Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of wash treatments, consisting of hot water, 2% lactic, 2% acetic, or 2% levulinic acid, for decontamination of pathogenic bacteria previously inoculated onto meat surfaces, to inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria inoculated onto previously washed meat surfaces, and on the organoleptic quality of sliced turkey roll and beef trim. Acid washes were no more effective at reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on beef plate, Listeria monocytogenes on sliced turkey roll, and Salmonella on pork belly than was water wash. Only lactic acid treatment was more effective than water at reducing Salmonella on chicken skin, but by less than 1 log CFU/cm2. Increasing wash temperatures with 2% levulinic acid did not reduce E. coli O157:H7 on beef plate. Organic acid washes did not protect against growth of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7. Acetic acid prevented growth of Salmonella, but only on chicken skin. Organic acid spray treatments of sliced turkey roll and beef trim did not affect consumer liking of turkey roll or cooked ground beef patties. Acid treatments had some effect on instrumental color measurements, but these appear to have little practical significance. Overall, washing with 2% organic acid solutions was no more effective at reducing pathogenic bacteria on meat surfaces than washing with water.

Broiler frames were treated with antimicrobial solutions of 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride with CitrilowTM (CPC) or 0.1% peroxyacetic acid (PAA) for contact times of 30 to 120 sec and evaluated for their effectiveness at reducing the incidence of Salmonella spp. on broiler frames and decreasing Salmonellae counts on mechanically separated chicken meat (MSC). MSC samples were evaluated for pH, color, cook loss and protein bind. Results from the preliminary study indicated that 0.5% CPC at 60, 90, and 120 sec achieved higher reduction of Salmonellae on whole broiler frames than CPC at 30 sec or any PAA treatments. In contrast, PAA exposure for 60 sec had greater log reduction of Salmonella spp. on MSC than the other PAA or CPC treatments. On average, CPC treatments were lighter (CIE L*) (P<0.05) than PAA treatments, and PAA treatments were more red (CIE a*) and yellow (CIE b*) (P<0.05) than CPC treatments.

No description available.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Acids are one of the major components that originate largely from the berry, that are found in wine, and that influence the sensory perception. The presence of organic acids in adequate concentrations in the grape berry, of which tartaric- and malic acid are the main organic acids present, is important as this determines the potential of a must to produce a good and stable wine. The effect of temperature on the organic acid content of the must is widely discussed with higher temperatures in general being associated with lower quantities of organic acids present in the juice, and lower temperatures during ripening associated with higher quantities, specifically in the case of malic acid. Due to the topographical diversity of the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin district and the closeness of the ocean and the occurrence of sea breezes, the mesoclimate differs greatly over short distances. Sixteen sites, consisting of eight Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon sites respectively, were selected from a broader terroir study site network. Three vintages with complete climatic datasets were selected for vintage comparisons. Climate in the study area was monitored on differing scales, and data from a weather station network, as well as from mesoclimatic dataloggers within the sites were available. The available data was firstly compared to determine the variability of the data, not only between the two climatic scales, but also between the sites. Different climate classification indices and parameters available in literature were thereafter compared and evaluated for the best representation in this area. The Huglin index was found to be a better representation regarding the thermal climatic indices. Due to the great differences between temperatures noted for the mesoclimatic loggers and the nearest automatic weather station, the use of mesoclimatic logger data was preferred, and is advised in future studies where this scale of data is available. Malic and tartaric acid has a definite synthesis period up until véraison, after which the content of tartaric acid remains constant in the berry and the content of malic acid decreases until harvest due to mainly respiration. The temperature data was therefore separated in a synthesis period from flowering to véraison, and