prio discurso (ora??es abertas) e/ou faz uso de textos j? prontos e dispon?veis para uso (ora??es can?nicas). Nesse ?ltimo caso, ele se identifica com o eu da ora??o, apropria-se do texto como se fosse elabora??o sua, e ao enunci?-lo atribui ao discurso um sentido pr?prio, ?nico. Sob esse olhar, levantamos inquieta??es acerca do fen?meno lingu?stico da enuncia??o, mais especificamente, a enuncia??o de ora??es can?nicas da Igreja Cat?lica, a fim de verificarmos o seguinte: como essa abordagem enunciativa pode ser delineada (elementos e conceitos); de que maneira percebemos a manifesta??o da alteridade nesse processo; o que entendemos como repet?vel ou irrepet?vel nesse tipo de enuncia??o; e o que diferencia esse tipo de enuncia??o de uma enuncia??o ordin?ria. Toda essa reflex?o ? alicer?ada em princ?pios da teoria desenvolvida por Oswald Ducrot Teoria da Argumenta??o na L?ngua (ANL), no que diz respeito ? quest?o, como tamb?m em fundamentos encontrados na base de seus estudos (Saussure e Benveniste) e estudos de disc?pulos seus, a exemplo da pesquisadora Carel. Escolhemos essa teoria como ponto de partida para nossa investiga??o pela sua objetividade, coer?ncia, precis?o no estudo de aspectos da linguagem, sem termos que recorrer a aspectos externos a essa. O corpus selecionado para nossas discuss?es ? restrito a ora??es can?nicas da Igreja Cat?lica, como: Pai-Nosso, Ave-Maria, entre outras direcionadas a santos. Ap?s pensarmos na ocorr?ncia dessa forma de enuncia??o, comparando-a com as ideias dos estudiosos apresentados na fundamenta??o te?rica deste trabalho, constatamos que: os conceitos dos elementos da enuncia??o de ora??es can?nicas se distinguem em algum aspecto dos que s?o apresentados para uma enuncia??o ordin?ria; o locutor e a estrutura dos textos oracionais respondem pela alteridade que se manifesta nessa abordagem enunciativa; percebemos e explicamos o processo de repetibilidade e irrepetibilidade na enuncia??o desse tipo de texto; discorremos sobre as atitudes discursivas do locutor e a impossibilidade do processo de reversibilidade de papeis entre locutor e alocut?rio; e por fim apresentamos propostas para outras investiga??es sobre o tema aqui em estudo: a enuncia??o de textos prontos e postos na l?ngua para uso.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AuriceliaM.pdf: 273657 bytes, checksum: fb36a51df3f6b125ff330476ce2ea2fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Based on North American Functional Linguistic Theory, our proposal is to describe and analyze the use of verb CHEGAR in verbal periphrasis such as [CHEGAR (E) + V2], where CHEGAR does not demonstrate a significance linked to physical movement. In linguistic literature, such periphrasis has been attributed several functions, related to aspectualization, emphasis of negative segments, and construction of mental spaces, among others. This study considers that the function of verb CHEGAR in the periphrasis in question is to indicate a global aspect, emphasizing a range of semantic-pragmatic nuances such as the sudden, instantaneous, or even abrupt character of the events refered to by the principal verb of the construction (V2), and/or the taking of initiative (sudden) by the agent (in the syntactic role of periphrastic subject), and/or subjective evaluations which go from surprise to frustration. Our objectives are the following: i) to describe and analyze the semanticpragmatic, morphosyntactic and social relationships which characterize the use of CHEGAR in verbal periphrases like [CHEGAR (E) + V2] and in coordinated/juxtaposed speech in which CHEGAR is the principal verb of the first utterance and is an elocution verb and the principal verb of the second; ii) identify, based on this description and analysis, synchrony proof in the grammaticalization of CHEGAR as an auxiliary verb in the periphrasis refered to. There was observed to be a strong similarity between coordinate/juxtaposed and periphrastic constructions. Such similarities strengthen the hypothesis that the use of CHEGAR as a lexical verb in coordinate/juxtaposed structures is the origin of the use of CHEGAR in the periphrastic structure, since the many properties encountered with higher frequency in lexical use are also just as frequently used as auxiliaries. Nevertheless, between the two constructions being studied, sufficient difference can be observed to see that CHEGAR, in the periphrasis [CHEGAR (E) V2], is behaving like an auxiliary verb, and shows typical properties of these types of verbs: i) in 100% of occurrences, it does not have a complement;ii) it has a co-referential subject in 100% of cases; iii) it does not appear with intervening material between it and V2. Besides this, CHEGAR, in periphrases, is predominant in nonneutral evaluation contexts, denoted by V2. Inspired by the results obtained, we propose strategies for the discussion of the [CHEGAR (E) V2] periphrases in both elementary and high schools. / Com base no referencial te?rico do Funcionalismo Ling??stico norte-americano, nossa proposta ? descrever e analisar o uso do verbo CHEGAR em per?frases verbais do tipo [CHEGAR (E) + V2], em que CHEGAR n?o manifesta significado ligado a movimento f?sico. Na literatura ling??stica, a tais per?frases t?m sido atribu?das fun??es variadas, relacionadas ? aspectualiza??o, ? ?nfase de trechos narrativos e ? constru??o de espa?os mentais, entre outras. Neste estudo, consideramos que a fun??o do verbo CHEGAR nas per?frases em quest?o ? indicar aspecto global, ressaltando um leque de nuan?as sem?ntico-pragm?ticas como o car?ter repentino, instant?neo ou at? brusco do evento referido pelo verbo principal da constru??o (V2), e/ou a tomada de iniciativa (s?bita) do agente (no papel sint?tico de sujeito da per?frase), e/ou avalia??es subjetivas que v?o da surpresa ? frustra??o. Nossos objetivos s?o: (i) descrever e analisar as rela??es sem?nticopragm?ticas, morfossint?ticas e sociais que caracterizam o uso de CHEGAR em per?frases verbais do tipo [CHEGAR (E) + V2] e em ora??es coordenadas/justapostas em que CHEGAR ? o verbo principal da primeira ora??o e um verbo de elocu??o ? o verbo principal da segunda ora??o; (i) identificar, com base nessa descri??o e an?lise, ind?cios sincr?nicos da gramaticaliza??o de CHEGAR como verbo auxiliar nas referidas per?frases. Observamos haver forte similaridade entre as constru??es coordenadas/justapostas e perifr?sticas. Tais similaridades fortalecem a hip?tese de que o uso de CHEGAR como verbo lexical na estrutura coordenada/justaposta ? a fonte dos usos de CHEGAR na estrutura perifr?stica, uma vez que v?rias das propriedades que encontramos com grande freq??ncia no uso lexical est?o tamb?m presentes com grande freq??ncia no uso auxiliar. Todavia, entre as duas constru??es sob enfoque observam-se diferen?as suficientes para se considerar que CHEGAR, na per?frase [CHEGAR (E) V2], comporta-se como verbo auxiliar, pois manifesta propriedades t?picas desse tipo de verbos: (i) n?o seleciona complemento em 100% das ocorr?ncias; (ii) possui sujeito correferencial ao de V2 em 100% das ocorr?ncias; (iii) n?o aparece com material interveniente entre si e V2. Com inspira??o nos resultados obtidos, propusemos estrat?gias para a abordagem da per?frase [CHEGAR (E) V2] nas escolas de n?vel fundamental e m?dio.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-08T14:19:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Viviane Mendes da Cunha.pdf: 9118947 bytes, checksum: b33e6b4db67ab4e500e4703d51240b75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-08T14:19:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Viviane Mendes da Cunha.pdf: 9118947 bytes, checksum: b33e6b4db67ab4e500e4703d51240b75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This work aims to present a proposal for a pedagogical intervention for the study and use of relative pronouns and relative sentences - traditionally considered adjective subordinate clauses. This proposal was drafted from a diagnosis made in 2014 in an elementary public school in the municipality of Itagua? / RJ, with three segments: teacher, student and textbook. Compared to the first segment, we relied on responses from a questionnaire applied to the school teachers, to get to know their beliefs and attitudes regarding the use and study of this linguistic phenomenon; with the students, all of them ninth graders, we proceeded to the analysis of essays produced by them in 2014 to verify the actual use made of these pronouns and clauses; regarding the textbook of Portuguese, adopted by the school unit, we examined the methodological basis underlying the didactic proposal offered by this feature with regard to pronouns and mentioned sentences. The results obtained from the diagnosis showed that teachers recognize that among the sentences prescribed by the standard norm, students use frequently in speech and writing, the structures that do not require preposition, such as "The book which I bought is torn" and "I know the guy who appeared in the newspaper," but they do not know, and therefore do not use constructs such as "That's the teacher whom I like best", in whose place they produce sentences like "This is the teacher I like best" and "This is the teacher that I like better him", which diverge from this idealized standard. The essays used for the diagnosis confirm this teachers? intuition, not occurring, in these texts, just the kind of relative of the last example. The analysis of textbooks has shown that this teaching resource hardly explores the actual use of such syntactic structures, focusing on normative precept. As for pedagogical intervention itself, we relied on the model of Bortoni-Ricardo continuous (2004 e 2005), with emphasis on continuous monitoring stylistic, situated in the perspective of