Orientador: Sarita Leonel / Banca: Sérgio Lázaro de Lima / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: José Eduardo Creste / Banca: José Orlando de Figueiredo / Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da utilização de adubos verdes em pomar de laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) e foi instalado na fazenda Três Irmãos, no município de Botucatu/SP. O solo da propriedade é denominado Neossolo Quartzarênico. As plantas estão enxertadas em limoeiro 'Cravo' e foram plantadas num espaçamento de sete por quatro metros, no ano de 1996, estando com sete e oito anos de idade respectivamente nos anos de 2003 e 2004, ocasião em que foi realizado o experimento. Foram empregados quatro tratamentos correspondentes aos adubos verdes avaliados, sendo eles: feijão de porco (FP) (Canavalia ensiformis DC), labe-labe (LL) (Dolichus lablab L.), feijão guandu anão (GA) (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) e braquiária (BQ) (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf). Os adubos verdes foram semeados no mês de dezembro dos anos de 2003 e 2004, sendo ceifados e direcionados para a linha da cultura na ocasião do pleno florescimento, o que corresponde a cento e vinte dias após a semeadura dos mesmos. Adotou-se os mesmos tratos culturais indicados para a cultura, nos dois anos de experimentação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições, duas plantas úteis para as avaliações, completamente rodeadas por plantas bordadura. As características avaliadas foram: análise química de solo nas linhas e entrelinhas da cultura, diagnose foliar, diagnóstico nutricional através do DRIS (Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação), circunferência do tronco (cm), volume de copa (m3), índice relativo de clorofila (índice Spad), peso médio dos frutos (g) número de frutos por caixa, rendimento de suco (%), acidez total (g de ácido cítrico / 100g de polpa), sólidos solúveis totais (SS), ratio, produtividade, porcentagem de matéria seca dos adubos verdes...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of the experimental was to evaluate the efficiency of the use of the green manures on an orchard planted with orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cv. 'Pera' and was carried out in a farm named 'Três Irmãos', situated in Botucatu/SP/Brazil. The soil is Oxic Quartzipsamments. Plants are grafted on 'Cravo' lemon tree and were planted spaced 7 x 4 m apart, in 1996, and were seven and eight years old in 2003 and 2004, respectively when the experiment was conducted. Four different treatments were applied corresponding to the three green manures: jack bean (FP) (Canavalia ensiformis DC), lab-lab (LL) (Dolichus lablab L.), dwarf guandu (GA) (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) and brachiaria (BQ) (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf) as a control. They were sown on December, 2003 and 2004, being mowed and directed to the line plants by the occasion of the full flowering, wich happened one hundred and twenty days after sowing. The same treatments were utilized in both experimental years. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four treatments, six replications, and two useful plants per plot. Characteristics evaluated were: chemical analysis of the soil over the planting lines and in the middle of the citrus orchard rows, chemical analysis of the leaves, nutritional diagnosis through the DRIS, trunk circumference (cm), volume of the canopy (m3), relative index of chlorophyll (SPAD index), average fruits weight (g), number of fruits per boxes, juice content (%), total acidity (g of citric acid / 100 g of pulp), total soluble solids, ratio, productivity, percentage of dry matter and the contents of macro and micronutrients in the green manures and control (BQ). The results obtained allowed the following conclusions: the nutritional diagnosis elaborated through DRIS showed...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A citricultura brasileira está fundamentada predominantemente sobre apenas um cultivar porta-enxerto, o limoeiro Cravo, e explora poucos cultivares copa, de uma maneira geral. Desse modo, o setor citrícola fica limitado na abertura de suas fronteiras de exportação para frutas frescas por estar baseado em um pequeno número de cultivares. Além disso, ao redor de 80% dos plantios estão reunidos em uma região compreendida por quase 600 mil ha, de forma concentrada, no Estado de São Paulo e sul do Triângulo Mineiro. Esses fatos também acarretam em grande vulnerabilidade fitossanitária, com ameaças crescentes de pragas e doenças, levando à redução da produtividade e ao acréscimo dos custos de implantação e condução dos pomares. A Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC) ou amarelinho, causada pela bactéria Xylella fastidiosa, é um exemplo destas ameaças. De elevada severidade em laranjas doces, causa redução no tamanho dos