Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 280-291).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_hm_me_botfca.pdf: 985374 bytes, checksum: cb99ee317e2bbf5318d8961c31b22a76 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Em irrigação, a uniformidade está relacionada com a capacidade do equipamento em fornecer a mesma quantidade de água em toda a área irrigada. Em sistemas de irrigação localizada, o dimensionamento baseia-se na uniformidade de emissão (UE) pré-estabelecida, que é o resultado conjunto das características do equipamento e de sua configuração hidráulica. Entretanto, este valor desejado de UE pode ou não ser confirmado pelo projeto final, em decorrência da declividade da área e dos diâmetros comerciais da tubulação, que dificilmente coincidem exatamente com aqueles definidos nos cálculos do dimensionamento. Além disso, há uma questão: dimensionar sistemas de irrigação localizada visando obter elevada uniformidade de emissão significa alcançar elevada uniformidade na produção ? Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a uniformidade de emissão de projeto e a uniformidade da produção, em sistema de irrigação por microaspersão. A análise de sensibilidade envolveu diferentes declividades, 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% e 12%, e diferentes valores de uniformidade de emissão de projeto, 60% 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% e 94%. Considerou-se um pomar de citros com dimensões de 400m por 600m, com declividade variável na direção do menor comprimento. As linhas de plantio estavam em nível, na direção da maior dimensão. O espaçamento adotado no pomar era de 7m x 4m. A linha de derivação operava sempre em declive e tinha espaçamento regular entre linhas laterais de 7m, sendo que a primeira estava a 3.5m. Observou-se maiores valores de uniformidade da vazão nos maiores valores de declividade, exceto em 12%. Quando se calculou o coeficiente de variação da produtividade utilizando a função de produção para o fator água, verificou-se uma melhoria da uniformidade em todas... / Irrigation uniformity is related to the ability of equipment to provide the same amount of water throughout the irrigated area. In irrigation systems, the design is based on the pre-established emission uniformity (EU) which is the combined result of the equipment characteristics and its hydraulic configuration. However, this desired value of the EU may not be confirmed by the final project, due to the slope of the area and the commercial diameters of the pipe. This study aimed to evaluate the uniformity of design of an irrigation system and its relationship with yield. The sensitivity analysis involved different slopes, 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%, and different values of emission uniformity, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 and 94% . The design of trickle irrigation was applied to a citrus orchard with dimensions of 400m x 600m, with variable slope towards the shorter length. The tree rows were leveled in the larger direction and the spacing adopted in the orchard was 7m x 4m. The manifold line was always operating on a slope and had regular spacing between the lateral lines of 7m, the first of which was 3.5m. Higher discharge values were observed in the highest slope values except at 12%. When we calculated the variation coefficient of productivity using the production function for the water factor, there was an improvement of uniformity in all the combinations evaluated. Comparing the index performance evaluation, it was observed they had the same pattern performance in all combinations studied. The lowest values were obtained for the indicator emission uniformity and the largest for distribution uniformity, and the Barragan index had intermediary performance. The variation pressure coefficients ranged from 0.02 to 0.33, the flow variation coefficient ranged from 0.01 to 0.17, and production variation coefficients with 60 days of irrigation ranged from 0.0003 to 0.0125

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ragozo_cra_dr_botfca.pdf: 331427 bytes, checksum: a7e833594247681e7c4ad5ac7e49b4c4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da utilização de adubos verdes em pomar de laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) e foi instalado na fazenda Três Irmãos, no município de Botucatu/SP. O solo da propriedade é denominado Neossolo Quartzarênico. As plantas estão enxertadas em limoeiro 'Cravo' e foram plantadas num espaçamento de sete por quatro metros, no ano de 1996, estando com sete e oito anos de idade respectivamente nos anos de 2003 e 2004, ocasião em que foi realizado o experimento. Foram empregados quatro tratamentos correspondentes aos adubos verdes avaliados, sendo eles: feijão de porco (FP) (Canavalia ensiformis DC), labe-labe (LL) (Dolichus lablab L.), feijão guandu anão (GA) (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) e braquiária (BQ) (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf). Os adubos verdes foram semeados no mês de dezembro dos anos de 2003 e 2004, sendo ceifados e