Anthocyanins have been shown to possess specific antioxidant capacities, which may provide an underlying protective effect against many chronic diseases . Although the antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins has been well established, less is known about the extent to which specific anthocyanin composition affects total antioxidant capacity . The aim of the present study was to compare the antioxidant capacity of two different soft fruits, blackcurrant and grape, which have distinctly different anthocyanin profiles. The anthocyanin profiles of grape and blackcurrant were characterized by HPLC/MS coupled with a diode array detector. Results showed that blackcurrant contained four predominant anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and delphinidin 3-rutinoside . In contrast, malvidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin 3- glucoside were the major anthocyanins found in grape . The concentration of individual anthocyanins in all berries was quantified with HPLC/UV using cyanidin 3-glucoside as an external standard . Finally, results showed a greater (p<0.05) antioxidant capacity of blackcurrant compared to grape. The total antioxidant capacity of crude extracts from each was measured by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and ABTS assays. Anthocyanin antioxidant capacity index (AACI), derived from the product of antioxidant (ORAC) activity for each of major anthocyanin present in blackcurrant and grape, was also used to determine whether the antioxidant capacity of crude anthocyanin fractions represents either the sum total anthocyanin content or, alternatively, a synergy between different anthocyanins components . Our results indicated that a plausible potential synergy between anthocyanin components in regards to ORAC antioxidant capacity existed in blackcurrant and grape semi-purified anthocyanin extracts. Furthermore, it could be concluded that both total anthocyanin content as well as the composition of individual anthocyanins in soft fruits is important to assess total antioxidant capacity of different berry sources .

Anthocyanins have been shown to possess specific antioxidant capacities, which may provide an underlying protective effect against many chronic diseases . Although the antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins has been well established, less is known about the extent to which specific anthocyanin composition affects total antioxidant capacity . The aim of the present study was to compare the antioxidant capacity of two different soft fruits, blackcurrant and grape, which have distinctly different anthocyanin profiles. The anthocyanin profiles of grape and blackcurrant were characterized by HPLC/MS coupled with a diode array detector. Results showed that blackcurrant contained four predominant anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and delphinidin 3-rutinoside . In contrast, malvidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin 3- glucoside were the major anthocyanins found in grape . The concentration of individual anthocyanins in all berries was quantified with HPLC/UV using cyanidin 3-glucoside as an external standard . Finally, results showed a greater (p<0.05) antioxidant capacity of blackcurrant compared to grape. The total antioxidant capacity of crude extracts from each was measured by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and ABTS assays. Anthocyanin antioxidant capacity index (AACI), derived from the product of antioxidant (ORAC) activity for each of major anthocyanin present in blackcurrant and grape, was also used to determine whether the antioxidant capacity of crude anthocyanin fractions represents either the sum total anthocyanin content or, alternatively, a synergy between different anthocyanins components . Our results indicated that a plausible potential synergy between anthocyanin components in regards to ORAC antioxidant capacity existed in blackcurrant and grape semi-purified anthocyanin extracts. Furthermore, it could be concluded that both total anthocyanin content as well as the composition of individual anthocyanins in soft fruits is important to assess total antioxidant capacity of different berry sources .