a ripening period from véraison to harvest. In this study, clear differences were firstly seen in the climate as expected, not only between sites per vintage, but in addition between vintages and between vintages per site. The phenological differences between the sites could be largely attributed to the differences in temperature as phenology and temperature was found to be highly correlated in this study. Differences in the ripening parameters were noticed in addition to the contents of the organic acids between sites, although no definite contribution of temperature was shown to affect the contents of these compounds at either véraison or harvest. These differences may be attributed to other factors such as the soil water content and the canopy architecture. In addition, these factors all contribute in differing percentages to the differences found in the contents per site. It was found though that temperature can be used as an indicator of the organic acid content in the grape berry, considering that the temperature data is available on a mesoclimatic scale, separated in a synthesis and period of degradation, and the number of hours within the temperature thresholds are determined. Differences seen in the organic acid contents can however not only be attributed to the differences in topography and the temperature as discussed in this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sure is belangrike druifkomponente wat grootliks hul oorsprong in die korrel het, in die wyn voorkom, en die sensoriese persepsie van die wyn beïnvloed. Die voorkoms van organiese sure in genoegsame konsentrasies in die korrel, waarvan wynsteensuur en appelsuur die hoof organiese sure is, is belangrik aangesien dit die potensiaal van die sap om ʼn goeie en stabiele wyn te produseer, bepaal. Hoe temperatuur die inhoud van organiese sure in die druiwesap affekteer is gereeld onder bespreking, met hoër temperature in die algemeen geassosieer met ʼn laer inhoud van organiese sure, terwyl laer temperature geassosieer word met ʼn hoër inhoud van organiese sure in die sap, veral in die geval van appelsuur. As gevolg van die topografiese diversiteit van die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprong distrik, asook die nabyheid van die oseaan met die gepaardgaande voorkoms van die seebries, verander die mesoklimaat aansienlik oor klein afstande in hierdie area. Vir die studie was sestien wingerde, wat bestaan het uit agt Sauvignon Blanc en agt Cabernet Sauvignon wingerde, geselekteer vanuit ʼn groter terroir studie. Verder was drie seisoene, met volledige klimaatsdatastelle, geselekteer vir die vergelyking van data tussen die seisoene. Klimaat was op verskillende skale binne die studie area gemonitor en data van ʼn weerstasie netwerk, sowel as van mesoklimaat dataversamelaars binne die wingerde, was beskikbaar. Die beskikbare datastelle was vergelyk, asook geëvalueer, om die mees verteenwoordigende datastel vir die area te bepaal. Met die oorweging van die termiese indekse was daar gevind dat die Huglin indeks beter verteenwoordigend van die area was. Verder, as gevolg van die groot verskille wat gevind is tussen die temperature gemeet met die mesoklimaat dataversamelaars en die naaste outomatiese weerstasie, was daar besluit dat die gebruik van die mesoklimaat data verkies is en is dit ook aan te beveel vir die gebruik in toekomstige navorsing indien die tipe data beskikbaar is. Wynsteen- en appelsuur het beide ʼn definitiewe sintese periode tot en met véraison, waarna die hoeveelheid wynsteensuur in die korrel relatief konstant bly en die hoeveelheid appelsuur afneem hoofsaaklik as gevolg van respirasie. Die temperatuur data was dus verdeel in ‘n periode van sintese vanaf blom tot en met véraison, en ʼn rypwordingsperiode vanaf véraison tot en met oes. In hierdie studie was daar eerstens groot verskille waargeneem in die klimaat soos wat daar verwag is. Hierdie verskille was nie net waargeneem as tussen die seisoene nie, maar ook tussen die wingerde binne ʼn seisoen. Die fenologiese veskille tussen die wingerde wat ook waargeneem is, kon hoofsaaklik aan die verskille in die temperatuur toegeskryf word en ʼn goeie korrelasie tussen temperatuur en fenologie is opgemerk. Merkwaardige verskille in die rypwordingsparameters, asook in die inhoud van die organiese sure, was waargeneem, alhoewel die bydrae van temperatuur op die inhoud van hierdie komponente by véraison of oes nie as definitief getoon is nie. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan die bydrae van ander faktore, soos byvoorbeeld die grondwaterinhoud en die lowerargitektuur, op die inhoud van hierdie komponente. Die addisionele faktore dra egter in verskillende persentasies by tot die verskille waargeneem tussen die wingerde.

