Thesis (MAcc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.

The development of Youth Justice in the UK since the early 1990s has been informed by the belief that the family plays a key role in youth offending. In 1998 the parenting order was introduced, based on the assumption that interventions to improve parenting will have a positive effect upon offending. The availability of the order was extended in 2005, reflecting the view that parents who do not undertake parenting support are being wilfully negligent of their responsibilities and must be made to take the help offered. In this thesis the assumptions justifying the parenting order and its extensions are questioned. Evidence suggests that although parenting is influential, it is one of many factors associated with the onset of or desistence from offending. Furthermore, as this thesis highlights, parents likely to receive parenting orders are often experiencing several personal and environmental 'stressors', creating high levels of need. These situational pressures and high level of need, this thesis argues, are likely to make it difficult for them to be effective in their role, or to gain long term benefit from attending a parenting programme. Furthermore, many parents have histories of unsuccessfully seeking assistance from 'helping agencies', refuting the assumption of wilful neglect. This thesis considers the advantages and limitations of parenting work as a form of crime prevention and specifically looks at the use of the parenting order. An argument is presented for a wider, more holistic approach to parenting work than that offered by the parenting order as a form of crime prevention and for providing assistance to families earlier.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Variations made to the original scope of works are part of construction projects. Varying the scope of works has a cost and time impact, also referred to as the direct impact of V.Os. The direct impact is generally well understood by both contractor and client. Over and beyond the direct impact, V.Os also have a secondary impact on a project. Unlike the direct impact, the secondary impact appears not to be well recognised and managed by South African contractors. The principal aim of the research is to understand the secondary impact of V.Os. Based on this understanding, it then aims to give guidelines and recommendations to assist contractors to manage the secondary impact of V.Os. A variety of methods are used in this thesis. It includes literature review, questionnaire surveys and interviews. The qualitative analysis consists out of a pre-investigation which provided insight on how contractors deal with the secondary impact of V.Os. The JBCC and the GCC were analysed, which provided an understanding on how the contract deals with V.Os and its secondary impact. A definition was developed for the secondary impact. Key terms in the definition were analysed that assist with its understanding. Through means of a detailed literature review of relevant literature, a collection of delay and disruption events were identified that could be triggered by V.O. Studies are presented that proves V.Os cause a loss of productivity on construction projects. A comprehensive and systematic overview was given that explains the secondary impact of V.Os on construction projects. The main events discussed in the overview were validated for the South African contractor through means of interviews conducted with 2 contractors and questionnaires sent out to 44 individuals. It was found that in general, some South African contractors have accepted the secondary impact as part of construction projects. Contracts do not explicitly consider the secondary impact of change, nor does it provide clear guidelines as to how it should be addressed by the parties in contract. It was concluded that the secondary impact is unforeseen loss of productivity on the unchanged work due to the synergistic effect of the disruption caused by a multitude of V.Os (Jones, 2001, Hanna, 2004 and Ibbs, 2005). The secondary impact is an impact on human factors such as morale, self-esteem, motivation and the cause of difficult working conditions. It is a disruption that prevents project activities and events from starting and ending at the planned time and also prevents contractors from executing activities as planned. The cost due to the secondary impact is a combination of increased labour cost and also the increased cost of completing the unchanged work. It is clear that to pro-actively manage the secondary impact of V.Os will require the cooperation from the contract, the contractor and the client. In short contractors will need to understand the secondary impact, be aware of and prepared for delay and disruption events, keep record of the impact, monitor and control labour productivity and maintain a good relationship with the client. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Veranderinge aan die oorspronklike omvang van die werk is deel van konstruksie-projekte. Wanneer die omvang van die oorspronklikke werke verander word, het dit ‘n tyd en koste implikasie tot gevolg. Dit word na verwys as die direkte impak van veranderringe. Die direkte impak word oor die algemeen goed verstaan deur beide die kontrakteur en die kliënt. Bo en behalwe die direkte impak, het variation orders (V.Os) ook 'n sekondêre impak op 'n projek. In teenstelling met die direkte impak, word die sekondêre impak waarskynlik nie goed erken en bestuur deur die Suid-Afrikaanse kontrakteurs nie. Die hoofdoel van die navorsing is om die impak van sekondêre V.Os. te verstaan. Op grond van hierdie begrip, het dit ten doel om riglyne en aanbevelings te gee wat kontrakteurs kan help om die sekondêre impak van V.Os. te bestuur. 'n Verskeidenheid van metodes word in hierdie tesis gebruik. Dit sluit in literatuurstudies, vrae-lys opnames en onderhoude. Die kwalitatiewe ontleding bestaan uit 'n voor-ondersoek wat insig verskaf oor hoe kontrakteurs die sekondêre impak van V.Os hanteer en beleef. Die JBCC en die GCC is ontleed, met die doel om te verstaan hoe die kontrak V.Os en hul sekondêre impak hanteer. 'n Definisie is ontwikkel vir die sekondêre impak. Sleutelterme in die definisie is ontleed wat help met die begrip. Deur middel van 'n omvattende literatuuroorsig van relevante literatuur, is 'n versameling van die vertraging-en ontwrigtings gebeure geïdentifiseer wat deur V.Os veroorsaak kan word. Studies wat bewys dat V.Os 'n afname in produktiwiteit van konstruksie-projekte veroorsaak, is geraadpleeg. 'n Omvattende en sistematiese oorsig word gegee wat die sekondêre impak van V.Os op konstruksie-projekte verduidelik. Die belangrikste gebeurtenisse wat in die oorsig beskryf word, is bekragtig vir die Suid-Afrikaanse kontrakteur deur middel van onderhoude wat met 2 kontrakteurs gevoer is en vraelyste wat uitgestuur is aan 44 individue. Daar is gevind dat in die algemeen, aanvaar sommige Suid-Afrikaanse kontrakteurs die sekondêre impak as deel van konstruksie-projekte. Kontrakte bevat nie duidelike riglyne wat verduidelik hoe kontrakteurs en kliënte die sekondêre impak van V.Os moet hanteer en aanspreek nie. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die sekondêre impak ‘n onvoorsiene verlies van produktiwiteit op die onveranderde werk is. Dit is die gevolg van die sinergistiese effek van ontwrigting wat veroorsaak word deur 'n menigte van V.Os (Jones, 2001, Hanna, 2004 en Ibbs, 2005). Die sekondêre uitwerking is 'n impak op menslike faktore soos moraal, selfbeeld, motivering en die oorsaak van die moeilike werksomstandighede. Dit is 'n ontwrigting wat verhoed dat die aktiwiteite en gebeure van die projek begin of eindig op die beplande tye. Ook verhoed die sekondêre impak dat die kontrakteurs aktiwiteite uitvoer soos wat vooruit beplan was. Die koste as gevolg van die sekondêre impak is 'n kombinasie van verhoogde arbeidskoste en ook die verhoogde koste om onveranderde werk te voltooi. Dit is duidelik dat die samewerking van die kontrak, die kontrakteur en die kliënt noodsaaklik is om die sekondêre impak van V.Os op ‘n pro-aktiewe wyse te bestuur. Kortliks, vir kontrakteurs om die sekondêre impak te bestuur, het hul nodig om dit te verstaan, om bewus te wees van en voorbereid te wees vir die vertraging-en ontwrigtings gebeure wat plaasvind, rekord moet gehou word van die impak, die produktiwiteit van arbeid moet gemonitor en beheer word en 'n goeie verhouding met die kliënt moet nagestreef word.