frutos, tornando-os inaptos para a comercialização in natura ou para produção de suco concentrado. Recentemente, as perdas em produção causadas pela CVC têm sido estimadas em até 10-14% da safra comercializável. Atualmente, o manejo da CVC está baseado na utilização de mudas sadias, poda de ramos afetados, e controle dos vetores. Além dessas medidas, é importante manter os tratos culturais exigidos no pomar. Entretanto, a utilização de cultivares resistentes é estratégia imprescindível para convivência com a doença em longo prazo. Este trabalho buscou avaliar o desempenho horticultural da laranjeira Folha Murcha, da tangerineira Satsuma cv. Okitsu e da limeira ácida Tahiti sobre doze porta-enxertos. Tangerina Satsuma cv. Okitsu e lima ácida Tahiti são espécies não sintomáticas em relação à CVC e tornam-se opções com potencial de exploração em pequenas propriedades. A laranjeira Folha Murcha tem demonstrado maior tolerância à CVC comparativamente aos demais cultivares de laranja doce. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, EECB, (SP), e instalados em 2001. Em todos os experimentos foram avaliados o desenvolvimento vegetativo, produção e qualidade dos frutos (por no mínimo três safras) em cada combinação copa/porta-enxerto. Avaliações adicionais a respeito da tolerância à CVC foram realizadas no experimento de laranjeira Folha Murcha. Nos experimentos conduzidos sem irrigação, foi avaliada a tolerância ao déficit hídrico das copas usando duas metodologias: avaliação visual subjetiva e medição direta da coloração das folhas. Na limeira ácida Tahiti, a coloração externa dos frutos de exportação foi quantificada em função de variáveis colorimétricas, definindo-se uma metodologia quantitativa alternativa ao sistema atual de classificação dos frutos, baseado apenas na apreciação visual subjetiva. A avaliação horticultural de copas de laranjeira Folha Murcha, limeira ácida Tahiti e tangerineira Satsuma cv. Okitsu em doze porta-enxertos permitiu identificar porta-enxertos alternativos ao limoeiro Cravo, sendo estes os trifoliatas Flying Dragon, FCAV e Rubidoux. / Brazilian citriculture is mainly based on one rootstock cultivar, the Cravo Rangpur lime, exploring a restricted number of scion cultivars. This situation limits the expansion of citrus production for fresh fruit export, due to the limited number of cultivars in use. Besides, near 80% of citrus orchards are located in an area of approximately 600,000 ha, in the São Paulo State and the southern region of the Minas Gerais State. These facts also impose a large phytossanitary vulnerability to citrus production, due to the increasing threats of pests and diseases outbreaks, that cause productivity decrease and higher costs for orchard establishment and management. The Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC), caused by the xylem-limited bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, is one example of such threats. This disease is extremely severe in sweet oranges, causing size reduction ad quality deterioration of fruits, that become unsuitable for fresh consume or juice processing. The losses associated to CVC have been recently estimated in 10-14% of the total comercial crop in São Paulo State. CVC management is currently based on the use of healthy nursery plants, pruning of injured branches and control of the vectors. In addition to these strategies, it is important to maintain adequate cultural practices for orchard management. Nonetheless, the utilization of resistant cultivars is an indispensable strategy to co-exist with the disease in the long term. This study was aimed to evaluate the horticultural performance of Folha Murcha sweet orange, Okitsu Satsuma mandarin and Tahiti lime grafted onto twelve rootstocks. Okitsu Satsuma mandarin and Tahiti lime are assymptomatical species in relation to CVC, with potential to be produced in small areas. The Folha Murcha sweet orange has demonstrated high tolerance to CVC, when compared with other sweet orange cultivars. The trials were conducted at the Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, (EECB), and were planted in 2001. Evaluations of plant growth, yield and fruit quality were carried out in all the trials, during three years. In the Folha Murcha trial, additional evaluations of CVC tolerance were conducted. In the non-irrigated trials, tree water deficit tolerance was evaluated by two methods: visual assessment of water stress and direct leaf color measurements. In Tahiti lime, peel color of export fruits was measured and a quantitative methodology was defined as an alternative for current classification criteria, which are based on the subjective visual inspection of external fruit aspect. The horticultural evaluation of Folha Murcha sweet orange, Okitsu Satsuma mandarin and Tahiti lime onto twelve rootstocks allowed to identify the trifoliate rootstocks Flying Dragon, Rubidoux and FCAV as alternatives to Cravo Limeira.