Anthocyanins have been shown to possess specific antioxidant capacities, which may provide an underlying protective effect against many chronic diseases . Although the antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins has been well established, less is known about the extent to which specific anthocyanin composition affects total antioxidant capacity . The aim of the present study was to compare the antioxidant capacity of two different soft fruits, blackcurrant and grape, which have distinctly different anthocyanin profiles. The anthocyanin profiles of grape and blackcurrant were characterized by HPLC/MS coupled with a diode array detector. Results showed that blackcurrant contained four predominant anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and delphinidin 3-rutinoside . In contrast, malvidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin 3- glucoside were the major anthocyanins found in grape . The concentration of individual anthocyanins in all berries was quantified with HPLC/UV using cyanidin 3-glucoside as an external standard . Finally, results showed a greater (p<0.05) antioxidant capacity of blackcurrant compared to grape. The total antioxidant capacity of crude extracts from each was measured by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and ABTS assays. Anthocyanin antioxidant capacity index (AACI), derived from the product of antioxidant (ORAC) activity for each of major anthocyanin present in blackcurrant and grape, was also used to determine whether the antioxidant capacity of crude anthocyanin fractions represents either the sum total anthocyanin content or, alternatively, a synergy between different anthocyanins components . Our results indicated that a plausible potential synergy between anthocyanin components in regards to ORAC antioxidant capacity existed in blackcurrant and grape semi-purified anthocyanin extracts. Furthermore, it could be concluded that both total anthocyanin content as well as the composition of individual anthocyanins in soft fruits is important to assess total antioxidant capacity of different berry sources . / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Vaccinium cyanococcus, most commonly known as blueberry, is a fruit native to North America that is known for its unique taste and high antioxidant content. The skin, seed and juice of both organically and conventionally grown blueberry extract were analyzed for antioxidant content using both the Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assays. Results from the Hydrophilic ORAC test showed that conventionally grown blue berries had a higher antioxidant capacity across all samples, while the Lipophilic ORAC assay showed that the antioxidant concentration of organically cultivated blueberry juice was highest, but conventionally grown blueberry seed and skin extract showed higher antioxidant content. The vitamin C content of both conventional and organic blueberries were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), where the organic blueberries showed a higher vitamin C concentration. In general, both organic and conventional blueberries are rich in antioxidants, and therefore, possess potential health benefits that require further study.

Os radicais livres são espécies químicas que reagem rapidamente com diversos compostos e alvos celulares, por possuírem tempo de meia vida muito curto e serem espécies altamente instáveis. A formação destes compostos constitui uma ação contínua e fisiológica, cumprindo funções biológicas essenciais as quais ocorrem pela perda ou adição de um único elétron a um composto não radicalar. Estas reações podem ocorrer em processos bioquímicos do sistema imune ou químicos, causando prejuízo às células através da destruição de componentes, como proteínas, lipídios, açúcares e nucleotídeos. Sabe-se que existem compostos que são efetivos contra tais espécies, prevenindo os danos provocados pelo estresse oxidativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar compostos heterocíclicos que possuam nitrogênio em sua estrutura (azóis), que figuram na literatura como moléculas exemplares de compostos de aplicação farmacológica de amplo espectro. Dentre estes compostos foram analisados os derivados de pirazóis (26 compostos), tiazóis (7 compostos) e 1 isoxazol (3,5-dimetilisoxazol). Estes 34 compostos foram avaliados pela metodologia ORAC (Capacidade de Absorção de Radicais Oxigênio) a fim de determinar e/ou de avaliar seu potencial antioxidante. A escolha do método ORAC se deu pelo fato das moléculas estudadas apresentarem características hidrofílicas e lipofílicas, além de ser um método validado pela literatura, disponível e de ampla aplicação. O método ORAC avalia a capacidade antioxidante da amostra, medindo sua habilidade de proteger a fluoresceína (FL) da oxidação pelo AAPH no meio reacional. O AAPH é um gerador de radicais livres que a 37°C retira hidrogênio do meio, promovendo a redução da fluorescência da fluoresceína em &#955; medido pelo