direcionados para a linha da cultura na ocasião do pleno florescimento, o que corresponde a cento e vinte dias após a semeadura dos mesmos. Adotou-se os mesmos tratos culturais indicados para a cultura, nos dois anos de experimentação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições, duas plantas úteis para as avaliações, completamente rodeadas por plantas bordadura. As características avaliadas foram: análise química de solo nas linhas e entrelinhas da cultura, diagnose foliar, diagnóstico nutricional através do DRIS (Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação), circunferência do tronco (cm), volume de copa (m3), índice relativo de clorofila (índice Spad), peso médio dos frutos (g) número de frutos por caixa, rendimento de suco (%), acidez total (g de ácido cítrico / 100g de polpa), sólidos solúveis totais (SS), ratio, produtividade, porcentagem de matéria seca dos adubos verdes... / The purpose of the experimental was to evaluate the efficiency of the use of the green manures on an orchard planted with orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cv. 'Pera' and was carried out in a farm named 'Três Irmãos', situated in Botucatu/SP/Brazil. The soil is Oxic Quartzipsamments. Plants are grafted on 'Cravo' lemon tree and were planted spaced 7 x 4 m apart, in 1996, and were seven and eight years old in 2003 and 2004, respectively when the experiment was conducted. Four different treatments were applied corresponding to the three green manures: jack bean (FP) (Canavalia ensiformis DC), lab-lab (LL) (Dolichus lablab L.), dwarf guandu (GA) (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) and brachiaria (BQ) (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf) as a control. They were sown on December, 2003 and 2004, being mowed and directed to the line plants by the occasion of the full flowering, wich happened one hundred and twenty days after sowing. The same treatments were utilized in both experimental years. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four treatments, six replications, and two useful plants per plot. Characteristics evaluated were: chemical analysis of the soil over the planting lines and in the middle of the citrus orchard rows, chemical analysis of the leaves, nutritional diagnosis through the DRIS, trunk circumference (cm), volume of the canopy (m3), relative index of chlorophyll (SPAD index), average fruits weight (g), number of fruits per boxes, juice content (%), total acidity (g of citric acid / 100 g of pulp), total soluble solids, ratio, productivity, percentage of dry matter and the contents of macro and micronutrients in the green manures and control (BQ). The results obtained allowed the following conclusions: the nutritional diagnosis elaborated through DRIS showed...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-04-02. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:27:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000845312.pdf: 1703847 bytes, checksum: 321c4b07216af558556c78f5e5c86b7e (MD5) / Dentre os fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento e produção das plantas cítricas a disponibilidade hídrica é um dos mais relevantes. A utilização de irrigação em pomares de citros vem apresentando grande aumento e essa demanda gera a necessidade de estudos envolvendo a condição hídrica das plantas e de todos os processos relacionados ao uso da água. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a distribuição do sistema radicular da laranjeira 'Valência' enxertada sobre limoeiro 'Cravo' até a máxima profundidade em sistema irrigado e de sequeiro em solo arenoso e a relação entre a distribuição das raízes e a condição hídrica das plantas. O trabalho foi realizado em pomar comercial no município de Itatinga/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, sendo constituído de dois tratamentos (irrigado e sequeiro) e quatro repetições. O sistema radicular da laranjeira foi avaliado até a profundidade máxima por meio de coletas de solo com trado motorizado, estimando-se a massa e a área de raízes finas. O incremento de biomassa foi estimado por meio de medições de biomassa aérea, biomassa de raízes e produção de frutos. O estado hídrico das plantas foi monitorado por meio de sensores de fluxo de seiva, avaliações mensais do potencial foliar de base e potencial foliar mínimo, avaliações mensais de trocas gasosas e condutância estomática. A biomassa total de raízes finas e a profundidade máxima de enraízamento foram maiores no tratamento de sequeiro que no irrigado. A aplicação de água, equivalente à 3% - 15% da precipitação anual, dependendo do ano de estudo, reduziu até 14% a biomassa de raízes finas com relação ao tratamento mantido em sequeiro e diminuiu 1 m a profundidade máxima de enraizamento. A densidade de massa de raízes finas ficou entre 536 g m-2 no tratamento irrigado, durante a estação seca de 2012 e 1210 g m-2 ... / Among the factors related to the development and production of citrus water availability is one of the most relevant. The use of irrigation in citrus orchards have been great increase and this demand creates