A citricultura brasileira é vista como atividade razoavelmente rentável no longo prazo, mas caracterizada por preocupante nível de risco. Este trabalho buscou avaliar a rentabilidade e o risco da atividade, sugerindo como forma de melhor gerenciá-los a provisão de recursos. A análise que confronta risco e retorno da atividade utiliza o método do Valor Presente Líquido - VPL. A identificação dos principais fatores (fontes de risco) responsáveis pela variabilidade do fluxo de caixa foi feita através da análise das contas do fluxo de caixa da atividade e pela estimação do modelo de auto- regressão vetorial de previsão para definir as distribuições conjuntas desses preços. As distribuições de probabilidade para a produtividade nos 19 anos de vida útil do pomar foram definidas através do teste de ajustamento de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Utilizando o modelo do VPL foram simulados 10.000 possíveis valores para os fatores de risco que substituídos nas contas do fluxo de caixa geraram 10.000 possíveis valores de rentabilidade para a atividade. A análise do investimento no pomar de laranja mostrou que os principais fatores de risco para a citricultura são os preços recebidos pela fruta, os preços pagos pelos insumos e a produtividade das plantas. O investimento se apresentou viável economicamente para uma taxa real de desconto de 4% ao ano, com 0,01% de chances de se obter VPL<0; já, para uma taxa de desconto de 6% ao ano há 16% de chances de se obter VPL<0; e, para uma taxa de desconto de 8% ao ano, o investimento passa a ser inviável economicamente apresentando apenas 3% de chances de se obter VPL>0. Embora a rentabilidade média esperada tenha se apresentado remuneradora (6,6% ao ano), o produtor poderá necessitar de recursos para suportar os anos que apresentarem fluxo de caixa negativo. Para gerenciar os riscos do projeto, foram sugeridos dois procedimentos para o cálculo da provisão, um baseado no risco de VPL<0 e outro na distribuição das receitas líquidas acumuladas capitalizadas negativas. O valor a ser provisionado para que o produtor fique protegido contra 95% dos possíveis déficits de caixa representa 17% do montante a ser aplicado nos 3 primeiros anos do projeto. Porém, o montante a provisionar depende dos recursos que o investidor disponha-se a aplicar a mais no projeto ou qual o limite de crédito com que ele pode contar para cobrir suas deficiências de caixa. / The brazilian citrus industry has seen as a reasonably profitable business in the long term, but characterized by worrying level of risk. This study below aimed to evaluate the profitability and risk of this business, suggesting that the best to manage them is the provision of resources. Net Present Value - NPV was the method used to confront risk and return of citrus industry. Identification of the main factors (sources of risk) that may cause the variability of cash flows was made by examining accounts of cash flow activity and estimating vector autoregression forecast prediction to define joint distributions. Productivity distributions in 19-year life of orchad were adjusted by Kolmogorov-Smirvov test. Using NPV model were simulated 10,000 possible values for risk factors which replaced in accounts of the cash flow generates 10,000 possible values to business return. Orange orchard investment analysis showed that the major risk factors for citrus are: prices received by fruit, prices paid for inputs and productivity of plants. The investment has been shown economically feasible based on a discount rate of 4% per year, with chance of 0.01% to get NPV <0, 16% chance of getting NPV <0 using a discount rate of 6% per year and using a discount rate of 8% per year the investment becomes economically unfeasible, it means only 3% chance of getting NPV> 0. Although the expected average return has been shown profitable (6.6% per year), producers may need resources to support negative cash flow years. In order to manage project risks, we suggest two procedures to calculate the provision: a risk-based on NPV <0 and distribution of accumulated capitalized and negative net income values. Provision value to protect the producer against 95% of possible annual deficits represents 17% of first 3 years investment value. However, the total amount to be provisioned will depend on investors further resources available to apply in the project or based on credit limit available to cover cash deficits.

