CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adiÃÃo do anacardato de cÃlcio (ACC), como fonte de Ãcido anacÃrdico na raÃÃo de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho, as caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa, qualidade e a estabilidade lipÃdica da carne, parÃmetros sanguÃneos, atividade enzimÃtica e peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica do fÃgado e no crescimento, composiÃÃo e qualidade dos ossos. Para isso, 840 pintos machos de um dia da linhagem Ag Ross 308 foram distribuÃdos ao acaso em seis tratamentos, com sete repetiÃÃes de vinte aves. Os tratamentos consistiram em: raÃÃo sem promotor de crescimento (PC); raÃÃo com PC e, os demais, raÃÃes sem o PC e adiÃÃo de ACC nos nÃveis de 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1%. A adiÃÃo de ACC na raÃÃo nÃo influenciou nos parÃmetros bioquÃmicos do sangue (Ãcido Ãrico, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e triglicerÃdeos), na atividade enzimÃtica (superÃxido dismutase, grupos sulfidrÃlicos nÃo-protÃicos) e peroxidaÃÃo dos lipÃdeos do fÃgado, no crescimento e qualidade Ãssea (peso, comprimento, diÃmetro, Ãndice de Seedor, resistÃncia, deformidade, matÃria seca e matÃria mineral), nas caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa (% de carcaÃa, peito e coxa+sobrecoxa) e na qualidade da carne ( L*, a*, b*, pH, perda de Ãgua por cocÃÃo e capacidade de retenÃÃo de Ãgua). No entanto, a adiÃÃo a partir de 0,75% de ACC reduziu o ganho de peso e prejudicou a conversÃo alimentar dos frangos atà 21 dias de idade, porÃm, a adiÃÃo de atà 1% nÃo afetou o desempenho quando se considerou o perÃodo total de criaÃÃo (1 a 42 dias de idade). Para os valores de TBARS da carne, os nÃveis de 0,75% e 1% proporcionaram os menores valores, enquanto, o tratamento sem promotor de crescimento proporcionou maior valor. O ACC pode ser adicionado na raÃÃo dos frangos de corte atà o nÃvel de 1%, sem que ocorram alteraÃÃes nos parÃmetros sanguÃneos, enzimÃticos do fÃgado, no desempenho ao final do perÃodo de criaÃÃo (42 dias de idade), nas caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa e no crescimento, composiÃÃo e qualidade dos ossos. Contudo, a qualidade da carne pode melhorar com a reduÃÃo da oxidaÃÃo lipÃdica a partir de 0,75%. / The research aims to evaluate the effects of adding calcium anacardic (CAC) as a source of anacardic acid in the feed of broiler about the performance, carcass characteristics, quality and lipid stability meat, blood parameters, enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation liver and growth, composition and quality of the bones. For this, 840 male chicks with a day Ross 308 line were randomly assigned to six treatments, with seven replicates of twenty birds. The treatments consisted of: diet without growth promoter (PC); diet with PC and the others without PC and adding CAC levels of 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 to 1%. The addition of CAC in the feed didnât affect the biochemical blood parameters (uric acid, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides) in the enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, non-protein sulfhydryl groups) and peroxidation of liver lipids, growth and bone quality (weight, length, diameter, Seedor index, strength, deformity, dry matter and mineral matter), in the carcass characteristics (% of carcass, breast and thigh + drumstick) and quality meat (L *, a *, b *, pH, loss of water by cooking and water holding capacity). However, the addition of from 0.75% CAC reduced weight gain and feed conversion detracted from the chickens up to 21 days old, however, the addition of up to 1 % did not affect performance when considering the total period (1 to 42 days old). For TBARS values for beef, the levels of 0.75% to 1% have provided the lowest values while treatment without growth promoter yielded higher value. The CAC can be added in the feed of broilers to the level of 1 %, no changes occur in the blood parameters and enzyme of the liver, the performance at the end of the growing period (42 days old), carcass characteristics and growth, composition and quality of the bones. However, the quality of the meat can improve with reduced lipid oxidation from 0,75. The CAC can be added in the feed of broiler until the level of 1%, without change the blood parameters, enzymatic liver, the performance at the end of the growing period (42 days old), carcass characteristics and growth, composition and quality of the bones. However, the quality of the flesh can be improved by reducing lipid oxidation as 0.75%.

The research reported here is a study of detector systems to determine those most suited for simultaneous organic acid, inorganic anion determination. Comparisons are made on the basis of detection limits and sensitivities for conductivity, UV/Vis, photoconductivity, and derivative conductivity detection systems. The investigation was made using a constant chromatographic system with the only variable component being the detector system. Eluant optimization conditions for each detector are reported along with tables reporting detection limits and sensitivities for each detector system. Various chromatograms are also shown to provide a visual comparison between detector results.