tempo. Seis compostos apresentaram atividade antioxidante de boa à moderada: 3,5-dimetil-1H-pirazol (2.382 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 3-fenil-5-(4-fluorfenil)-1-tiocarbamoil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol (6.354 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 3-fenil-5-(2-metoxifenil)-1-tiocarbamoil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol (8.739 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 5-(2,4-diclorofenil)-3-fenil-1-tiocarbamoil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol (6.022,226 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 2-[5-(4-metoxifenil)-3-fenil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol-1-il]-4-feniltiazol (3.135 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); e finalmente 2-[5-(3-nitrofenil)-3-fenil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol-1-il]-4-feniltiazol (2.700 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g). Os experimentos com o método ORAC para os azóis estudados apresentaram reprodutibilidade na execução experimental e demonstraram ser uma alternativa viável para estudos de moléculas sintéticas de potencial antioxidante. / Free radicals are chemical species that react rapidly with various compounds and target cells, as they have a very short half life and are highly unstable. The formation of these compounds consists of a continuous, physiological action, which includes essential biological functions and occurs through the loss or addition of a single electron to a non-radical compound. These reactions may occur in biochemical processes of the immune system, or by chemical reactions, causing damage to the cells through the destruction of components such as proteins, lipids, sugars and nucleotides. It is known that compounds exist which are effective against these species, preventing damage caused by oxidative stress. The object of this work was to study heterocyclic compounds that have nitrogen in their structure (azoles), which appear in the literature as exemplary molecules of compounds with a wide spectrum of pharmacological applications. Of these compounds, derivatives of pyrazoles (26 compounds), thiazoles (7 compounds) and 1 isoxazole (3,5-dimethylisoxazole) were analyzed. These 34 compounds were evaluated by the ORAC (Oxygen Radicals Absorption Capacity) in order to determine and/or evaluate its antioxidant potential. The choice of ORAC method is based on the fact that the molecules studied have hydrophilic and lipophilic characteristics, as well as a method validated by the literature, which is available and widely used. The ORAC method evaluates the antioxidant capacity of the sample, measuring its ability to protect the fluorescence (FL) of the oxidation by the AAPH in the reaction medium. AAPH is a generator of free radicals which, at 37°C, removes hydrogen from the medium, promoting the reduction of fluorescence from fluorescein in &#955; measured by time. Six compounds present good to moderate antioxidant activity: 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole (2.382 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 3-phenyl-5-(4-fluorphenyl)-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (6.354 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 3-phenyl-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (8.739 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 5-(2,4-diclorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (6.022,226 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 2-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-il]-4-phenylthiazole (3.135 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); and finally, 2-[5-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-il]- 4-phenylthiazole (2.700 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g). Experiments with the ORAC method for the azoles studied present reproducibility in the experimental execution, and have proven to be a viable alternative for studies of synthetic molecules with antioxidant potential.

O Brasil possui uma imensa diversidade biológica, na qual muitos compostos bioativos podem ser encontrados e utilizados em beneficio à sociedade. No entanto, processos de degradação do ambiente e introdução de espécies exóticas têm contribuído ao conhecimento e uso limitadosde muitas plantas nativas, sendopequena a quantidade de estudos sobre sua composição química e potencial biológico. A prevenção de doenças crônicas constantemente vem sendo associada à atividade antioxidante de metabólitos secundários dos vegetais, principalmente os fenólicos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante e composição fenólica de cinco espécies frutíferas nativas do Brasil (G. brasiliensis, E. leitonii, E. involucrata, E. brasiliensis e E. myrcianthes). Os métodos capacidade de redução do Folin-Ciocalteau, autoxidação do sistema ?