NATO is keen to improve technical interoperability between participating nations. However, according to certain scholars, technical interoperability has been overestimated within the field and other important factors related to organisational interoperability are neglected. The aim of this study is to examine the transformation of Sweden’s organisational interoperability within NATO the last decades. This will demonstrate how Sweden’s organisational interoperability has changed through a period of increased technical complications within military alliances. This dual case study compares Sweden’s contribution in Kosovo and Afghanistan by applying theorganisational interoperability agility model (OIAM). The Swedish Armed Forces have augmented their preparations prior to collaborations which improve their skill to adapt to certain nations. They have also improved their ability to adapt to other leadership styles and structures. However, issues associated with system compatibility have increased and seem to affect military leadership coordination. Sweden’s ability to adapt to other nations cultural differences are restricted between both cases. Technical differences seem to affect military leadership more than combat units whereas cultural differences have a greater impact on soldiers compared with officers.

Denna studie ska öka förståelse för hur systemutvecklare kan lösa komplexa problem inom organisationer genom att utveckla ett nytt informationsteknologi-system (IT-system) där fokus läggs på teknisk- och organisatorisk interoperabilitet vid integrationsprocessen. Författarna agerar som systemutvecklare via en fallstudie där det finns behov av ett nytt IT-system. I uppsatsen används ett abduktivt tillvägagångssätt där en instrumentell fallstudie används. Genomförandet av arbetet delas in i fyra olika faser: (1) Problemidentifiering inom verksamheten genom framställning av verksamhetsmodeller, insamling av data genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med intressenter och framtagning av teoretisk bas. Som teoretisk referensram i denna uppsats definieras Integration och Interoperabilitet (I & I), vad verksamhetsprocesser är, vad som skiljer teknisk- och organisatorisk interoperabilitet åt, hur verksamhetsmodeller skapas, agil mjukvaruutveckling och användbarhet av IT-system. (2) Utveckling, ingrepp och utvärdering. IT-systemet utvecklas genom en iterativ och inkrementell mjukvaruutvecklingsprocess där fokus ligger på att lösa problem som identifierats. I utvecklingsarbetet har krav och begränsningar identifierats för att skapa verksamhetsmodellen börläget. Det IT-system som utvecklas utgår från detta börläge där IT-systemet revideras utifrån brister som uppkommit från intervjuer med intressenter efter varje iteration. Första iterationen av IT-systemet lyckades inte uppfylla intressenternas krav och förväntningar. Det lyckades däremot senare iterationer av IT-systemet med, där det senare implementeras inom organisationen. När IT-systemet har implementerats utvärderas det av slutanvändarna för att identifiera om systemutvecklarna har lyckats lösa verksamhetsproblemen och för att kontrollera användbarheten hos IT-systemet. (3) I reflektion- och lärandefasen diskuteras och analyseras resultatet mot den teoretiska referensramen och tillvägagångssättet. Resultatet visar att systemutvecklarna lyckats identifiera de komplexa problemen inom organisationen och lyckats skapa ett nytt IT-system som uppfyller intressenters behov samtidigt som det löser de identifierade verksamhetsproblemen. (4) I sista fasen formalisering av lärdomar sammanställs generella koncept som går att använda i andra projekt. I denna uppsats identifieras åtta aspekter och principer en systemutvecklare kan använda sig av när de ska utveckla IT-system. / This study will increase understanding of how a system developer can solve complex problems within organizations by developing a new information technology system (IT-system), with a focus on technical- and organizational interoperability at the integration process. The authors act as system developers through a case study where there is a need for a new IT-system. In this thesis an abductive approach is used combined with an instrumental case study. The work is split up into four phases: (1) Identifying problems within the organization by drawing up business models, collecting data through qualitative semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, and the development of a theoretical base. As theoretical frame of reference Integration and interoperability (I & I) is defined, business models are explained, how technical- and operational interoperability differs, how business models are created, agile software development and usability of IT-systems. (2) Building, intervention and evaluation. The IT-system is built using an iterative and incremental software development process where focus is on solving the identified problems. During the development stage requirements and challenges are identified to create the business model target view. The IT-system is developed to reflect this view where each iteration of the IT-system is revised from flaws discovered during interviews with stakeholders. The first iteration did not fulfill the stakeholders’ requirements and expectations, but later iterations succeeded in this and were implemented within the organization. When the IT-system had been implemented, it was evaluated by the end users to identify if the system developers had succeeded in solving the organizational problems, and to check usability of the IT-system. (3) Reflection and learning. The result is analyzed and discussed, compared to the theoretical frame of reference and course of action. The result shows that system developers succeeded in identifying complex problems within the organization and managed to create a new IT-system that met stakeholders’ needs, while also solving identified organizational problems. (4) In the last phase formalization of learning are general concepts compiled that can be used in other projects. In this thesis are eight aspects and principles are identified that can be used by system developers when developing IT-systems.

As of the 7th of March 2024, Sweden has become a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO. Interoperability between the two organizations will be essential to ensure a high level of cooperation in future multinational land operations. The study will be conducted on NATO doctrine: Allied Joint Doctrine for the Conduct of Operations, and the Swedish Armed Forces army doctrine: Reglemente Armé - Taktik 2023. The aim of this study is to show the level of organizational and technical interoperability between the two doctrines through the theory of Levels of Coalition Interoperability (LCI). By comparing the two doctrines to each other we find that the Swedish army and NATO are similar in many descriptions of methods and principles, mostly since the Swedish army has chosen to adept many parts of their doctrine towards NATO. However, NATO do show a lot of flexibility and adaptability towards partner nations, giving the two doctrines a high level of interoperability. The doctrines differ in description of methods for data exchange at a physical level and gives room for commanders to interpret certain aspects of the doctrines, which shows that there can be developments made to increase the interoperability, mainly in the area of adaptation of standardized methods.