the need for studies involving the water status of plants and all processes related to water use. The objective was to study the root distribution of 'Valencia' orane grafted on 'Rangpur' lime and the maximum depth in irrigated and rainfed system in sandy soil and the relationship between the distribution of the roots and the water status of plants. The study was conducted in a commercial orchard in the city of Itatinga / SP. The experimental design was a randomized block, consisting of two treatments (irrigated and rainfed) and four replications. The root of the orange system was evaluated and the maximum depth through soil samples with motorized auger, estimating the mass and area of roots. The increase of biomass was estimated by biomass measurements, root biomass and fruit production. The water status of plants was monitored by means of sap flow sensors, monthly reviews of the bottom leaf potential and minimum leaf potential, monthly reviews of gas exchange and stomatal conductance. The total biomass of fine roots and the maximum depth of rooting were higher in rainfed than in irrigated. The aplication of water, equivalent to 3% - 15% of annual rainfall, depending on the study year, reduced to 14% biomass of fine roots regarding the rainfed treatment and decreased 1 m maximum depth of rooting. The mass density of fine roots was between 536 g m-2 in the irrigated treatment during the dry season of 2012 and 1210 g m-2 in the rainfed treatment during the rainy season of 2014. The maximum depth of the root system was 6.5 m in irrigated treatment and ...

Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o néctar e o suco de laranja pronto para beber e sua rotulagem, com base na legislação vigente e na interpretação do consumidor. Foi realizada uma avaliação crítica da legislação brasileira de sucos, com ênfase no suco de fruta pronto para beber, visando compreender suas exigências com relação ao suco de laranja e à rotulagem. A adequação dos rótulos das principais marcas de néctar e de suco de laranja pronto para beber disponíveis em supermercados à legislação vigente foi avaliada, assim como suas características físico-químicas. O uso e a interpretação das informações constantes nos rótulos pelos consumidores e sua influência na decisão de compra foram avaliados por meio de entrevista em supermercados. A influência das informações do rótulo sobre a intenção de compra do consumidor foi estudada usando a análise conjunta de fatores. De acordo com os resultados foi verificado que existem lacunas na legislação brasileira de sucos que favorecem a interpretação equivocada e a presença de sucos não regulamentados no mercado, e que mudanças freqüentes e diferentes informações em legislações de rotulagem concomitantemente vigentes também podem levar à interpretação equivocada pelo consumidor. Verificou-se que as datas de fabricação e de validade foram as informações do rótulo mais consultadas pelos entrevistados e os fatores mais importantes para a decisão de compra do produto foram marca, preço e sabor. As expressões néctar, suco integral e natural ou 100% natural foram interpretadas de maneira positiva pelos consumidores, enquanto a expressão suco reconstituído foi interpretada negativamente. Os rótulos das marcas de néctar e suco de laranja pronto para beber analisadas atenderam à legislação de sucos e bebidas, à legislação... (Resumo completo, clicara cesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the ready to drink nectar and orange juice and the label, with basis of Brazilian labeling regulations and the consumer interpretation. A critical evaluation of fruit juice Brazilian regulations, with emphasis on ready to drink fruit juice, was carried out to understand the requirements related to orange juice and labeling. The suitability of labels from the main brands of commercially available ready to drink orange juice to the Brazilian regulations was evaluated, as well as the physicochemical characteristics. The consumer interpretation and use for labeling information and their influence on the decision of purchase were evaluated by interviews at supermarkets. The influence of labeling information on the purchase intention of the consumers, using conjoint analysis was also studied. The results showed that there are some gaps in fruit juice Brazilian regulations that allow mistaken understanding and inclusion of not regulated juices in the market, and that frequent changes and different information in the Brazilian labeling regulations in force at the same time also can take to mistaken understanding. The interpretation of the consumers pointed out that date of manufacture and shelf life were the most important information on the label and brand, price and flavor were the most important factors for purchasing. The interpretation of the consumers of ready to drink orange juice about the expressions nectar, whole and natural juice or 100% natural was positive, while that from the expression reconstituted juice was negative. Labels from all the brands of ready to drink nectar and orange juice were in accordance with the fruit juice and beverage Brazilian regulations, the food packaged labeling Brazilian regulations, the complementary nutritional information regulations and the presence or absence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Magali Monteiro da Silva / Coorientador: Karina Olbrich dos Santos / Banca: Valéria Paula Rodrigues Minim / Banca: Natalia Soares Janzantti / Mestre