the language in use (Mollica and Roncarati, 2014; Oliveira and Coelho, 2003; Melo, Cyranka and Silva, 2010; Martins and Moura, 2014; Bortoni-Ricardo, 2005), and in the didactic proposal for collaborative learning of Moran, Masetto and Behrens (2013). / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de interven??o pedag?gica para o estudo e uso dos pronomes relativos e das senten?as relativas ? consideradas tradicionalmente ora??es subordinadas adjetivas. Tal proposta foi elaborada a partir de um diagn?stico realizado no ano de 2014, em uma escola p?blica de ensino fundamental do munic?pio de Itagua? / RJ, com tr?s segmentos: professor, aluno e livro did?tico. Em rela??o ao primeiro segmento, baseamo-nos nas respostas de um question?rio, aplicado aos docentes da referida escola, para conhecer as cren?as e atitudes deles quanto ao uso e estudo desse fen?meno lingu?stico; com os discentes, todos do nono ano, procedemos ? an?lise de reda??es produzidas por eles em 2014, para verificar o real uso que fazem desses pronomes e dessas ora??es; no tocante ao livro did?tico de L?ngua Portuguesa, adotado pela unidade escolar, examinamos a fundamenta??o metodol?gica que subjaz ? proposta did?tica oferecida por esse recurso no que se refere aos pronomes e senten?as mencionados. Os resultados obtidos a partir do diagn?stico mostraram que os professores reconhecem que, entre as senten?as prescritas pela norma padr?o, os alunos usam com frequ?ncia, na fala e na escrita, as estruturas que n?o exigem preposi??o, como ?O livro que comprei est? rasgado? e ?Conhe?o o rapaz que apareceu no jornal?, mas n?o conhecem, e, por isso, n?o utilizam constru??es como ?Esse ? o professor de que / do qual mais gosto?, no lugar da qual produzem per?odos do tipo ?Esse ? o professor que mais gosto? e ?Esse ? o professor que mais gosto dele?, que destoam dessa norma idealizada. As reda??es usadas para o diagn?stico confirmam essa intui??o dos professores, n?o ocorrendo, nesses textos, apenas o tipo de relativa do ?ltimo exemplo. A an?lise do livro did?tico mostrou que esse recurso did?tico pouco explora o uso real de tais estruturas sint?ticas, privilegiando a prescri??o normativa. Quanto ? interven??o pedag?gica propriamente dita, apoiamo-nos no modelo dos cont?nuos de Bortoni-Ricardo (2004 e 2005), com ?nfase no cont?nuo de monitora??o estil?stica, situado na perspectiva da linguagem em uso (Mollica e Roncarati, 2014; Oliveira e Coelho, 2003; Melo, Cyranka e Silva, 2010; Martins e Moura, 2014; Bortoni-Ricardo, 2005), e na proposta did?tica de aprendizagem colaborativa de Moran, Masetto e Behrens (2013).

This research examines how, when and why the Romans assigned and defined the tasks of preparing and commanding fleets during the Republic. In doing so, it brings new evidence to bear on the wider debates about the nature of the prouincia and the institutional and administrative development of the Roman empire. The communis opinio is that a prouincia originally represented a functional “sphere of operation” that was allotted or assigned to a magistrate and that it only later developed a geographical meaning with territorial connotations through the process of “provincialisation.” This research challenges that view through an analysis of the evidence for the definition, assignment and practical use of the prouincia classis and other prouinciae connected with the command of fleets. Drawing upon and analysing the lists of administrative arrangements to be found in the “annalistic” sections of the surviving books of Livy’s History, it argues that prouinciae were defined in specific geographical and functional terms long before the development of permanent territorial empire. This offers a new perspective which points to and elucidates the flexible use of the prouincia as a means of separating magistrates and promagistrates in space or by function in space. It argues that the rationale for this was to limit conflicts between commanders over command and triumphal rights. By combining evidence from a wide range of sources after the loss of Livy’s History from 167, the research shows that the above rationale for demarcating prouinciae still applied in the first century B.C. However, it also demonstrates that there were significant changes with the assignment of vast Mediterranean-wide naval prouinciae in the first half of the first century B.C. It argues that the definition of these prouinciae was made possible by the development of a singular collective Mediterranean-wide ora maritima, which was brought about by the Romans’ increasing “acknowledgement of empire.” The negative political and institutional implications of these developments are also assessed. Finally, in discussing the above, this research also provides new insights into the role and auctoritas of the Senate, the function and freedom of magistrates, and the Romans’ conceptualisation of their empire.