The ability of yeasts to grow and adapt under extreme environmental conditions including within the presence of weak organic acid preservatives has led to substantial economic losses through manufactured food and beverage spoilage. The food industry has employed the use of various weak organic acids such as sorbic, benzoic and acetic acid as preservatives to help prevent spoilage by yeasts and moulds. The mechanisms by which S. cerevisiae is able to adapt to these weak organic acids have been extensively studied. A lesser studied weak organic acid preservative is citric acid. The aim of this study was to gain further information on the mechanisms of citric acid adaptation and through this identify potential targets for new preservation strategies. Current knowledge indicates the involvement of the HOG pathway in citric acid adaptation. A citric acid sensitivity screen from a previous study also isolated a SR protein kinase Sky1p, involved in polyamine metabolism, which has been connected with other crucial cellular processes including modulation of ion homeostasis and osmotic shock. In this study we have undertaken a systematic screen for genes that confer increased sensitivity to citric acid paying particular attention to those involved in polyamine metabolism and those known to encode proteins which have evidence of interactions with Sky1p. Many of the deletion strains tested exhibited hypersensitivity to citric acid including Δsky1. Protein-protein interaction maps for Sky1p highlighted an interesting secondary interacting protein Nmd5p, an importin crucial for the nuclear localization of Hog1p. This information suggested there may be the possibility of linkage between Sky1p and Hog1p and their roles in citric acid tolerance, perhaps through Nmd5p. This provided an incentive to perform a range of experiments to test this theory. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses were carried out to study protein expression and phosphorylation changes in response to citric acid stress. Comparative proteomic analyses for Δsky1, Δhog1 and BY4741a with and without citric acid identified four instances of analogous protein expression responses in both Δsky1 and Δhog1, suggesting functional overlap upon exposure to citric acid. Epistasis studies of Δhog1Δsky1 suggested that the two protein kinases do not function on the same pathway. However, overexpression analyses did suggest some functional interaction between Hog1p and Sky1p in mediating citric acid resistance since overexpression of Sky1p in Δhog1 resulted in partial rescue of growth. Further supporting evidence for some functional interaction or linkage was provided by Hog1p phosphorylation and localisation studies. Δsky1 exhibited dual phosphorylation of Hog1p in the absence of citric acid stress; implying that loss of SKY1 results in dual phosphorylation of Hog1p by either prompting phosphorylation or perhaps by interfering with dephosphorylation of Hog1p. Localisation studies of Hog1p proved that like osmotic stress, citric acid stress results in nuclear translocation of Hog1p and deletion of SKY1 seemed to interfere with this localisation to some extent. In light of the results attained in this study we believe we have evidence to propose a novel role for Sky1p in mediating resistance to citric acid and that there is also substantial evidence to suggest that Sky1p shares some functional redundancy and perhaps functional linkage with Hog1p in citric acid adaptation.

Succinic acid is a compound used for manufacturing lacquers, resins, and other coating chemicals. It is also used in the food and beverage industry as a flavor additive. It is predominantly manufactured from petrochemicals, but it can also be produced more sustainably by fermentation of sugars from renewable feedstocks (biomass). Bio-based succinic acid has excellent potential for becoming a platform chemical (building block) for commodity and high-value chemicals. In this study, we focused on the production of bio-based succinic acid from the fiber of sweet sorghum (SS), which has a high fermentable sugar content and can be cultivated in a variety of climates and locations around the world. To avoid competition with food feedstocks, we targeted the non-edible ‘bagasse’, which is the fiber part after extracting the juice. Initially, we studied various conditions of pretreating SS bagasse to remove most of the non-fermentable portions and expose the cellulose fibers containing the fermentable sugars (glucose). Concentrated (83%) phosphoric acid was utilized at mild temperatures of 50-80 °C for 30-60 minutes at various bagasse loadings (10-15%) using a partial factorial experimental design. After pretreatment, the biomass was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with commercial cellulase enzyme (Cellic® Ctec2) to identify the pretreatment conditions that lead to the highest glucose yield that is critical for the production of succinic acid via fermentation with the bacterium Actinobacillus succinogenes. As the pretreatment temperature and duration increased, the bagasse color changed from light brown to dark brown-black, indicating decomposition, which ranged from 15% to 72%. The pretreatment results were fitted with an empirical model that identified 50 °C for 43 min at 13% solids loading as optimal pretreatment conditions that lead to the highest glucose release from sweet sorghum bagasse. Biomass pretreated at those conditions and subjected to separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with A. succinogenes yielded almost 18 g/L succinic acid, which represented 90% of the theoretical yield, a very promising performance that warranties further investigation of bio-based succinic acid production from sweet sorghum bagasse, as a more sustainable alternative to succinic acid produced from fossil sources, such as oil.

BRAZ, Nádia de Melo. Líquido da castanha de caju como fonte de ácido anacárdico na alimentação de poedeiras comerciais. 2016. 93 f. Dissertação (mestrado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2016. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-07T17:32:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_nmbraz.pdf: 982080 bytes, checksum: aa9ee34ca31d17d9fa1f6cdb6aea8a0b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-24T23:17:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_nmbraz.pdf: 982080 bytes, checksum: aa9ee34ca31d17d9fa1f6cdb6aea8a0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T23:17:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_nmbraz.pdf: 982080 bytes, checksum: aa9ee34ca31d17d9fa1f6cdb6aea8a0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the blood biochemical parameters, the enzymatic activity, lipid peroxidation of liver and tissues of the reproductive system (ovary, magnum, and uterus), as well as the effects of adding the cashew nut shell (CNSL) in the diet of laying hens on performance, quality and stability of lipid eggs. A total of 216 Hisex White commercial laying hens were distributed randomly into six treatments, with six replicates of six birds. Treatments consisted of a diet without performance promoter (PP); a diet with PP; and diets without PP, with addition of increasing levels of CNSL (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00%). Addition of CNSL to the diet did not affect the blood biochemical parameters (uric acid, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), in the enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase and non-protein sulfhydryl groups) in the organs (liver, ovary, magnum and uterus), in the peroxidation of lipids from the blood serum, liver, magnum and uterus, in the performance variables and characteristics of eggs. However, the levels of 0.75% and 1.00% CNSL provided a lower TBARS content in the birds’ ovary, whereas the treatment without the growth promoter provided a higher value. The color of the yolk was superior to treatment with and without PP CNSL 0.75% in the feed in the bottom and PP treatment. Regression analysis showed a significant quadratic effect of dietary inclusion of CNSL on yolk color measured color fan, with the best estimated level to 0.62%. The color component a* was superior level of 0.50% CNSL, while treatment with PP had the lowest value. Quadratic effect was observed in lipid oxidation in the yolk of the egg station recently, reaching a minimum of 0.58% in the feed LCC. Comparing the average level of 0.75% of CNSL showed the lowest TBARS, while treatments with PP, without PP and the level of 1.00% of LCC had higher TBARS. Addition of up to 1% of the CNSL as a source of anacardic acid in the laying hen diets does not influence their blood biochemical parameters, the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in the liver, ovary, magnum, and uterus, but improves the color of egg yolk and that the level of 0.75% of CNSL is effective in reducing lipid oxidation in the ovary and fresh gems. / A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue, a atividade enzimática, a peroxidação lipídica do fígado e de tecidos do sistema reprodutor (ovário, magno e útero), assim como o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais alimentadas com ração contendo o líquido da castanha de caju (LCC). Um total de 216 poedeiras comerciais Hisex White foi distribuído ao acaso em seis tratamentos, com seis repetições de seis aves. Os tratamentos consistiram em: ração sem promotor de desempenho (PD); ração com PD e rações sem PD e adição de níveis crescente de LCC (0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00%). A adição de LCC na ração não influenciou nos parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue (ácido úrico, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e triglicerídeos), na atividade enzimática (superóxido dismutase e grupos sulfidrílicos não-protéicos) nos órgãos (fígado, ovário, magno e útero), na peroxidação dos lipídeos do soro sanguíneo, fígado, magno e útero, nas variáveis de desempenho e nas características dos ovos. No entanto, os níveis de 0,75% e 1,00% de LCC proporcionaram menor valor de TBARS no ovário das aves, enquanto, o tratamento sem promotor de desempenho proporcionou maior valor. A cor da gema pelo leque colorimétrico foi superior para os tratamentos sem o PD e com 0,75% de LCC na ração e inferior no tratamento com PD. Pela análise de regressão, houve efeito quadrático significativo dos níveis de inclusão de LCC sobre a coloração da gema medida pelo leque colorimétrico da DSM, com o melhor nível estimado para 0,62%. O componente de cor a* foi superior no nível de 0,50% de LCC, enquanto o tratamento com o PD obteve o menor valor. Foi observado efeito quadrático na oxidação lipídica na gema do ovo recém-posto, atingindo o mínimo de 0,58% de LCC na ração. Na comparação entre as médias o nível de 0,75% de LCC apresentou menor valor de TBARS, enquanto os tratamentos com PD, sem PD e com o nível de 1,00% de LCC apresentaram maiores valores de TBARS. A adição de até 1% do LCC, como fonte de ácido anacárdico na ração das poedeiras, não influencia os parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue, a atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e grupos sulfidrílicos não-protéicos (NP-SH) no fígado, ovário magno e útero, o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos, mas melhora a cor da gema e, a partir da inclusão de 0,75% de LCC, reduz a peroxidação lipídica no ovário, sendo o nível de 0,75% de LCC efetivo em reduzir a oxidação lipídica das gemas frescas.

CRUZ, Carlos Eduardo Braga. Anacardato de cálcio como fonte de ácido anacárdico na alimentação de frangos de corte. 2015. 109 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-07T17:50:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_cebcruz.pdf: 1478766 bytes, checksum: 3bec6055033e4412bb0639a3b56aef69 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-25T17:50:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_cebcruz.pdf: 1478766 bytes, checksum: 3bec6055033e4412bb0639a3b56aef69 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T17:50:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_cebcruz.pdf: 1478766 bytes, checksum: 3bec6055033e4412bb0639a3b56aef69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The research aims to evaluate the effects of adding calcium anacardic (CAC) as a source of anacardic acid in the feed of broiler about the performance, carcass characteristics, quality and lipid stability meat, blood parameters, enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation liver and growth, composition and quality of the bones. For this, 840 male chicks with a day Ross 308 line were randomly assigned to six treatments, with seven replicates of twenty birds. The treatments consisted of: diet without growth promoter (PC); diet with PC and the others without PC and adding CAC levels of 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 to 1%. The addition of CAC in the feed didn’t affect the biochemical blood parameters (uric acid, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides) in the enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, non-protein sulfhydryl groups) and peroxidation of liver lipids, growth and bone quality (weight, length, diameter, Seedor index, strength, deformity, dry matter and mineral matter), in the carcass characteristics (% of carcass, breast and thigh + drumstick) and quality meat (L *, a *, b *, pH, loss of water by cooking and water holding capacity). However, the addition of from 0.75% CAC reduced weight gain and feed conversion detracted from the chickens up to 21 days old, however, the addition of up to 1 % did not affect performance when considering the total period (1 to 42 days old). For TBARS values for beef, the levels of 0.75% to 1% have provided the lowest values while treatment without growth promoter yielded higher value. The CAC can be added in the feed of broilers to the level of 1 %, no changes occur in the blood parameters and enzyme of the liver, the performance at the end of the growing period (42 days old), carcass characteristics and growth, composition and quality of the bones. However, the quality of the meat can improve with reduced lipid oxidation from 0,75. The CAC can be added in the feed of broiler until the level of 1%, without change the blood parameters, enzymatic liver, the performance at the end of the growing period (42 days old), carcass characteristics and growth, composition and quality of the bones. However, the quality of the flesh can be improved by reducing lipid oxidation as 0.75%. / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adição do anacardato de cálcio (ACC), como fonte de ácido anacárdico na ração de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça, qualidade e a estabilidade lipídica da carne, parâmetros sanguíneos, atividade enzimática e peroxidação lipídica do fígado e no crescimento, composição e qualidade dos ossos. Para isso, 840 pintos machos de um dia da linhagem Ag Ross 308 foram distribuídos ao acaso em seis tratamentos, com sete repetições de vinte aves. Os tratamentos consistiram em: ração sem promotor de crescimento (PC); ração com PC e, os demais, rações sem o PC e adição de ACC nos níveis de 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1%. A adição de ACC na ração não influenciou nos parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue (ácido úrico, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e triglicerídeos), na atividade enzimática (superóxido dismutase, grupos sulfidrílicos não-protéicos) e peroxidação dos lipídeos do fígado, no crescimento e qualidade óssea (peso, comprimento, diâmetro, índice de Seedor, resistência, deformidade, matéria seca e matéria mineral), nas características de carcaça (% de carcaça, peito e coxa+sobrecoxa) e na qualidade da carne ( L*, a*, b*, pH, perda de água por cocção e capacidade de retenção de água). No entanto, a adição a partir de 0,75% de ACC reduziu o ganho de peso e prejudicou a conversão alimentar dos frangos até 21 dias de idade, porém, a adição de até 1% não afetou o desempenho quando se considerou o período total de criação (1 a 42 dias de idade). Para os valores de TBARS da carne, os níveis de 0,75% e 1% proporcionaram os menores valores, enquanto, o tratamento sem promotor de crescimento proporcionou maior valor. O ACC pode ser adicionado na ração dos frangos de corte até o nível de 1%, sem que ocorram alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos, enzimáticos do fígado, no desempenho ao final do período de criação (42 dias de idade), nas características de carcaça e no crescimento, composição e qualidade dos ossos. Contudo, a qualidade da carne pode melhorar com a redução da oxidação lipídica a partir de 0,75%.

CRUZ, Carlos Eduardo Braga. Anacardato de cálcio como fonte de ácido anacárdico na alimentação de frangos de corte. 2015. 109 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-26T17:32:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_cebcruz.pdf: 1478766 bytes, checksum: 3bec6055033e4412bb0639a3b56aef69 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-27T19:15:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_cebcruz.pdf: 1478766 bytes, checksum: 3bec6055033e4412bb0639a3b56aef69 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-27T19:15:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_cebcruz.pdf: 1478766 bytes, checksum: 3bec6055033e4412bb0639a3b56aef69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The research aims to evaluate the effects of adding calcium anacardic (CAC) as a source of anacardic acid in the feed of broiler about the performance, carcass characteristics, quality and lipid stability meat, blood parameters, enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation liver and growth, composition and quality of the bones. For this, 840 male chicks with a day Ross 308 line were randomly assigned to six treatments, with seven replicates of twenty birds. The treatments consisted of: diet without growth promoter (PC); diet with PC and the others without PC and adding CAC levels of 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 to 1%. The addition of CAC in the feed didn’t affect the biochemical blood parameters (uric acid, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides) in the enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, non-protein sulfhydryl groups) and peroxidation of liver lipids, growth and bone quality (weight, length, diameter, Seedor index, strength, deformity, dry matter and mineral matter), in the carcass characteristics (% of carcass, breast and thigh + drumstick) and quality meat (L *, a *, b *, pH, loss of water by cooking and water holding capacity). However, the addition of from 0.75% CAC reduced weight gain and feed conversion detracted from the chickens up to 21 days old, however, the addition of up to 1 % did not affect performance when considering the total period (1 to 42 days old). For TBARS values for beef, the levels of 0.75% to 1% have provided the lowest values while treatment without growth promoter yielded higher value. The CAC can be added in the feed of broilers to the level of 1 %, no changes occur in the blood parameters and enzyme of the liver, the performance at the end of the growing period (42 days old), carcass characteristics and growth, composition and quality of the bones. However, the quality of the meat can improve with reduced lipid oxidation from 0,75. The CAC can be added in the feed of broiler until the level of 1%, without change the blood parameters, enzymatic liver, the performance at the end of the growing period (42 days old), carcass characteristics and growth, composition and quality of the bones. However, the quality of the flesh can be improved by reducing lipid oxidation as 0.75%. / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adição do anacardato de cálcio (ACC), como fonte de ácido anacárdico na ração de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça, qualidade e a estabilidade lipídica da carne, parâmetros sanguíneos, atividade enzimática e peroxidação lipídica do fígado e no crescimento, composição e qualidade dos ossos. Para isso, 840 pintos machos de um dia da linhagem Ag Ross 308 foram distribuídos ao acaso em seis tratamentos, com sete repetições de vinte aves. Os tratamentos consistiram em: ração sem promotor de crescimento (PC); ração com PC e, os demais, rações sem o PC e adição de ACC nos níveis de 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1%. A adição de ACC na ração não influenciou nos parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue (ácido úrico, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e triglicerídeos), na atividade enzimática (superóxido dismutase, grupos sulfidrílicos não-protéicos) e peroxidação dos lipídeos do fígado, no crescimento e qualidade óssea (peso, comprimento, diâmetro, índice de Seedor, resistência, deformidade, matéria seca e matéria mineral), nas características de carcaça (% de carcaça, peito e coxa+sobrecoxa) e na qualidade da carne ( L*, a*, b*, pH, perda de água por cocção e capacidade de retenção de água). No entanto, a adição a partir de 0,75% de ACC reduziu o ganho de peso e prejudicou a conversão alimentar dos frangos até 21 dias de idade, porém, a adição de até 1% não afetou o desempenho quando se considerou o período total de criação (1 a 42 dias de idade). Para os valores de TBARS da carne, os níveis de 0,75% e 1% proporcionaram os menores valores, enquanto, o tratamento sem promotor de crescimento proporcionou maior valor. O ACC pode ser adicionado na ração dos frangos de corte até o nível de 1%, sem que ocorram alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos, enzimáticos do fígado, no desempenho ao final do período de criação (42 dias de idade), nas características de carcaça e no crescimento, composição e qualidade dos ossos. Contudo, a qualidade da carne pode melhorar com a redução da oxidação lipídica a partir de 0,75%.