-caroteno/ácido linoleico, capacidade de absorção de radicais oxigênio (ORAC), sequestro dos radicais livres DPPH e ânion superóxido foram aplicados na determinação da atividade antioxidante dos extratos etanólicos de folha, casca, semente e polpa das espécies selecionadas. As amostras demonstraram significativa atividade antioxidante e, em alguns casos, superior as frutas comumente consumidas pela população brasileira. Em geral, folhas apresentaram as maiores atividades, mas o destaque foi a semente de E. leitonii que exibiu os melhores resultados em quatro dos cinco métodos utilizados: 120,67 mg AG.g-1 na redução do reagente Folin; 7,08 Gmol Trolox.g-1 no ?-caroteno; EC50 de 0,26 mg.mL-1 e 0,07 mg.mL-1 no sequestro do ânion superóxido e DPPH, respectivamente; 514,75 Gmol Trolox.g-1 no ORAC para o qual a folha de E. involucrata obteve o maior valor (1393,3 Gmol Trolox.g-1). Os extratos das espécies nativas também demonstram efeito antioxidante contra radicais de relevância biológica, como peroxila e superóxido. Por meio de CG-EM e CLAE acoplado a arranjo de fotodiodos, os principais compostos fenólicos encontrados nos extratos vegetais foram catequina, epicatequina e ácido gálico. Este trabalho demonstrou o grande potencial antioxidante das frutíferas nativas brasileiras, evidenciando assim possível efeito positivo em sistemas biológicos. / Brazil has a great biodiversity, in which many bioactive compounds can be found and used to benefit the society. However, environmental degradation processes and introduction of exotic species have contributed to limited use and knowledge of many native plants, reflecting in few studies about chemical composition and biological potential. The prevention of chronic diseases has been constantly associated with the antioxidant activity of plants secondary metabolites, mainly the phenolics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the phenolic composition of five Brazilian native fruitful species (G. brasiliensis, E. leitonii, E. involucrata, E. brasiliensis e E. myrcianthes). The methods of Folin-Ciocalteau reducing capacity, co-oxidation of ?-carotene/linoleic acid system, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), DPPH and superoxide free radical scavenging were used to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of leaf, peel, seed and pulp of the selected species. The samples showed significant antioxidant activity and, in some cases, it was superior to fruits commonly consumed by Brazilian population. In general, leaves presented the highest activities, but the seed of E. Leitonii stood out exhibiting the best results in four of the five methods: 120.67 mg GA.g-1 in the Folin reducing; 7.08 Gmol Trolox.g-1 in the ?-carotene; EC50 of 0.26 mg.mL-1 and 0.07 mg.mL-1 in the superoxide and DPPH scavenging, respectively; 514.75 Gmol Trolox.g-1 in the ORAC, for which the E. Involucrata leaf had the highest value (1393.3 GmolTrolox.g-1). The extracts of native species also demonstrate antioxidant effect against radicals of biological relevance, such as peroxyl and superoxide. By GC-MS and HPLC coupled to a photodiode array, the major phenolic compounds found in the plant extracts were catechin, epicatechin and gallic acid. In this study, Brazilian native fruitful presented high antioxidant potential, showing a possible positive effect on biological systems.

A película do amendoim apresenta coloração vermelha intensa e é rica em compostos fenólicos, todavia o extrato líquido é instável e de difícil comercialização. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram extrair os pigmentos da película do amendoim, estudar o processo de secagem por atomização deste extrato, caracterizar os pós obtidos, bem como sua propriedade antioxidante, antimicrobiana e estabilidade durante o armazenamento, sempre comparando com o controle. Quanto a caracterização do extrato líquido foi analisado fenólicos totais, pH, umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, açúcares, aflatoxina e acidez. Os extratos foram então misturados com agente carreador nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30%, estes foram atomizados em spray dryer com temperaturas do ar de entrada de 130, 150 e 170ºC. Para obtenção da amostra controle, parte do extrato foi liofilizado sem a presença de agente carreador. Os pós obtidos foram caracterizados quanto à umidade, atividade de água, higroscopicidade, morfologia, tamanho das partículas, cor, teor de fenólicos totais, solubilidade, estabilidade, propriedade antimicrobiana e antioxidante pelos métodos: ORAC, DPPH e HPLC-ABTS on line. Na caracterização do extrato líquido foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: 0,24% de proteína, 2,31% de açúcares, 0,09% de cinzas, 1,41% de lipídeos, 0,91% de acidez titulável, 42,88 mg de ác. gálico eq./g de extrato (fenólicos totais), pH de 5,30, 90,93% de umidade e 1,81 ng aflatoxina/mL extrato (aflatoxina). Na caracterização dos pós, a umidade foi menor para pós secos a 170ºC e para concentração de 10% de maltodextrina e foi sempre menor que o controle. A higroscopicidade foi menor