<p>Providing wholesome pork products to consumers involves raising healthy pigs to grow well and be feed efficient from birth to market. Raising these pigs starts with ensuring the sow is healthy and provided good nutrition in gestation and lactation. Therefore, this dissertation primarily focuses on research of gut modifying feed additives fed to sows in gestation and lactation (and to their progeny in Chapter 3) to enhance reproductive performance and litter growth to weaning (and in the nursery). In Chapter 2, a total of 606 sows and their progeny were used to determine if feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product (WCY; CitriStim, ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL) improves sow and litter performance in a commercial production system. Sows were fed a control (CON) diet or control diet fortified with 0.15% of the WCY from d 35 of gestation through lactation. Sows supplemented with WCY in gestation and lactation had a greater number of total born piglets by 0.45 pigs (P < 0.04), piglets born alive (P < 0.04), heavier born alive litter weights (P < 0.001), and greater post cross-foster litter size (P < 0.001) compared to CON fed sows. Litter size at weaning was increased by 0.54 pigs when sows were fed WCY compared to CON (P < 0.001). However, litter weaning weights and 21-day adjusted litter weaning weights were similar (P > 0.158) with the 21-day adjusted litter weaning weights being numerically greater for the WCY sows. The average piglet weaning weights from CON fed sows were heavier by 0.35 kg compared to WCY (P < 0.001). This increase in body weight of piglets from CON fed sows is partially explained by their 0.93 days longer lactation (P < 0.001) and may also be due to the smaller litter size nursed throughout lactation. The percent of litters treated for scours decreased from 38.3% to 14.2% when sows were fed WCY (P < 0.001). The distribution of birth and weaning weights was not different (P > 0.2461) between treatments.</p><p>Chapter 3 encompasses a sow experiment where progeny were followed onto the nursery for a 28-d study. Forty-seven sows and their progeny were used to determine if feeding gestating and lactating sows a Bacillus licheniformis direct-fed microbial (DFM), an organic acid blend of medium and short-chain fatty acids (OA), or in combination improves sow lactation feed and water intake, litter growth, and subsequent reproductive performance. At weaning, offspring were fed a positive control diet (PC), negative control diet (NC), or a diet representative of their dam’s treatment to determine if there is an additive benefit to also feeding DFM and/or OA to nursery pigs in addition to their dams. On approximately d 80 of gestation, sows were fed one of four diets in a 2  2 factorial design: 1) gestation control (CON), 2) CON with DFM (1.6x109 CFU/kg of complete feed), 3) CON with 0.4% OA, 4) CON with both DFM and OA. Dietary treatments were also fed throughout lactation. Sows fed the OA diets had fewer mummies per litter (P < 0.010) compared to diets not containing OA. Sows fed diets with the DFM gave birth to lighter pigs born alive (1.5 vs. 1.7 kg; P < 0.003) compared to non-DFM fed sows, and a tendency for an interaction (P < 0.092) existed where feeding DFM+OA lessened the decrease in born alive BW. There was a tendency (P < 0.093) for pigs from DFM fed sows to also be lighter at weaning (5.8 vs. 6.2 kg) compared to pigs from sows not fed DFM, with no differences in litter sizes at weaning (P < 0.815). There was a tendency (P < 0.079) for the DFM to decrease the amount of sow BW loss in lactation compared to sows not fed the DFM (approximately 6 vs. 8% BW loss, respectively). The maintained BW in lactation was likely related to DFM sows numerically (P < 0.124) consuming 8.4% more feed during d 7-14 of lactation and 6.4% more feed (P < 0.234) from d 1 of lactation to weaning. The interaction was approaching a trend (P < 0.133) where sows fed DFM returned to estrus 1.0 day sooner than CON, but only 0.4 days sooner when sows were fed the DFM+OA diet.</p><p>Progeny weaned from these sows (n = 384, Initial BW = 6.15 kg) were blocked by initial BW and sex and allotted (6 pigs/pen, 8 pens/treatment) to one of 8 nursery treatments. Pigs from CON sows were fed a negative (NC; no antibiotics, no pharmacological Zn or Cu) or positive (PC; neomycin-oxytetracycline in phases 1 and 2 (827 and 551 ppm) and carbadox in phases 3 and 4 (55 ppm)) control diet. Pigs from sows fed DFM, OA, or DFM+OA were fed the NC diet or a diet representative of their dam’s treatment. Diets with DFM contained 1.6x109 CFU/kg of complete feed and diets with OA contained 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.0% OA in phases 1-4, respectively. Weaning weight was used as a covariate for nursery performance due to the DFM offspring being significantly lighter at weaning. For all phases and overall, PC fed pigs had greater ADG (P < 0.003) and ADFI (P < 0.059) than NC pigs. PC fed pigs had greater G:F (P < 0.010) than NC pigs for all phases and overall except d 21-28 (P < 0.532). Feeding DFM or OA in sow diets improved (interaction; P < 0.049) nursery pig G:F, but DFM+OA offspring had similar G:F compared to NC pigs from CON fed sows for d 7-14, 0-14, 0-21, and 0-28. Feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny decreased ADFI (interaction; P < 0.042) but improved G:F (interaction; P < 0.028) for d 7-14 and 0-14 with DFM+OA having similar performance to NC. For d 14-21 and 0-21, feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny decreased ADFI whereas DFM+OA increased ADFI above NC (interaction; P < 0.019). Overall, d 0-28, feeding DFM or OA to sows and their progeny improved G:F (interaction; P < 0.001) with DFM+OA having poorer G:F compared to NC. When the DFM was fed to sows and nursery pigs, progeny harvested on d 6 post-weaning had a decreased ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P < 0.035) compared to sows and pigs not consuming the DFM (average 1.34 vs. 1.67). Comparing pigs fed PC vs. NC from CON fed sows, expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) was greater (0.51-fold increase; P < 0.046) for NC pigs than PC pigs. Expression of occludin (OCLN) was lower (P < 0.010) when OA was fed to the sows and pigs compared to when OA was not fed to the sows and pigs (0.78 vs. 1.00, respectively).</p><p>Chapter 4 is the only chapter that does not include maternal nutrition. In this chapter, maternal line gilts (Topigs Norsvin TN70) were bred with frozen semen from Duroc boars born from 2000 to 2017 divided into two genetic groups: semen from boars born in 2000 to 2005 and 2011 to 2017. These genetic groups had vastly different terminal sire indexes (TSI) of 88.2 and 112.0 for 2000 to 2005 and 2011 to 2017, respectively. A total of 155 pigs were weaned into 44 pens in a wean-to-finish facility to determine if genetics from two decades of sires and sex of the progeny impact progeny growth performance and carcass characteristics. The expected large growth performance differences indicated by the TSI’s of the two genetic groups were not observed. However, barrows had greater feed intake (P < 0.031) and fatter carcasses (P < 0.004) than the more feed efficient (P < 0.006) and leaner (P < 0.015) gilts in this study. Modern swine genetics have been selected to be leaner and results from this study agree, although the differences in live scan and carcass measurements were not as large as expected. The lack of differences between genetic groups could possibly be due to environmental differences including nutrition and rearing conditions from when these sires were alive compared to what was experienced by these progeny.</p><p>In conclusion, feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product increased the number of piglets born and weaned as well as decreased the prevalence of scours during lactation. Feeding a Bacillus licheniformis DFM to sows may decrease pig born alive weight and subsequent weaning weight but reduce sow BW loss through 6.4% more lactation feed intake, quickening the return to estrus. Other than decreasing the number of mummies per litter, feeding the OA alone or in combination did not improve sow reproductive or litter growth performance in this study. Feeding DFM or OA to sows or their offspring may improve nursery feed efficiency but did not result in a difference in ADG or final BW in this study. Feeding the combination diet (DFM+OA) to the sow and nursery pigs tended to increase ADFI. Feeding antibiotics post-weaning continued to improve pig growth performance resulting in 2.7 kg heavier pigs at the end of the 28-d nursery period. Lastly, the expected large growth performance differences indicated by the TSI’s of two genetic groups created by using frozen semen from boars born in 2000 to 2005 and 2011 to 2017 were not observed.</p>

Current maximum efficiency of phosphorus (P) fertilizers that is utilized by plants in the same year of application ranges from near zero to thirty percent. Despite low utilization of P in crop production, yields are often limited by P deficiencies. Innovative technology is requisite to achieve greater efficiency as fertilizer demands are increasing, while phosphorus mineral resources are rapidly being depleted. A growing environmental concern for nutrient pollution of surface waters also carries significant weight. A novel new product, Carbond® P, is promising technology to increase P use efficiency. Research is needed to understand its capabilities and the functioning mechanisms imbedded within its technology. Several research studies were conducted to evaluate Carbond® P (CBP) against traditional fertilizers ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). A soil column leaching study was conducted to determine P mobility through three soils, at two rates (20 and 30 kg P ha-1) in either a banded or mixed soil application. Mobility of P was evaluated at 24, 48, 110 and 365 d after fertilization. CBP showed significantly greater total P leachate values across all soil types and application rates averaged across all readings taken until 365 daf for both application types. In the banded applications, CBP generally produced significantly greater solubility than MAP or APP up until 110 daf. For applications mixed with soil, CBP and MAP had greater solubility than APP at 24 days after application, but by the later evaluation dates (48 and 110 daf) the CBP was significantly higher than both MAP and APP. No statistical significance was found in the leachate P 365 daf in either the banded or mixed applications. One glasshouse study on maize (Zea mays L.) grown in three soils were conducted at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg P ha-1 comparing CBP and APP fertilizer impacts on early season growth. CBP produced significantly more biomass in two soils when averaged across rates (and at the 20 kg P ha-1 rate in a third soil), increased petiole P in one soil and thicker stems in another. Two field trials showed similar physiological advantages with CBP over APP at later growth stages. CBP maize responded with significantly more biomass and P uptake at the V12-V18 growth stages in one field, as well as plant height in another. At the R2-R3 growth stages, CBP also produced thicker stalks in both fields than APP. These growth enhancements were strongest in medium to highly calcareous soil (6-12 %) low in P (7 mg kg-1). These observations warrant the use of CBP and further investigation to understand its benefits and limitations.

Durante os últimos anos a avicultura nacional tem sofrido constantes desafios, tendo como objetivo ampliar o mercado consumidor do frango de corte ao redor do mundo. Entretanto, cada mercado apresenta exigências diferentes, como no caso do mercado europeu que estabelece a exclusão dos antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação dos frangos de corte. Visando esta problemática, realizou-se este estudo, com o objetivo de analisar os resultados da utilização dos ácidos lático e butírico, isolados e associados, como aditivos em dietas de frangos de corte, em relação ao promotor de crescimento usualmente utilizado nas dietas dos mesmos. Foram avaliados: o desempenho, a imunidade humoral e a morfometria intestinal das aves. Utilizaram-se 1400 pintainhos machos da linhagem comercial Ross, divididos em cinco tratamentos (controle - sem aditivo -; ácido butírico; ácido lático; ácido butírico + ácido lático e avilamicina - antibiótico, promotor de crescimento tradicionalmente utilizado na produção de frangos de corte). Os resultados de desempenho indicaram que a interação dos ácidos foi significativa na fase inicial, entretanto não ocorreu um efeito aditivo dos ácidos, sendo o uso do ácido butírico isoladamente mais recomendável durante essa fase. Já na fase de crescimento, a interação foi significativa com um efeito aditivo, recomendando seu uso nas rações de crescimento. De acordo com os títulos médios de anticorpos obtidos no estudo, a interação foi significativa aos 35 dias de idade e mostrou um efeito sinérgico, sendo a combinação dos ácidos em questão um potente modulador da imunidade humoral. Os resultados obtidos nas análises de morfometria intestinal não foram conclusivos. Em termos gerais, requerem-se mais estudos quanto ao uso dos ácidos orgânicos como promotores de crescimento. / During the last years, the national poultry keeping has suffered constant challenges, having as objective to diversify the consuming market of the broiler to around of the world. However, each market presents different requirements, as in the case of the European market that establishes the exclusion of antibiotics as promotional of growth in the feeding of the broilers. Aiming at this problematic one, this study was become fullfilled, with the objective to analyze the results of the association of the butyric and lactic acids as additives in the ration of broilers, in comparison to the results gotten for the usually used promoters of growth in the diets of broilers. They had been evaluated: the animal performance, humoral immunology and intestinal morfometric of the birds. 1400 male chickens of the commercial ancestry Ross had been used, dividing them in five groups with different treatments to that if it relates to the additive use. Being a group it has controlled absent of additive, a group with butyric acid, a group with lactic acid, the fourth group with the association of butyric and lactic acids, and the fifth group with avilamicina (antibiotic) as promotional of traditionally used growth in the production of broilers. The performance results had indicated that the interaction of acid ones was significant in the initial phase, mean while did not occur an additive effect of acid ones, being the use of the butyric acid separately more recommendable during this phase. Already in the growth phase, the interaction was significant with an additive effect, recommending its use in the rations of growth. In accordance with the average headings of antibodies gotten in the study, the interaction was significant in the third sampling and showed a synergic effect of acid ones, being the combination of acids in question a powerful modulator of the humoral immunity. Meanwhile, the results gotten in the analyses of intestinal morfometric had not been conclusive. In general terms, one requires more organic acid studies that confirm the use of as the promotional ones of growth.

A fertilização promove incrementos de 30 a 50 % na produtividade de eucaliptos, com especial resposta ao P. O manejo adequado da fertilização fosfatada contribui para a otimização dos custos no primeiro ano. Existem no mercado diversas opções de fornecimento de P às plantas. Em geral, as fontes fosfatadas distinguem-se pela concentração, forma e solubilidade do P. O alto teor de oxihidróxidos de Fe e Al nos solos tropicais diminuem a eficiência desse nutriente devido ao processo de adsorção. Novas tecnologias de fertilizantes fosfatados estão sendo desenvolvidas visando aumentar esta eficiência de utilização, as quais necessitam de validação e comprovação dos seus efeitos em condições reais de crescimento do povoamento. Uma alternativa para aumentar a eficiência do P é a complexação deste com substâncias húmicas (complexo P-metal- SH), pois podem diminuir os processos de adsorção e possibilitar o maior aproveitamento do nutriente. O uso de técnicas de fracionamento do P no solo são amplamente utilizadas para identificar os reservatórios de P no solo e, consequentemente, sua disponibilidade à planta. A dinâmica das frações de P no solo é influenciada diretamente pela planta e pela microbiota do solo por meio de adaptações físicas e químicas do sistema radicular e ou remobilização interna de ácidos orgânicos. Objetivando compreender a dinâmica do P na interface planta- solo em um plantio de Eucalyptus grandis, foram propostos dois estudos: i) caracterização dos reservatórios de P a longo prazo e as adaptações desenvolvidas pelas plantas para aumentar a absorção de P, ii) identificação dos reservatórios de P inorgânico (Pi) lábil e a remobilização dos ácidos orgânicos nos tecidos vegetais ao longo de um ano. Constatou-se que o uso de fontes minerais de P alteram as frações lábeis e moderadamente lábeis do P no solo, não influenciando a fração não-lábil. As frações orgânicas lábeis e moderadamente lábeis contribuem consideravelmente para a nutrição da planta, em especial quando não há fertilização com P. O uso do complexo P-metal-SH incrementou a fração orgânica moderadamente lábil nos primeiros 12 meses com posterior redução. Houve equilíbrio entre as frações de P no solo e após o esgotamento das frações lábeis, as frações não lábeis foram reduzidas. O P-residual diminuiu em todos os tratamentos, em especial, no tratamento Controle. A produção de raízes finas na camada de 0-100 cm ultrapassou 6 Mg ha-1, sem diferenças entre os tratamentos. Todavia, notou-se claramente o efeito da aplicação localizada do fertilizante na densidade do sistema radicular, que apresentou maiores concentrações na linha de plantio. O comprimento específico das raízes finas na camada superficial apresentou distribuição oposta à atividade da fosfatase ácida e da ectomicorrização nos tratamentos Controle e fosfato reativo (FNR), exceto para o P solúvel convencional (PSC) que apresentou distribuição homogênea ao redor da árvore. O uso do P solúvel convencional estimulou a simbiose com micorrizas, e estas contribuíram para os processos de mineralização das frações orgânicas de P no solo por meio da exsudação de fosfatase ácida. Analisando a dinâmica das frações inorgânicas lábeis em curto período, nos primeiros 120 dias pós-plantio foi observado equilíbrio dinâmico entre as frações de Pi lábil no solo, exceto para o Controle que apresentou reduções constantes em todas as frações. Em períodos de excedente hídrico, as plantas absorveram altas quantidades de P, acumulando altos teores de ácidos orgânicos no tronco e, em períodos de estresse hídrico, houve remobilização dos ácidos orgânicos do tronco para as folhas, a fim de manter os processos metabólicos. / Fertilization promotes 30 to 50% increments in forest productivity, with a special response to P input. The adequate management of phosphate fertilization contributes to cost optimization in the first year. There are several options on the market for supplying P to plants. In general, phosphate sources are distinguished by the concentration, form and solubility of P. The high content of Fe and Al oxyhydroxides in tropical soils reduces the efficiency of this nutrient due to adsorption processes. New phosphate fertilizer technologies are being developed aiming to increase this efficiency of use, which need validation and proof of their effects under real conditions of population growth. An alternative to increase the efficiency of the P is the complexation of this with humics substances (AH- CA-P complex), since they can decrease the adsorption processes and allow the greater use of the nutrient. The use of P fractionation techniques in soil are widely used to identify P reservoirs in the soil and consequently their availability to the plant. The dynamics of P fractions in soil are directly influenced by the plant and soil microbiota through physical and chemical adaptations of the root system and / or internal remobilization of organic acids. Two experiments were carried out: i) long-term characterization of P reservoirs and adaptations developed by plants to increase P uptake; and ii) identification of labile Pi reservoirs and remobilization of organic acids in plant tissues over a year. It was found that the mineral source use of P changes the labile and moderately labile fractions of P in the soil, not influencing the non-labile fraction. The labile and moderately labile organic fractions contribute considerably to plant nutrition, especially when not fertilized with P. The use of the P- metal-SH complex increased the moderately labile organic fraction in the first 12 months with subsequent reduction. We observed the equilibrium between the fractions of P in the soil and after the exhaustion of the labile fractions, the non-labile fractions were reduced. The P-residual decreased for all treatments, especially for the control treatment. The yield of fine roots in the 0- 100 cm layer exceeded 6 Mg ha-1, with no differences between treatments. However, the effect of the localized application of the fertilizer on the density of the root system, which presented higher concentrations in the planting line, was clearly noticed. The specific length of the roots in the superficial deep presented opposite distribution to the activity of the acid phosphatase and ectomycorrhizal colonization for all the treatments, except for the PSC that presented homogenous distribution around the tree. The use of conventional soluble phosphorus stimulated the symbiosis with mycorrhizae, and this contributed to the processes of mineralization of the organic fractions of P in the soil through the exudation of acid phosphatase. Analyzing the dynamics ofthe inorganic fractions in a short period, in the first 120 days post-planting, equilibrium was observed between the fractions of labile Pi in the soil, except for the control treatment that showed constant reductions in all fractions. In periods of water supply, the plants absorbed high amounts of P, accumulating high levels of organic acids in the stem and during periods of water stress, it was observed the remobilization of the AOs from the stem to the leaves, to maintain the metabolic processes.

A fertilização promove incrementos de 30 a 50 % na produtividade de eucaliptos, com especial resposta ao P. O manejo adequado da fertilização fosfatada contribui para a otimização dos custos no primeiro ano. Existem no mercado diversas opções de fornecimento de P às plantas. Em geral, as fontes fosfatadas distinguem-se pela concentração, forma e solubilidade do P. O alto teor de oxihidróxidos de Fe e Al nos solos tropicais diminuem a eficiência desse nutriente devido ao processo de adsorção. Novas tecnologias de fertilizantes fosfatados estão sendo desenvolvidas visando aumentar esta eficiência de utilização, as quais necessitam de validação e comprovação dos seus efeitos em condições reais de crescimento do povoamento. Uma alternativa para aumentar a eficiência do P é a complexação deste com substâncias húmicas (complexo P-metal- SH), pois podem diminuir os processos de adsorção e possibilitar o maior aproveitamento do nutriente. O uso de técnicas de fracionamento do P no solo são amplamente utilizadas para identificar os reservatórios de P no solo e, consequentemente, sua disponibilidade à planta. A dinâmica das frações de P no solo é influenciada diretamente pela planta e pela microbiota do solo por meio de adaptações físicas e químicas do sistema radicular e ou remobilização interna de ácidos orgânicos. Objetivando compreender a dinâmica do P na interface planta- solo em um plantio de Eucalyptus grandis, foram propostos dois estudos: i) caracterização dos reservatórios de P a longo prazo e as adaptações desenvolvidas pelas plantas para aumentar a absorção de P, ii) identificação dos reservatórios de P inorgânico (Pi) lábil e a remobilização dos ácidos orgânicos nos tecidos vegetais ao longo de um ano. Constatou-se que o uso de fontes minerais de P alteram as frações lábeis e moderadamente lábeis do P no solo, não influenciando a fração não-lábil. As frações orgânicas lábeis e moderadamente lábeis contribuem consideravelmente para a nutrição da planta, em especial quando não há fertilização com P. O uso do complexo P-metal-SH incrementou a fração orgânica moderadamente lábil nos primeiros 12 meses com posterior redução. Houve equilíbrio entre as frações de P no solo e após o esgotamento das frações lábeis, as frações não lábeis foram reduzidas. O P-residual diminuiu em todos os tratamentos, em especial, no tratamento Controle. A produção de raízes finas na camada de 0-100 cm ultrapassou 6 Mg ha-1, sem diferenças entre os tratamentos. Todavia, notou-se claramente o efeito da aplicação localizada do fertilizante na densidade do sistema radicular, que apresentou maiores concentrações na linha de plantio. O comprimento específico das raízes finas na camada superficial apresentou distribuição oposta à atividade da fosfatase ácida e da ectomicorrização nos tratamentos Controle e fosfato reativo (FNR), exceto para o P solúvel convencional (PSC) que apresentou distribuição homogênea ao redor da árvore. O uso do P solúvel convencional estimulou a simbiose com micorrizas, e estas contribuíram para os processos de mineralização das frações orgânicas de P no solo por meio da exsudação de fosfatase ácida. Analisando a dinâmica das frações inorgânicas lábeis em curto período, nos primeiros 120 dias pós-plantio foi observado equilíbrio dinâmico entre as frações de Pi lábil no solo, exceto para o Controle que apresentou reduções constantes em todas as frações. Em períodos de excedente hídrico, as plantas absorveram altas quantidades de P, acumulando altos teores de ácidos orgânicos no tronco e, em períodos de estresse hídrico, houve remobilização dos ácidos orgânicos do tronco para as folhas, a fim de manter os processos metabólicos. / Fertilization promotes 30 to 50% increments in forest productivity, with a special response to P input. The adequate management of phosphate fertilization contributes to cost optimization in the first year. There are several options on the market for supplying P to plants. In general, phosphate sources are distinguished by the concentration, form and solubility of P. The high content of Fe and Al oxyhydroxides in tropical soils reduces the efficiency of this nutrient due to adsorption processes. New phosphate fertilizer technologies are being developed aiming to increase this efficiency of use, which need validation and proof of their effects under real conditions of population growth. An alternative to increase the efficiency of the P is the complexation of this with humics substances (AH- CA-P complex), since they can decrease the adsorption processes and allow the greater use of the nutrient. The use of P fractionation techniques in soil are widely used to identify P reservoirs in the soil and consequently their availability to the plant. The dynamics of P fractions in soil are directly influenced by the plant and soil microbiota through physical and chemical adaptations of the root system and / or internal remobilization of organic acids. Two experiments were carried out: i) long-term characterization of P reservoirs and adaptations developed by plants to increase P uptake; and ii) identification of labile Pi reservoirs and remobilization of organic acids in plant tissues over a year. It was found that the mineral source use of P changes the labile and moderately labile fractions of P in the soil, not influencing the non-labile fraction. The labile and moderately labile organic fractions contribute considerably to plant nutrition, especially when not fertilized with P. The use of the P- metal-SH complex increased the moderately labile organic fraction in the first 12 months with subsequent reduction. We observed the equilibrium between the fractions of P in the soil and after the exhaustion of the labile fractions, the non-labile fractions were reduced. The P-residual decreased for all treatments, especially for the control treatment. The yield of fine roots in the 0- 100 cm layer exceeded 6 Mg ha-1, with no differences between treatments. However, the effect of the localized application of the fertilizer on the density of the root system, which presented higher concentrations in the planting line, was clearly noticed. The specific length of the roots in the superficial deep presented opposite distribution to the activity of the acid phosphatase and ectomycorrhizal colonization for all the treatments, except for the PSC that presented homogenous distribution around the tree. The use of conventional soluble phosphorus stimulated the symbiosis with mycorrhizae, and this contributed to the processes of mineralization of the organic fractions of P in the soil through the exudation of acid phosphatase. Analyzing the dynamics ofthe inorganic fractions in a short period, in the first 120 days post-planting, equilibrium was observed between the fractions of labile Pi in the soil, except for the control treatment that showed constant reductions in all fractions. In periods of water supply, the plants absorbed high amounts of P, accumulating high levels of organic acids in the stem and during periods of water stress, it was observed the remobilization of the AOs from the stem to the leaves, to maintain the metabolic processes.

Three effective solutions to dissolve the filter cake created by water-based drilling fluids weighted with Mn3O4 particles were developed. Hydrochloric acid at concentration lower than 5 wt% can dissolve most of Mn3O4-based filter cake. Dissolving the filter cake in two-stage treatment of enzyme and organic acid was effective and eliminated the associated drawbacks of using HCl. Finally, combining low and safe concentration of HCl with an organic acid in one-stage treatment was very effective. Hydrochloric acid (10-wt%) dissolved 78 wt% of Mn3O4-based filter cake at 250°F after 28 hours soaking time. However, Chlorine gas was detected during the reaction of 5 to 15-wt% HCl with Mn3O4 particles. At 190°F, 1- and 4-wt% HCl dissolved most Mn3O4 particles (up to 70-wt% solubility). Their reactions with Mn3O4 particles followed Eq. 8 at 190°F, which further confirmed the absence of chlorine gas production at HCl concentrations lower than 5-wt%. EDTA and DTPA at high pH (12) and acetic, propionic, butyric, and gluconic acids at low pH (3-5) showed very low solubilities of Mn3O4 particles. GLDA, citric, oxalic, and tartaric acids produced large amount of white precipitation upon the reactions with Mn3O4 particles. Similarly, DTPA will produce damaging material if used to dissolve Mn3O4-based filter cake in sandstone formation. At 4-wt% acid concentration, lactic, glycolic, and formic acids dissolved Mn3O4 particles up to 76 wt% solubility at 190°F. Malonic acid at lower concentration (2-wt%) dissolved 54 wt% of Mn3O4 particles at 190°F. Manganese tetraoxide particles were covered with polymeric material (starch), which significantly reduced the solubility of filter cake in organic acids. Therefore, there was a need to remove Mn3O4-based filter cake in two-stage treatment. Enzyme-A (10-wt%) and Precursor of lactic acid (12.5-wt%) dissolved 84 wt% of the filter cake. An innovative approach led to complete solubility of Mn3O4 particles when low and safe concentration of HCl (1-wt%) combined with 4-wt% lactic acid at 190°F. HCl (1-wt%) combined with lactic acid (4-wt%), dissolved 85 wt% of the Mn3O4-based filter cake after 18-22 hours soaking time at 250°F in one stage treatment.

The co-ordination of Ni in hyperaccumulator plants was investigated using a number of mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical techniques. Initial field studies on nickeliferous (lateritic) soils in Western Australia failed to identify plants containing elevated metal concentrations. For this reason, Ni-hyperaccumulators were collected from known ultramafic sites in New Caledonia, as well as grown under controlled conditions. Using electrospray ionization MS a Ni-nicotianamine (Ni-NA) complex [NiII(C12H20N3O6)]+ was identified in the South African Ni-hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii. The association between Ni and NA was examined further in a range of Thlaspi species which accumulate different concentrations of Ni and Zn in their foliar tissues. In order to quantitate the concentration of NA a new liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) based analytical protocol was developed which allowed the quantification of NA and free amino acids. From the analysis of the leaf tissue in Thlaspi a strong correlation emerged between Ni and NA but not Zn. This suggested that NA plays a role in the transport of Ni in Ni-hyperaccumulating Thlaspi plants. An inverse proportionality was found between Fe and Ni. Higher NA production could be related to maintenance of Fe homeostasis. A correlation was also found between Zn and asparagine. These results are consistent with the operation of separate transport mechanisms for Ni and Zn. Further extreme examples of Ni-hyperaccumulation were also examined using LC-MS and metabolite profiling based on gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS). (For complete abstract open document)

Submitted by TARCISIO MACEDO SILVA null (tarcisiomedvet@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-12T20:53:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Tarcísio Macedo Silva.pdf: 1757310 bytes, checksum: 128f6aff84e23e2e9f3f06ad11db8914 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2017-12-13T12:33:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_tm_me_bot.pdf: 1757310 bytes, checksum: 128f6aff84e23e2e9f3f06ad11db8914 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T12:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_tm_me_bot.pdf: 1757310 bytes, checksum: 128f6aff84e23e2e9f3f06ad11db8914 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente estudo avaliou uso de ácidos orgânicos (AOs), probiótico e produto de exclusão competitiva (EC) administrados continuadamente, via ração, no controle de Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) e a ação sobre a microbiota e morfometria intestinal. Cento e setenta perus de corte fêmeas foram distribuídas, aleatoriamente, em cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições de oito aves cada. No terceiro e no décimo dia de vida, os animais foram submetidos ao desafio oral de SH. No sétimo, 19º e 35º de vida as aves foram eutanasiadas (n=10 por tratamento) e colhido amostras de segmentos do inglúvio, duodeno, jejuno, íleo e ceco para quantificação de SH, quantificação relativa do microrganismo Faecalibacterium prausnitzii e análise morfométrica. No decorrer do período experimental foram realizadas colheitas de suabes cloacais para pesquisa de SH. A administração do probiótico e produto de EC foi capaz de reduzir a incidência e a colonização de SH no inglúvio. Nos cecos os tratamentos reduziram a colonização de SH somente aos 19 dias de idade. Somente a dieta suplementada com AOs influenciou positivamente na quantidade de F. prausnitizii no ceco (19 e 35 dias) e não houve correlação entre a quantidade relativa desse microrganismo e o número de UFCs de SH. A excreção fecal de SH, foi influenciada pelos tratamentos a partir dos 26 dias de vida das aves, aos 34 dias todos os tratamentos reduziram a excreção fecal. A morfometria intestinal foi influenciada pelos tratamentos somente aos sete dias de vida, onde os animais que receberam AOs apresentaram maiores alturas de vilosidades de jejuno quando comparado com o grupo controle positivo. A administração dos aditivos via ração demonstrou eficácia no controle e na persistência da infecção por SH. No entanto, o uso de AOs foi mais eficaz para modular a microbiota cecal, provando que a composição da dieta pode modular populações de bactérias benéficas, mas tais microrganismos podem não estar correlacionadas com a redução da colonização cecal por SH. / The present study evaluated the use of organic acids (AOs), probiotic and competitive exclusion (CE) product administered continuously in the feed on the control Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) and action microbiota and morphometry intestinal. One hundred and seventy poults females were randomly distributed in five treatments with four replicates of eight birds each. In the 3rd and 10th day of life, the animals were submitted to the challenge with SH. In the 7th, 19th and 35th of life the birds were euthanized (n = 10) and samples of the crop, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caeca were removed to quantification of SH, quantification relative of the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and morphometric analysis. During the experimental period were perfomerd clocal swabs for SH research. The administration of probiotic and CE product was able to reduce the incidence and colonization of SH in the crop. In the caecum the treatments reduced SH only 19 days of age. Only the diet supplemented with AOs influenced positively on amount of F. prausnitizii in the cecum (19 and 35 days) and there was no correlation between the amount on the microorganism and the number of UFCs of SH. Fecal excretion of SH, was influenced by the treatments from 26 days of life, at 34 days all treatments reduced faecal excretion. The intestinal morphometry was influenced by the treatments only to seven days of age, where the animals that received AOs had higher jejunal villus heights of villi when compared with the positive control. The feed additives administration demonstrated effectiveness in controlling and in the persistence of the infection by SH. However, the use of AOs was most effective to modulate the cecal microbiota, proving that the composition of the diet can modulate populations of beneficial bacteria, but such microorganisms may not be correlated with the reduction of the SH / Processos: FAPESP 2015/16428-5; 2015/18350-3