Together, the "Landeskirchlichen Gemeinschaften" forms the largest free reform move-ment within the Evangelical Church in Germany. In recent decades a change in worship gatherings has taken place in many of these communities. Independent worship services developed from the complementary gatherings, which at first were meant to be extensions of the Church's Sunday worship services. These services, held in free form and without orders of worship, now have become a substitute for the 'normal' church service. The 'creative freedom' also brings disadvantages, as unreflective processes tend to foster rigid orders of service. Because of a conscious separation from the church services of the mainstream church, important liturgical actions as well as elements of the Church Year could be omitted. This dissertation aims to study from various perspectives the possibilities for enriching worship in the "Landeskirchliche Gemeinschaften". From literature in liturgical studies, in the first place from the sphere of the Evangelical Church in Germany, but also from the free churches in Germany, the fundamental Reformatory insights for worship and the litur-gy are discussed and evaluated. On the basis of these findings, well-founded suggestions for the design of services in Landeskirchlichen communities are made. Possibilities for enrichment through careful planning are identified for those responsible for the respective services. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology

The Southeast Order has been milk deficit for over ten years and because of this milk has to be brought in from other orders to meet processor’s demand. Transportation credits provide processors with help to cover transportation costs to bring outside milk into the order. To help keep Class I utilization and support milk prices, relative to orders in the North, Order 7 has low diversion limits. As milk produced within Order 7 has been on a downward trend, milk brought into the order has not increased as consistently. In 2000 milk pooled from farms within the order made up an average of 66% out of the total amount pooled compared to a 2012 average of 43%. The objectives of this paper are to review the history of the federal milk marketing system, describe the structure of milk pricing, examine the unique features of the southern orders, and estimate the impact of the amount of milk diverted and the amount paid in transportation credits on Order 7’s uniform price. The results showed that only Class II diverted pounds had a statistically significant impact on the uniform price.