quanto maior a concentração de maltodextrina, pois esta tem baixa higroscopicidade. Temperaturas mais altas geraram pós mais higroscópicos, pois esses tinham menor umidade. Com relação à solubilidade, os valores variaram de 85,60 a 91,91%, obtendo-se maiores valores para pós com maiores concentrações de maltodextrina, pois esta apresenta elevados valores de solubilidade. O controle apresentou solubilidade mais baixa de 77,62%. Já os parâmetros de cor tiveram influência apenas da concentração de maltodextrina, sendo que as amostras com menor concentração apresentaram cor mais acentuada, o que era de se esperar visto que a maltodextrina apresenta coloração branca. Portanto, o controle sempre apresentou a coloração mais intensa frente aos pós atomizados. A temperatura de 170ºC originou pós de superfícies mais lisas, apresentando assim melhor escoamento. Com o estudo de estabilidade, verificou-se que as amostras atomizadas tiveram menor perda de cor em relação à liofilizada, e as amostras com maior concentração de maltodextrina (30%) preservaram melhor os fenólicos totais, destacando-se a temperatura de 150 ºC. Em relação à atividade antioxidante, o tratamento T5 se destacou frente aos outros, apresentando o melhor valor de atividade antioxidante por todos os métodos estudados. O extrato da película de amendoim em pó também apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes, apresentando ainda capacidade bactericida para Staphylococcus aureus. Frente a esse estudo, tem-se na película de amendoim um potencial aditivo natural, podendo ser utilizado como pigmento em pó que apresenta excelente estabilidade, baixa higroscopicidade e alta solubilidade; além de apresentar atividades biológicas como capacidade antioxidante e antimicrobiana. / The peanut skin presents intense red color and is rich in phenolic compounds, however the liquid extract is unstable and difficult to commercialize. The aim of this project was to extract the pigments of peanut skin, study the process of spray drying this extract, characterize the powders as well as its antioxidant properties, antimicrobial properties and storage stability, when compared to the control. The extract was characterized measuring the phenolic compounds, pH, moisture, ash, protein, lipids, sugars, aflatoxin and acidity. The extracts were then mixed with the carrier agent at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30%, these were atomized in a spray dryer at inlet air temperatures of 130, 150 and 170 º C. To obtain a control sample, part of the extract was freeze-dried without the presence of maltodextrin. The powders were characterized for moisture, water activity, hygroscopicity, morphology, particle size, color, total phenolic content, solubility, stability, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties by the methods: ORAC, DPPH and ABTS HPLC-online. In the analysis of the liquid extract, the following results were obtained: 0.24% protein, 2.31% sugar, 0.09% ash, 1.41% lipid, 0.91% titratable acidity, 42.88 mg of Galic acid eq. / g extract (phenolic), pH of 5.30, 90.93% moisture and 1.81 ng aflatoxin / mL extract (aflatoxin). In the analysis of the powders, moisture was lower for powders dried at 170ºC and with 10% maltodextrin concentration and was always lower than the control. The hygroscopicity is lower as higher the concentration of maltodextrin, since the last has low hygroscopicity. Higher temperatures generated more hygroscopic powders, because they reduced moisture. In concern to solubility, the values ranged from 85.60 to 91.91%; higher values were obtained for powders with higher concentrations of maltodextrin, since it has high solubility values. The control showed lower solubility of 77.62%. The color parameters were influenced only by the concentration of maltodextrin; the samples with lower concentrations showed more pronounced color, what was to be expected since maltodextrin is white. Therefore, controls have always presented with more intense color than the atomized powders. The temperature of 170 ºC originated powders with smoother surfaces, thus resulting in better flow. In the evaluation of stability, it was found that the atomized sample suffered lower color loss compared to the freeze dried sample, and samples with higher concentrations of maltodextrin (30%) had better preservation of total phenolics, especially at a temperature of 150ºC. In concern to antioxidant activity, the T5 treatment stood out compared to the others, showing the best values of antioxidant activity in all methods studied. The extract of peanut skin in powder also showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, with bactericidal properties against Staphylococcus aureus. This study clearly showed that peanut skin is a potential natural additive product and may be used as a powdered pigment which has excellent stability, low hygroscopicity and high solubility, besides having biological activities, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities.