Orientador: Magali Monteiro da Silva / Banca: Alexandre Ferreira Gomes / Banca: Marina Ansolin / Resumo: Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o perfil de compostos fenólicos do suco de laranja integral pasteurizado de marcas comerciais. Métodos: Foram reunidas informações sobre os compostos fenólicos considerando suas características químicas, bioatividade, técnica analítica utilizada para a sua determinação, e os principais compostos presentes em citros. Sucos de laranja integral pasteurizado de nove marcas comerciais foram adquiridos em Araraquara e região, SP. Foram adquiridas três embalagens de cada marca, com diferentes prazos de validade, referentes a diferentes lotes. Sucos de cada marca e lote foram liofilizados e submetidos à extração com solução de metanol:água (90:10, v/v), e os extratos foram submetidos à limpeza em cartucho SPE C18. A separação dos compostos foi realizada no sistema HPLC-DAD, empregando coluna C18 com fase móvel de água:ácido fórmico (99,9:0,1, v/v) e acetonitrila, em modo gradiente, vazão de 1 mL.min-1, temperatura de 50 ºC e volume de injeção de 20 µL. Foi também empregado o sistema UPLC-UV/MS, com escalonamento das condições para escala sub-2 µm. Os extratos foram injetados no sistema HPLC-DAD e UPLC-UV/MS para a identificação e quantificação dos compostos fenólicos. Resultados: Os principais compostos fenólicos das frutas cítricas descritos na literatura são os flavonoides, particularmente as flavanonas narirutina e hesperidina. Nesse trabalho foram identificados 60 compostos do suco de laranja, dos quais 54 são compostos fenólicos. O... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the profile of phenolic compounds of pasteurized orange juice from commercial brands. Methods: The phenolic compounds where characterized considering chemical structure, bioactivity, and techniques for analytical determination, as well as the main compounds present in citrus. Pasteurized orange juices from nine commercial brands were purchased in Araraquara and region, SP. Three packages from each brand were acquired, with different shelf life corresponding to different lots. Juices were lyophilized and extracted with methanol:water solution (90:10, v/v), and the extracts were cleaned in C18 SPE cartridges. Separation of the compounds was performed in an HPLC-DAD system, using a C18 column with mobile phase of water:formic acid (99.9:0.1, v/v) and acetonitrile in gradient mode, with a flow rate of 1 mL.min-1, temperature of 50 ºC and injection volume of 20 μL. An UPLC-UV/MS system was also used, with scaling conditions for sub-2 μm scale. The extracts were injected into the HPLC-DAD and UPLC-UV/MS system for identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds. Results: The main phenolic compounds of citrus fruits described in the literature are flavonoids, particularly the flavanones narirutin and hesperidin. In this work 60 compounds were identified in orange juice, of which 54 are phenolic compounds. The flavonoids rutin, eriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, naringenin, nobiletin and tangeritin, and the caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were identified in all juices. The levels of phenolic compounds varied amongst brands and lots. The results of the PCA... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The reservoir quality of the Orange Basin, offshore South Africa is known to be immensely impaired by the presence of authigenic minerals. The collective effects of burial, bioturbation, compaction and chemical reactions between rocks, fluid and organic matter conclusively determined the quality of reservoirs within the Orange basin. The aim of this study was to provide information on the quality of reservoirs within the Orange Basin. Data used to conduct this study include wireline logs (LAS format), well completion reports and core samples from potential reservoir zones of wells K-A2, K-A3 and K-E1. To accomplish the aim, petrophysical parameters were calculated, such as porosity, permeability and water saturation. Besides, depositional environments were identified using gamma ray log and core logging techniques. Thirdly, petrographic studies were supporting techniques in understanding how various minerals and diagenetic processes play a role in reservoir characterisation. Geophysical wireline logs (Gamma ray, Resistivity, Bulk density and Caliper) allowed for the estimation of the three main reservoir properties; namely: porosity, water saturation and permeability. The porosity calculations revealed a range of 3-18% for well K-A2, 2%-13% for well K-A3 and 3%-16% for well K-E1. The permeability’s ranged from 0.08-0.1 mD and 0.001-1.30 mD for K-A3 and K-E1, respectively. Thus, the findings of the petrophysical evaluation of the wells in Interactive Petrophysics indicated that the reservoir intervals of wells K-A2, K-A3 and K-E1 are of poor to good quality. Based on the core analyses, the depositional environment is mostly shallow marine, specifically tide dominated for well K-A2, sandstone channel for well K-A3 and intertidal environment for well K-E1. These environments were confirmed by XRD, revealing glauconite as the prominent mineral.