This thesis tracks the direction of the development of unilateral executive power from Nixon to Clinton. The thirty-two-year process saw a mostly continuous growth of the power of the president to act unilaterally through a variety of mechanisms seizing the ability to act first from the other branches of government and the bureaucracy. The ability to enhance presidential power depends on many factors such as one time shocks (such as Watergate) and congressional support. The minority presidency of Richard Nixon responded to democratic control of Congress by aggressive assertions of presidential power via unilateral decrees. In fights such as impoundment, wage and price controls, and affirmative action plans, Nixon attempted to increase the power of the presidency while also laying groundwork for future regulatory reforms. Nixon’s resignation and Watergate crated stiff headwinds for the development of the unilateral powers of the presidency with Congress passed meaningful attempts to claw back presidential powers that had accumulated over time. Nevertheless, the Ford and Carter presidencies still saw the groundwork laid for the next major expansion of presidential authority. Under Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush, the “Reagan Revolution” saw the Presidency gain new powers to aggressively combat the growing state. The assault on government saw the creation of modern signing statements, and harsh anti-regulatory actions. Clinton’s presidency saw a continued evolution of executive power albeit shaped by the significantly different ends trying to be achieved than under the two previous Republican presidents while also seeing new innovations in the mix of powers.

In the introduction, doctoral thesis as a complex technological project uses the summary title Stability of production. Stability of production is defined as a maintaining the required properties of the system over a given time period. Stability of production, based on the literature study included: – generally known systems and concepts, for example Process Stability, System Stability, Toyota Production System, Lean Manufacturing, etc. – less-known systems and concepts, for example Maintaining the fidelity of the production program, Stable order-sequence concept. The practical part of the doctoral thesis is focused on the less-known concept: Stable order-sequence. The task of the Stable order-sequence is to follow the sequence of orders given by the planned production program in the course of the production and at the end of production. Maintaining the sequence of the orders has a positive experience in the logistics activities between the final producer and its suppliers. As it was found by the planned experiment for a full factory plan, the sequence of orders in the material flow of original equipment manufacturer is influenced mainly by: – the cause of the removing orders from material flow, – the effect of the causes LIFO stack vs. branched material flow, – the effect of the causes LIFO stack vs. branched material flow vs. the removing from the material flow. By the analysis of Stable order-sequence, it was found that the methodology of the concept contains deficiencies. It does not state how to choose for example the size of the time period, time interval, data editing etc. By this lack, the subject can skew the results in the evaluation of the indicator PFT0 up to 4 %. Or by using of suitable adjustment, the value of the indicator PFT0 can be improved more than 50 %. To test the concept of a Stable order-sequence in practice has been designed technological project with the support of discrete-event simulation. It was about the implementation of new management logic to the stack behind the welding of original equipment manufacturer. The new logic of management was designed with an emphasis on Stable order-sequence concept, to arrange the orders in process according to the planned sequence. On the base of the functionality verification of the new stack logic, it was found that the logic affects the sequence of the orders, but not fundamentally. In tracking the hourly intervals for 25th calendar week 2013, the value of PFT0 was not improved in 37 cases, the value remains in 30 cases and the value was improved by the value of the median 18,68 % in 30 cases orders.

Gustav Mahler’s Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (first published 1887) feature as their only character a miserable wayfarer who laments his unrequited love for someone and who, in spite of all his beautiful pastoral surroundings, cannot help but feel deep unhappiness. Using Lacan’s three orders (Imaginary, Symbolic and Real) and further developments of his theory by Slavoj Žižek in The Sublime Object of Ideology, I argue that the eyes of the wayfarer’s beloved are the Lacanian Real that disrupts his symbolic network and thus are the origin of his traumatic existence. His misery becomes an immanent part of his identity and he can therefore only exist through this feeling. Furthermore I suggest that, although he laments the situation, he subconsciously desires the unhappy love affair as a way of guaranteeing his own existence as a wayfarer, in accordance with Freud’s concept of Repetition compulsion.