Os radicais livres são espécies químicas que reagem rapidamente com diversos compostos e alvos celulares, por possuírem tempo de meia vida muito curto e serem espécies altamente instáveis. A formação destes compostos constitui uma ação contínua e fisiológica, cumprindo funções biológicas essenciais as quais ocorrem pela perda ou adição de um único elétron a um composto não radicalar. Estas reações podem ocorrer em processos bioquímicos do sistema imune ou químicos, causando prejuízo às células através da destruição de componentes, como proteínas, lipídios, açúcares e nucleotídeos. Sabe-se que existem compostos que são efetivos contra tais espécies, prevenindo os danos provocados pelo estresse oxidativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar compostos heterocíclicos que possuam nitrogênio em sua estrutura (azóis), que figuram na literatura como moléculas exemplares de compostos de aplicação farmacológica de amplo espectro. Dentre estes compostos foram analisados os derivados de pirazóis (26 compostos), tiazóis (7 compostos) e 1 isoxazol (3,5-dimetilisoxazol). Estes 34 compostos foram avaliados pela metodologia ORAC (Capacidade de Absorção de Radicais Oxigênio) a fim de determinar e/ou de avaliar seu potencial antioxidante. A escolha do método ORAC se deu pelo fato das moléculas estudadas apresentarem características hidrofílicas e lipofílicas, além de ser um método validado pela literatura, disponível e de ampla aplicação. O método ORAC avalia a capacidade antioxidante da amostra, medindo sua habilidade de proteger a fluoresceína (FL) da oxidação pelo AAPH no meio reacional. O AAPH é um gerador de radicais livres que a 37°C retira hidrogênio do meio, promovendo a redução da fluorescência da fluoresceína em &#955; medido pelo tempo. Seis compostos apresentaram atividade antioxidante de boa à moderada: 3,5-dimetil-1H-pirazol (2.382 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 3-fenil-5-(4-fluorfenil)-1-tiocarbamoil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol (6.354 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 3-fenil-5-(2-metoxifenil)-1-tiocarbamoil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol (8.739 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 5-(2,4-diclorofenil)-3-fenil-1-tiocarbamoil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol (6.022,226 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 2-[5-(4-metoxifenil)-3-fenil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol-1-il]-4-feniltiazol (3.135 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); e finalmente 2-[5-(3-nitrofenil)-3-fenil-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol-1-il]-4-feniltiazol (2.700 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g). Os experimentos com o método ORAC para os azóis estudados apresentaram reprodutibilidade na execução experimental e demonstraram ser uma alternativa viável para estudos de moléculas sintéticas de potencial antioxidante. / Free radicals are chemical species that react rapidly with various compounds and target cells, as they have a very short half life and are highly unstable. The formation of these compounds consists of a continuous, physiological action, which includes essential biological functions and occurs through the loss or addition of a single electron to a non-radical compound. These reactions may occur in biochemical processes of the immune system, or by chemical reactions, causing damage to the cells through the destruction of components such as proteins, lipids, sugars and nucleotides. It is known that compounds exist which are effective against these species, preventing damage caused by oxidative stress. The object of this work was to study heterocyclic compounds that have nitrogen in their structure (azoles), which appear in the literature as exemplary molecules of compounds with a wide spectrum of pharmacological applications. Of these compounds, derivatives of pyrazoles (26 compounds), thiazoles (7 compounds) and 1 isoxazole (3,5-dimethylisoxazole) were analyzed. These 34 compounds were evaluated by the ORAC (Oxygen Radicals Absorption Capacity) in order to determine and/or evaluate its antioxidant potential. The choice of ORAC method is based on the fact that the molecules studied have hydrophilic and lipophilic characteristics, as well as a method validated by the literature, which is available and widely used. The ORAC method evaluates the antioxidant capacity of the sample, measuring its ability to protect the fluorescence (FL) of the oxidation by the AAPH in the reaction medium. AAPH is a generator of free radicals which, at 37°C, removes hydrogen from the medium, promoting the reduction of fluorescence from fluorescein in &#955; measured by time. Six compounds present good to moderate antioxidant activity: 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole (2.382 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 3-phenyl-5-(4-fluorphenyl)-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (6.354 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 3-phenyl-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (8.739 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 5-(2,4-diclorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1-thiocarbamoyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (6.022,226 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); 2-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-il]-4-phenylthiazole (3.135 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g); and finally, 2-[5-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-il]- 4-phenylthiazole (2.700 &#181;mol eq.Trolox/g). Experiments with the ORAC method for the azoles studied present reproducibility in the experimental execution, and have proven to be a viable alternative for studies of synthetic molecules with antioxidant potential.