The natural condition of the Orange River should be evaluated in order to develop baseline information so that it can be used for comparison, monitoring and informed decision-making. This will also allow for further research to take place. Although there is a lot of data available on the Orange River, little work has been done on the evaluation of the natural conditions that influence the inorganic water chemistry Inorganic data, from 1986 to 2006, obtained from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) was evaluated for six sample stations along the Orange River (D1H009Q01, D3H008Q01, D3H012Q01, D3H013Q01, D7H008Q01 and D7H005Q01). Climate data (1986-2006) was obtained from the South African Weather Service. The following water quality data was used in the evaluation: pH and the concentrations of major elements (all in mg/L). The major elements include sodium (Na ), potassium (K ), calcium (Ca ), magnesium (Mg ), silica (Si ), fluoride (F ), orthophosphate (PO ), chloride (Cl ), total alkalinity (TAL) assumed to be bicarbonate (HCO ), sulphate (SO ), nitrate (NO ) (assuming that NO >>> NO ) and the total dissolved solids (TDS). Various geochemical techniques were used to analyse the data. The results of this study show that the water chemistry of the Orange River is controlled by: 1. Chemical weathering of siliceous sediment, intrusive igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks (Na , K , Mg , Ca , HCO , F and Si ). 2. Input from agricultural and urban activities affecting, in particular, the concentrations of PO , NO , SO and Cl . There is an increase in cation and anion concentrations from 1986-2006. The concentration of cations and anions increases downstream from D1H009Q01 to D7H005Q01 i.e. from a colder wetter climate to a drier hotter climate. Based on the chemical characteristics, two groups were identified. The stations in each group include: Group 1: D1H009Q01, D3H013Q01, D3H012Q01 and D3H008Q01 and Group 2: D7H008Q01 and D7H005Q01. For group 1 the degree of pollution is generally consistent (between 10 and 30 percent). The element concentration was plotted against the total annual runoff and the visual trend shows a decrease in Na , K , Mg , Ca , HCO and F as the annual runoff increases. This is because the dilution effect is stronger than the release of cations and anions due to chemical weathering. This decrease is typical for weathering of rock types such as granites, shale and metamorphic rocks. Si shows an increase in concentration as total annual runoff increases. This indicates that feldspar is the dominant mineral that is being weathered. Chemical weathering of feldspars (specifically Na- and K-feldspars) releases more Si compared to other species. PO and SO show no visual trend and Cl and NO show a possible increase in concentration with an increase in total annual runoff. This is most likely due to greater input of these species from the surrounding agricultural and urban areas when the runoff increases. For group 2 the degree of pollution is generally higher and shows a greater fluctuation compared to group 1. The visual trend for the concentration of Na , K , Mg , Ca , Cl , SO , HCO and F shows a sharp decline at low runoff, dilution is the dominant process. The concentration of these then increases as chemical weathering becomes more dominant, the effect of chemical weathering becomes greater than the effect of dilution. After this the effect of dilution becomes greater and the species concentrations show a steady, slight decrease, similar to group 1. Si shows a sharp increase as total annual runoff increases to 5000 million m3, thereafter it decreases slightly. The increase of the Si concentration is due to chemical weathering which is stronger than the dilution effect. The increase in NO and PO is most likely due to agricultural activities and urbanisation in the immediate area. As surface runoff increases it increases transport of these chemical species into the river. Both the agricultural/urban input and the release of cations and anions by chemical weathering are severely influenced by the stream runoff. Any evaluation of the inorganic chemistry from the Orange River should include runoff. The variation of the annual runoff affects the percentage of pollution, especially for the lower Orange River. / Prof. J.M. Huizenga

Masters of Science / Petrophysical evaluation of four wells within Cretaceous gas-bearing sandstone reservoirs in blocks 4 and 5 Orange Basin, South Africa. Thierry Kamgang The present research work evaluates the petrophysical characteristics of the Cretaceous gasbearing sandstone units within Blocks 4 and 5 offshore South Africa. Data used to carry out this study include: wireline logs (LAS format), base maps, well completion reports, petrography reports, conventional core analysis report and tabulated interpretative age reports from four wells (O-A1, A-N1, P-A1 and P-F1). The zones of interest range between 1410.0m-4100.3m depending on the position of the wells. The research work is carried out in two phases: The first phase corresponds to the interpretation of reservoir lithologies based on wireline logs. This consists of evaluating the type of rocks (clean or tight sandstones) forming the reservoir intervals and their distribution in order to quantify gross zones, by relating the behavior of wireline logs signature based on horizontal routine. Extensively, a vertical routine is used to estimate their distribution by correlating the gamma-ray logs of the corresponding wells, but also to identify their depositional environments (shallow to deep marine).Sedlog software is used to digitize the results. The second phase is conducted with the help of Interactive Petrophysics (version 4) software, and results to the evaluation of eight petrophysical parameters range as follow: effective porosity (4.3% - 25.4%), bulk volume of water (2.7% – 31.8%), irreducible water saturation (0.2%-8.8%), hydrocarbon saturation (9.9% - 43.9%), predicted permeability (0.09mD – 1.60mD), volume of shale (8.4% - 33.6%), porosity (5.5% - 26.2%) and water saturation (56.1% - ii 90.1%). Three predefined petrophysical properties (volume of shale, porosity and water saturation)are used for reservoir characterization. The volume of shale is estimated in all the wells using corrected Steiber method. The porosity is determined from the density logs using the appropriate equations in wells O-A1 and P-A1, while sonic model is applied in well A-N1 and neutron-density relationship in well P-F1. Formation water resistivity (Rw) is determined through the following equation: Rw = (Rmf × Rt) / Rxo, and water saturation is calculated based on Simandoux relation. Furthermore, a predicted permeability function is obtained from the crossplot of core porosity against core permeability, and it results match best with the core permeability of well O-A1. This equation is used to predict the permeability in the other wells. The results obtained reveal that average volumes of shale decrease from the west of the field towards the east; while average porosities and water saturations increase from the south-west through the east despite the decreasing average water saturation in well P-A1. A corroboration of reference physical properties selected for reservoir characterization, with predefined cut-off values result to no net pay zones identified within the reservoir intervals studied. Consequently, it is suggested that further exploration prospects should be done between well O-A1 and A-N1.

Laser Diodes (LD) have numerous applications for industry, military, medicine and communications. The first visible LD was invented in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, emitted at 710 nm (red). In 1990s, Shuji Nakamura invented the blue and green Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and later LDs. The production of LDs emitting between 532- 632 nm has been severely lagging behind the rest of the visible spectrum. Yellow and orange LDs are still not accessible due to the lack of successfully grown material with high optical efficiency. AlGaInP is the quaternary compound semiconductor used to grow green to red LEDs and red LDs. At a material composition that is supposed to lase below 630 nm, the optical efficiency becomes low due to the oxygen-related defects associated with high Al content. The quantum well intermixing (QWI) is a post-growth process that is applied to laser structure to tune the wavelength of laser. Until now, there are limited reports on successful intermixing of InGaP/InAlGaP laser structures while maintaining the crystal quality. In this work, we introduced a novel intermixing process that utilizes the high strain induced by the dielectric film during annealing to initiate the intermixing. We deposited SiO2 capping by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) onto the InGaP/InAlGaP laser structure emitting at 635 nm, and then annealed the structure up to 950 Celsius for different periods of time, resulting in an astonishing 100 nm blueshift. This blueshift allowed us to produce an unprecedented shorter wavelength orange lasers emitting at 608 nm. For low degree of intermixing, we have noticed an increase in the intensity of the photoluminescence (PL) signal. The improvement in the PL signal was translated to a reduction in threshold current. We implemented the technique on an LED structure with Al-rich QWs emitting at 590 nm. Significant increase in the PL intensity (20 folds) was observed. By analyzing the improved structure, we observed reduction in oxygen contamination. This may represent a solution to the oxygen-related defect. The thesis opens the door for major steps forward in GaInP/AlGaInP structures for manufacturing efficient optoelectronic devices in the green, yellow and orange visible range.

No description available.

No description available.