A citricultura brasileira é vista como atividade razoavelmente rentável no longo prazo, mas caracterizada por preocupante nível de risco. Este trabalho buscou avaliar a rentabilidade e o risco da atividade, sugerindo como forma de melhor gerenciá-los a provisão de recursos. A análise que confronta risco e retorno da atividade utiliza o método do Valor Presente Líquido - VPL. A identificação dos principais fatores (fontes de risco) responsáveis pela variabilidade do fluxo de caixa foi feita através da análise das contas do fluxo de caixa da atividade e pela estimação do modelo de auto- regressão vetorial de previsão para definir as distribuições conjuntas desses preços. As distribuições de probabilidade para a produtividade nos 19 anos de vida útil do pomar foram definidas através do teste de ajustamento de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Utilizando o modelo do VPL foram simulados 10.000 possíveis valores para os fatores de risco que substituídos nas contas do fluxo de caixa geraram 10.000 possíveis valores de rentabilidade para a atividade. A análise do investimento no pomar de laranja mostrou que os principais fatores de risco para a citricultura são os preços recebidos pela fruta, os preços pagos pelos insumos e a produtividade das plantas. O investimento se apresentou viável economicamente para uma taxa real de desconto de 4% ao ano, com 0,01% de chances de se obter VPL<0; já, para uma taxa de desconto de 6% ao ano há 16% de chances de se obter VPL<0; e, para uma taxa de desconto de 8% ao ano, o investimento passa a ser inviável economicamente apresentando apenas 3% de chances de se obter VPL>0. Embora a rentabilidade média esperada tenha se apresentado remuneradora (6,6% ao ano), o produtor poderá necessitar de recursos para suportar os anos que apresentarem fluxo de caixa negativo. Para gerenciar os riscos do projeto, foram sugeridos dois procedimentos para o cálculo da provisão, um baseado no risco de VPL<0 e outro na distribuição das receitas líquidas acumuladas capitalizadas negativas. O valor a ser provisionado para que o produtor fique protegido contra 95% dos possíveis déficits de caixa representa 17% do montante a ser aplicado nos 3 primeiros anos do projeto. Porém, o montante a provisionar depende dos recursos que o investidor disponha-se a aplicar a mais no projeto ou qual o limite de crédito com que ele pode contar para cobrir suas deficiências de caixa. / The brazilian citrus industry has seen as a reasonably profitable business in the long term, but characterized by worrying level of risk. This study below aimed to evaluate the profitability and risk of this business, suggesting that the best to manage them is the provision of resources. Net Present Value - NPV was the method used to confront risk and return of citrus industry. Identification of the main factors (sources of risk) that may cause the variability of cash flows was made by examining accounts of cash flow activity and estimating vector autoregression forecast prediction to define joint distributions. Productivity distributions in 19-year life of orchad were adjusted by Kolmogorov-Smirvov test. Using NPV model were simulated 10,000 possible values for risk factors which replaced in accounts of the cash flow generates 10,000 possible values to business return. Orange orchard investment analysis showed that the major risk factors for citrus are: prices received by fruit, prices paid for inputs and productivity of plants. The investment has been shown economically feasible based on a discount rate of 4% per year, with chance of 0.01% to get NPV <0, 16% chance of getting NPV <0 using a discount rate of 6% per year and using a discount rate of 8% per year the investment becomes economically unfeasible, it means only 3% chance of getting NPV> 0. Although the expected average return has been shown profitable (6.6% per year), producers may need resources to support negative cash flow years. In order to manage project risks, we suggest two procedures to calculate the provision: a risk-based on NPV <0 and distribution of accumulated capitalized and negative net income values. Provision value to protect the producer against 95% of possible annual deficits represents 17% of first 3 years investment value. However, the total amount to be provisioned will depend on investors further resources available to apply in the project or based on credit limit available to cover cash deficits.

Orientador: Rubens Monti / Resumo: ---- / Mestre

The study presented here consists in an original piece of work to better understand complex food packaging interactions. The majority of investigations on food polymer interactions related to orange juice and this provided a good base to our study (Literature reviews: cf. Chapters 1a and b). Additionally a rather remarkable finding in 1994 was that limonin, a trace bitter material found in some varieties of orange juice was rapidly absorbed by highly plasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC plastisol) (Chapter 2). Several commercial absorbants are available for debittering, relying on limonin absorption on the large surface area of the highly porous absorbant pellets. However, the absorptive properties of the smooth plastisols apparently relied on a different mechanism. Limonin is a very large (470.5 g/mol) compound, but some preliminary experiments with another much smaller orange juice constituent d- of absorbates in plastisols, methods used earlier (Moisan 1980, Holland and Santangelo 1988) to measure solubilities and diffusion constants in packaging films could be advantageously used to survey these properties in a wide range of materials, including model compounds of various types, and a number of compounds which may be found in citrus juices (Chapters 3, 4 and 5). Experimentally, the method found most suitable was to use a ‘test film’ of pure plastisol which was wrapped tightly on both sides by a similar ‘supply film’ blended with 1 Molar test material (also called ‘absorbate’), setting up a concentration gradient. The inner test film was removed at regular intervals (minutes to hours) to measure (mainly by weighing) the uptake of the test reagent with time. Rather unexpectedly, it was found in a number of cases that the test film lost weight, either from the beginning, or after a period of time. Three main types of behaviour were identified: Type A lost weight from the beginning and over a long period of time, Type B gained weight initially and then lost weight, and Type C gained weight until a steady state was reached. Often the maximum, or near maximum, mass increase occurred within around 100 minutes, indicating a very rapid, liquid-like diffusion mechanism, in harmony with the rapid uptake of d-limonene and limonin. The major parameters of interest with these compounds are their diffusion rates and their solubilities, and in the presence of aqueous media (orange juice and other foodstuffs) the partition coefficient between the plastisol and water, which is related to the hydrophobicity function LogP for the compound. The major complicating factor in these measurements is the observation that the plasticiser materials themselves also migrate, in the reverse direction, because of the lower effective concentration in the supply film. This effect tends to be small, but is one explanation for the mass loss observed above, and cannot be ignored over the long term, nor in its practical applications to contamination in foods. There are many possible applications for the techniques described above. The removal or addition of compounds in food packaging itself is one. Upgrading foods, such as orange juice, commercially, is another. In many cases ‘scalping’ off-flavours or other minor components takes place exclusively through solid or liquid contact with the packaging. The removal from the headspace measured by the current gas permeation methods is irrelevant for the vast numbers of involatile, but easily diffusable compounds. For such compounds these novel applications are simple and rapid, require little specialised equipment, and fill a niche in the armoury of food and packaging chemists. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Groupers are an important mariculture fish in Taiwan and Southeast Asian countries. The rapidly growing orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) has experienced relatively severe bacterial disease problems. The proliferation of pathogens in fish can be suppressed by commensal microbiota. In this context, probiotic seem to offer an attractive alternative. Bacillus subtilisis a probiotic bacteriumthat is administered in diet to suppress proliferation of pathogens. In the present study, E.coioideswere fed for 6 months with diets containing B.subtilis at 0 (control), 0.1 % and 1 %. Percent weight gain and feed efficiency of the 0.1 and 1 % groups were significantlybetter than the control group. The innate cellular response, respiratory burst of the fish fed the 1 % and 0.1 % diet was significantly higher compared to the control group on 10 or 20 days after feeding, and even moresignificanton 30 days.ProbioticBacillus subtilis increased the fish¡¦s intestinal microbial diversity as measured by visible band number and Shannon diversity indexin DGGE analysis. Probiotic Bacillus subtilis also stimulated the population of bacterial species likePaenibacillussp,Lactobacillus oenistrain 59 b, and Methilacidophiluminfernorumstrain V4 that beneficial for Epinephelus coioides. The best dose of probiotic Bacillus subtilis based on growth performances, innate cellular responses and profile of microbiota in fish intestines is 0.1 %, which showed equal efficacy as the 1% diet.

Project (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1982. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-161).