Orientador: Flavia Maria Netto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T19:43:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pazinatto_Caroline_M.pdf: 872603 bytes, checksum: 24b721ce9b9486921e2492870c2452f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O amaranto se destaca por seu perfil protéico, rico em aminoácidos essenciais e pela presença de outros compostos tais como: fibras, esqualeno, tocoferóis, tocotrienóis e compostos fenólicos, que lhe confere propriedades especiais, incluindo propriedade antioxidante. A fácil adaptação da planta a diferentes condições climáticas, juntamente com as suas qualidades nutricionais e funcionais, aumentam o interesse em introduzir a cultura do amaranto no Brasil. Apesar de bem caracterizado quimicamente e de apresentar compostos com potencial fisiológico, poucos estudos foram realizados para avaliar o potencial do grão de amaranto como alimento funcional. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a capacidade antioxidante dos diferentes produtos obtidos a partir do grão integral de amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus). Após a moagem e o desengorduramento dos grãos para a obtenção da farinha desengordurada, diferentes processos, incluindo a hidrólise com Alcalase, foram utilizados na produção dos diversos produtos de amaranto que foram posteriormente digeridos in vitro com as enzimas pepsina e pancreatina. Os efeitos dos processos e da digestão in vitro das frações protéicas, e o efeito dos compostos fenólicos totais na capacidade antioxidante, em extrato aquoso e metanólico, foram avaliados utilizando o ensaio da capacidade seqüestradora de radicais DPPH e o ensaio de ORAC. O teor de fenóis totais apresentou elevada correlação com a capacidade antioxidante quando avaliada no extrato metanólico. Entretanto, a correlação foi menor quando avaliada no extrato aquoso, sugerindo que os compostos hidrossolúveis podem interferir nas avaliações. A hidrólise com Alcalase elevou significativamente o potencial antioxidante das amostras, de 2 a 4 vezes a capacidade seqüestradora de radicais DPPH e de 13 a 15 vezes os valores de ORAC. A digestão in vitro aumentou a capacidade antioxidante medida por ambos os ensaios (até 7 vezes para a capacidade seqüestradora de radicais DPPH e 12 para o valor de ORAC), especialmente para o concentrado protéico e seus hidrolisados. O elevado teor de fenóis totais liberados e o aumento da capacidade antioxidante dos produtos de amaranto após a digestão in vitro sugerem que o mesmo ocorre após a digestão fisiológica. Os resultados sugerem que a inclusão de produtos de amaranto na dieta, especialmente concentrado protéico e seus hidrolisados, pode promover benefícios à saúde / Abstract: Amaranth is well known for its protein profile, rich in essential amino acids and the presence of other compounds such as fiber, squalen, tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) and phenolic compounds that are responsible for its special properties, including antioxidant capacity. The easy adaptation of the plant to different climate conditions, together with its nutritional qualities and functional properties, increase the interest to introduce the culture of amaranth in Brazil. Despite being well characterized chemically and exhibiting compounds with physiological potential, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential of amaranth grain, as a functional food. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of different products obtained from amaranth grain (Amaranthus cruentus). After milling and defatting the grain to obtain deffated amaranth flour, different processes, including Alcalase hydrolysis, were used to produce a variety of products that were digested in vitro with pepsin and pancreatin. The effects of the processes and of the digestion in vitro of the protein fractions, and the effect of the total content of phenolic compounds on the antioxidant capability in aqueous and methanolic extracts were evaluated using scavenging capacity of DPPH radical and ORAC assays. Total phenolic compounds content showed high correlation with the antioxidant capacity, when evaluated in methanolic extract. However, the correlation was lower when using the aqueous extract, suggesting that water soluble compounds may interfere in these evaluations. Hydrolysis with Alcalase increased significantly the antioxidant potencial, from 2 to 5 times the scavenging DPPH capacity and 13 to 15 the ORAC values. In vitro digestion increased the antioxidant capacity measured by both assays (up to 7 times for scavenging DPPH capacity and 12 times for ORAC assays), especially for protein concentrate and its hydrolysates. The high content of phenolic compounds released and the increase in antioxidant capacity after in vitro digestion of the amaranth products suggests that the same occurs after the physiological