Apesar das investidas da Coroa Portuguesa para restringir o poderio da Igreja ao longo da Idade Moderna, uma ação sistemática nesse sentido foi possível apenas com novas ideias do século XVIII. Durante o consulado pombalino, embasado em teorias jansenistas, febronianistas e episcopalistas, o regalismo lusitano ganhou fundamentação doutrinal que o permitiram maior força e amplitude, conhecendo então seu apogeu, tanto perante a Igreja nacional quanto a Santa Sé. Dado o poderio material, privilégios e imunidades que as tornavam arredias à desejada centralização monárquica e à submissão dos diversos corpos da Igreja, as ordens religiosas constituíram-se alvos privilegiados das políticas regalistas ora estruturadas. Apesar disso, exceto pelos jesuítas, a historiografia nacional dispensou poucas atenções à investida regalista da Coroa e de seus representantes entre as diversas províncias religiosas espalhadas pelo território colonial, limitando-se a afirmações quase sempre genéricas. Dessa forma, no presente estudo analisamos justamente as ações de enquadramento da Província de Nossa Senhora do Carmo do Rio de Janeiro de 1750 a 1808, seus sucessos e limites, passos e contrapassos. / Despite the attempts of the Portuguese Crown to restrict the power of the nacional Church throughout the Modern Age, a systematic action was only possible with the new ideas of the 18th century. During the administration of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal, based on Jansenists, Febronianists and Episcopalists theories, the Portuguese Regalism won doctrinal grounds that allowed it greater strength and breadth, reaching its heyday, both before the national Church as the Holy See. Given its opulence, privileges and immunities that made them centrifugal bodies to the desired monarchical centralization and submission of Church, religious orders constituted one of the main targets of the regalists policies then structured. Despite this, except for the Jesuits, Brazilian historiography have dismissed little attention to the Regalism of the Lusitanian Crown and its representatives among the various religious provinces throughout the colonial territory, limited to statements almost always generic. Thus, in this study we analyze precisely the actions of framework of Província de Nossa Senhora do Carmo do Rio de Janeiro, from 1750 to 1808, their successes and limits, steps and countersteps.

Este trabalho visa a analisar as medidas judiciais adotadas para enfrentar os riscos e agravos à saúde decorrentes da exposição a substâncias perigosas em áreas contaminadas no município de São Paulo, tendo em vista que no Brasil não há uma política específica para ser aplicada no caso em questão. São abordadas as formas de enfrentamento do problema, com ênfase na Ação Civil Pública (ACP). O caso da área contaminada da Vila Carioca foi escolhido para ser objeto de estudo por se tratar de problema atual e de conseqüências sociais diversas, além de figurar entre um dos mais graves problemas ambientais da cidade. O trabalho versa sobre a experiência, na área jurídica, de órgãos públicos com atribuições para proteção da saúde humana, entre eles: Centro de Vigilância Sanitária, Ministério Público e Cetesb. A importância e a efetividade das medidas judiciais para a garantia do direito à saúde, a preservação do meio ambiente e o bem-estar da população, particularmente no tocante às áreas contaminadas na cidade de São Paulo, também são discutidas. O Capítulo I discute o desenvolvimento econômico e suas implicações com o direito à saúde e o direito ambiental, à luz da Constituição Federal. O Capítulo II trata da proteção ambiental e dos riscos ambientais do espaço urbano e sua relação com as políticas para o desenvolvimento das cidades, além de apresentar um breve histórico da regulação de risco e das atividades produtivas poluidoras. O Capítulo III aborda alguns meios processuais coletivos de proteção e de implementação dos direitos fundamentais, com enfoque maior na ACP. O Capítulo IV aborda um estudo de caso relacionado com a contaminação de solo no bairro da Vila Carioca, região sul da cidade. Conclui-se discutindo os entraves jurídicos e a falta de controle do Poder Público no que se refere à defesa dos direitos coletivos em face do estudo de caso em questão. / The aim of the present work is to analyze the judicial orders adopted to tackle health risks resulting from exposure to hazardous substances in contaminated areas of the city of São Paulo, since there is no specific Brazilian policy to rule this issue. Ways of tackling the problem are discussed, with emphasis on the Civil Public Action (ACP). The case of Vila Carioca was chosen not only for being a current problem with several social consequences, but also for being one of the major environmental problems affecting the city of São Paulo in recent years. This study focuses on the juridical experience of public institutions responsible for community health, such as: the Sanitary Surveillance Center (Centro de Vigilância Sanitária), Department of Justice (Ministério Público) and the Technology and Environmental Sanitation Company (Cetesb). In addition, it shows the importance and effectiveness of judicial orders to guarantee the right to health, protection of the environment and public welfare, especially regarding the contaminated areas in the city of São Paulo. Chapter I discusses the economic development and its implications as to the right to health and the environmental laws, examined through the lens of the Brazilian Federal Constitution. Chapter II discusses environmental protection and hazards in urban areas and the policies which rule the development of cities. In addition, it gives a brief account of risk regulations with reference to polluting production activities. Chapter III discusses some collective legal procedures for protection and implementation of fundamental rights, focusing mainly on the ACP. Chapter IV discusses a case study of soil contamination in Vila Carioca, located in the south of São Paulo. Finally, the study discusses the legal obstacles and failures of the Public Authority in defending the collective rights concerning the case examined.