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the blood biochemical parameters, the enzymatic activity, lipid peroxidation of liver and tissues of the reproductive system (ovary, magnum, and uterus), as well as the effects of adding the cashew nut shell (CNSL) in the diet of laying hens on performance, quality and stability of lipid eggs. A total of 216 Hisex White commercial laying hens were distributed randomly into six treatments, with six replicates of six birds. Treatments consisted of a diet without performance promoter (PP); a diet with PP; and diets without PP, with addition of increasing levels of CNSL (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00%). Addition of CNSL to the diet did not affect the blood biochemical parameters (uric acid, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), in the enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase and non-protein sulfhydryl groups) in the organs (liver, ovary, magnum and uterus), in the peroxidation of lipids from the blood serum, liver, magnum and uterus, in the performance variables and characteristics of eggs. However, the levels of 0.75% and 1.00% CNSL provided a lower TBARS content in the birdsâ ovary, whereas the treatment without the growth promoter provided a higher value. The color of the yolk was superior to treatment with and without PP CNSL 0.75% in the feed in the bottom and PP treatment. Regression analysis showed a significant quadratic effect of dietary inclusion of CNSL on yolk color measured color fan, with the best estimated level to 0.62%. The color component a* was superior level of 0.50% CNSL, while treatment with PP had the lowest value. Quadratic effect was observed in lipid oxidation in the yolk of the egg station recently, reaching a minimum of 0.58% in the feed LCC. Comparing the average level of 0.75% of CNSL showed the lowest TBARS, while treatments with PP, without PP and the level of 1.00% of LCC had higher TBARS. Addition of up to 1% of the CNSL as a source of anacardic acid in the laying hen diets does not influence their blood biochemical parameters, the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in the liver, ovary, magnum, and uterus, but improves the color of egg yolk and that the level of 0.75% of CNSL is effective in reducing lipid oxidation in the ovary and fresh gems. / A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os parÃmetros bioquÃmicos do sangue, a atividade enzimÃtica, a peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica do fÃgado e de tecidos do sistema reprodutor (ovÃrio, magno e Ãtero), assim como o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais alimentadas com raÃÃo contendo o lÃquido da castanha de caju (LCC). Um total de 216 poedeiras comerciais Hisex White foi distribuÃdo ao acaso em seis tratamentos, com seis repetiÃÃes de seis aves. Os tratamentos consistiram em: raÃÃo sem promotor de desempenho (PD); raÃÃo com PD e raÃÃes sem PD e adiÃÃo de nÃveis crescente de LCC (0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00%). A adiÃÃo de LCC na raÃÃo nÃo influenciou nos parÃmetros bioquÃmicos do sangue (Ãcido Ãrico, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e triglicerÃdeos), na atividade enzimÃtica (superÃxido dismutase e grupos sulfidrÃlicos nÃo-protÃicos) nos ÃrgÃos (fÃgado, ovÃrio, magno e Ãtero), na peroxidaÃÃo dos lipÃdeos do soro sanguÃneo, fÃgado, magno e Ãtero, nas variÃveis de desempenho e nas caracterÃsticas dos ovos. No entanto, os nÃveis de 0,75% e 1,00% de LCC proporcionaram menor valor de TBARS no ovÃrio das aves, enquanto, o tratamento sem promotor de desempenho proporcionou maior valor. A cor da gema pelo leque colorimÃtrico foi superior para os tratamentos sem o PD e com 0,75% de LCC na raÃÃo e inferior no tratamento com PD. Pela anÃlise de regressÃo, houve efeito quadrÃtico significativo dos nÃveis de inclusÃo de LCC sobre a coloraÃÃo da gema medida pelo leque colorimÃtrico da DSM, com o melhor nÃvel estimado para 0,62%. O componente de cor a* foi superior no nÃvel de 0,50% de LCC, enquanto o tratamento com o PD obteve o menor valor. Foi observado efeito quadrÃtico na oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica na gema do ovo recÃm-posto, atingindo o mÃnimo de 0,58% de LCC na raÃÃo. Na comparaÃÃo entre as mÃdias o nÃvel de 0,75% de LCC apresentou menor valor de TBARS, enquanto os tratamentos com PD, sem PD e com o nÃvel de 1,00% de LCC apresentaram maiores valores de TBARS. A adiÃÃo de atà 1% do LCC, como fonte de Ãcido anacÃrdico na raÃÃo das poedeiras, nÃo influencia os parÃmetros bioquÃmicos do sangue, a atividade das enzimas superÃxido dismutase (SOD) e grupos sulfidrÃlicos nÃo-protÃicos (NP-SH) no fÃgado, ovÃrio magno e Ãtero, o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos, mas melhora a cor da gema e, a partir da inclusÃo de 0,75% de LCC, reduz a peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica no ovÃrio, sendo o nÃvel de 0,75% de LCC efetivo em reduzir a oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica das gemas frescas.