digestion. These results suggest that the inclusion of these products, especially concentrate and its hydrolysates, in the diet should promote health benefits / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Pastore / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_GustavoAraujo_M.pdf: 1768265 bytes, checksum: 651e1ab8aaa3bc75e27daed3b11df00e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a influência dos parâmetros de extração sólido-liquido e de enzimas fenoloxidases (peroxidase) na recuperação de compostos fenólicos a partir do pó da casca de banana liofilizada (CBL), bem como quantificar o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais (FT), flavonoides totais (CF) e a atividade antioxidante da CBL e do pó da polpa de banana liofilizada (PBL). A banana utilizada foi da variedade Prata no estágio 6 de maturação (casca totalmente amarela). Primeiramente, o estudo foi iniciado com a seleção dos parâmetros de extração (temperatura, agitação, solvente e relação sólido-líquido) por meio de um Delineamento Fracionado 24-1 e, em seguida, o método de Superfície de Resposta foi empregado para otimizar os principais fatores do processo de extração (relação sólido-líquido e solvente). A casca da banana apresentou elevada atividade da enzima peroxidase (POD), o que provocou a oxidação dos compostos fenólicos e a redução da capacidade antioxidante do extrato. As melhores condições para a extração de compostos fenólicos a partir da casca de banana foram: relação sólido-solvente de 2,5 g/100 mL (1:40), solvente etanol 54% (v/v etanol:água) e homogeneização com auxílio de Ultra Turrax por 30s a 11.000 rpm. O conteúdo de FT obtido com esse sistema de extração foi de 2,44 g EAG/100 g CBL. A casca de banana apresentou conteúdo de FT (2,44 g EAG/100 g CBL), CF (2,32 g EC/100 g CBL) e atividade antioxidante mensurada pelos métodos de DPPH (380,84 ?mol EQT/g CBL; IC50 = 71,74 ?g/mL), TEAC (325,84 ?mol EQT/g CBL) e ORACFL (ORAC Total = 994,33 ?mol EQT/g CBL) maiores do que a polpa de banana (FT = 0,25 g EAG/100 g PBL; CF = 0,21 g EC/100g PBL; DPPHIC50 = 690,97 ?g/mL; TEAC = 11,05 ?mol EQT/g PBL; ORAC Total = 80,16 ?mol EQT/g PBL). A banana é uma das frutas mais produzidas no mundo, e devido ao seu elevado consumo e abundância pode ser considerada uma importante fonte de compostos antioxidantes. Finalmente, por meio deste estudo foi possível verificar que a polpa e a casca de banana apresentam compostos fenólicos antioxidantes. Mais estudos devem ser realizados para verificar a influência do consumo desse / Abstract: The objective of the present work was to study the influence of solid-liquid extraction parameters and phenoloxidases enzymes in the recovery of phenolic compounds from freeze-dried banana peel powder (BPP), as well as to quantify the total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC) and antioxidant activity of BPP and freeze-dried banana pulp powder (BPU). The banana Prata variety was utilized in 6th stage of ripening (fully yellow peel). First of all, the study started with the selection of the extraction parameters (temperature, agitation, solvent and solid-liquid ration) through factionary design (24-1). Subsequently, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the main parameters of the extraction process (solid-liquid ration and solvent). The banana peel showed high peroxidase activity (POD), which led the oxidation of phenolic compounds and the decrease of antioxidant activity of the extract. The best conditions for the extraction of phenolic compound from BPP were solid-liquid ration of 2.5 g/100 mL (1:40), solvent ethanol 54% (v/v ethanol:water) and homogenization using Politron at 11.000 rpm for 30 s. The total phenolic content obtained whit this extraction system was 2.44 g GAE/100 g BPP. The banana peel showed TPC (2.44 g GAE/100 g BPP), FC (2.32 g CE/100 g BPP), and antioxidant activity measured by DPPH (380.84 ?mol TE/g BPP; IC50 = 71.74 ?g/mL), TEAC (325.84 ?mol TE/g BPP) and ORACFL (ORAC Total = 994.33 ?mol TE/g BPP) methods higher than banana pulp (TPC = 0.25 g GAE/100 g BPU; FC = 0.21 g CE/100 g BPU; DPPHIC50 = 690.97 ?g/mL; TEAC = 11.05 ?mol TE/g BPU; ORAC Total = 80.16 ?mol TE/g BPU). The banana is one of the most produced and consumed fruit in the entire world and can be considered as an important source of natural antioxidants. In this sense, this study was to possible found that banana pulp and peel have phenolic compounds with antioxidants properties. More studies should be performed to verify the relationship between banana consumption and human health. Furthermore, research addressing the use of the banana peel by food and pharmaceutical and medical industries. fruto tropical na saúde do corpo humano e também pesquisas abordando o uso da casca na indústria de alimentos e no desenvolvimento de novos produtos / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos