This study utilized the meta-theoretical framework developed by McCrae and Costa in 1996 that explains individual differences in human nature and the theory regarding the role of individual differences in task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) proposed by Motowidlo, Borman, and Schmit in 1997, to examine the interrelationships among the Big Five personality traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, emotional stability, and openness to experience), three components of organizational commitment (affective, normative, continuance), and OCB. Two samples were included; Sample 1 (N = 133) consisted of employed undergraduate students and their coworkers and Sample 2 (N = 241) consisted of older, more stably employed adults. Participants in both samples completed measures of personality, organizational commitment, and OCB. Further, in Sample 1, coworker participants provided a rating of the primary participants' OCB. Four sets of analyses were conducted to examine: 1) personality-OCB relationships, 2) organizational commitment-OCB relationships, 3) personality-organizational commitment relationships, and 4) organizational commitment as a mediator of personality-OCB relationships. Results of the first set indicated that conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, and emotional stability were positively related to OCB in at least one analysis. Results of the second set indicated that affective and normative commitment were positively related to OCB in both samples. While not consistent across samples, results of the third set indicated that conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion were positively related to both affective and normative commitment; openness to experience was negatively related to normative commitment; conscientiousness was positively related to continuance commitment; and emotional stability and openness to experience were negatively related to continuance commitment in at least one analysis. Results of the fourth set indicated that, in Sample 1, affective and normative commitment partially mediated the conscientiousness-OCB relationship. Further, in Sample 2, affective and normative commitment partially mediated relationships between each of agreeableness and extraversion and OCB. Overall, these findings offer support for McCrae and Costa's meta-theoretical framework and Motowidlo, Borman, and Schmit's theory.

Abstract Organizational Identity and Brand Identity are directly related to corporation future competitiveness and is an important factor to its competitive advantage. In a changing environment, an organization that has loyal, excellent and strong Organizational Identity that gain external recognition when reacting positively to this changes, will be able to maintain the organization¡¦s competitiveness. The recognition and value gained by the individual member for his ability to possess the traits or characteristics to be identified with the organization, brand, team or profession out-weights that of his personal characteristics like gender, age or nationality. Researchers have found that employee attitude towards organizational approval has a relation with the organization traits and behaviors. By setting Organizational and Brand Identity as Independent Variables, Employee Efficiency as Dependent Variables, and Organizational and Brand Affiliation as the Medium, this thesis will investigate their relationship in the casual clothing industry. Data were collected through questionnaires completed by employees engaging in sales and marketing activities of 22 brands in Taiwan. The data are analyzed after breaking them down into their respective factor analysis, correlation and block regression. The outcomes of the tests lead to the following conclusions: 1. The strength and fitness of Organizational Identity and Brand Identity have effect on Organizational Affiliation and Brand Affiliation. 2. The strength of Organizational Identity and Brand Identity has effect on employee efficiency. While holding working emotion constant, the fitness of Organizational Identity and Brand Identity has an effect on employee efficiency. 3. While holding working emotion constant, the strength of Organizational Identity and Brand Identity has effect on in addition to employee efficiency. The fitness also has effect in addition to employee efficiency. Furthermore, the fitness of Organizational Identity is not a medium for working emotion but Brand Identity is a medium for working emotion. 4. Other than the test for the effect on corporate citizen, Organizational Identity has greater effect than Brand Identity on the other tests done on employee efficiency. This research reveals that when the organization communicates with its employees, it has to be more sensitive towards the effects of Brand Identity relating to sales activities on its employee. Having considered the organization and brand characteristics, it can adopt the concept of Affiliation in the areas of recruitment, organization culture and personnel development by allowing its employees to improve characters or values. This will help in improving work efficiency.

Most researches done in recent time on the topics of Branding and Organization focus on investigating Brand Identification and Organization Identification, with lesser work done on the relationship between Brand Identity, Organizational Identity and employee efficiency. While Organization Identity has been a widely studied and recognized topic in the west for the past 20 years, it remains an alien name to researcher on organizational behaviors and practitioners in Taiwan¡]®}Þ³§D¡A¾G§BÀ¥¡A2003¡^. Moreover, Brand Identity is the next new-found research topic where western researchers attitude towards it had mostly stop on preliminary narration which was largely supplemented from the experience of sales and marketing area, with little work done from academic investigation. This thesis will investigate Brand Identity and Organizational Identity impact on employee efficiency. Through my experience in the luxury goods industry, branding display a unique characteristic. Its employee displayed certain level of loyalty towards its brand and hoped to identify his character through its brand. This thesis focuses on the apparel industry, drawing data from a major Italian apparel brand, competing brands identified by that Major Italian apparel company and other brands listed on an apparel website www.ApparelSearch.com. The author approaches these 32 brands and collected data through questionnaires. A total of 417 valid questionnaires were returned and data was analyzed with an aim of drawing an opinion towards these hypothesizes: i) Strong Organizational Identity and Brand Identity will have positive effect on Organizational Identification and Brand Identification. ii) Strong Organizational Identity and Brand Identity will have positive effect on employee efficiency (including organization commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, work emotions, job performance, job satisfaction and turnover rate). iii) Strong Organizational Identification and Brand Identification will have positive effect on employee efficiency. iv) The existence of Organizational Identification and Brand Identification weaken the relationship between Organizational Identity, Brand Identity and Employee efficiency. When the relationships weaken to negligible, the relationship between Organizational Identification, Brand Identification and employee efficiency strengthen.

Based on the model of Perceptions of Organizational Politics by Ferris, Russ and Fandtand (1989), this study tries to understand, through ¡§party identification¡¨ as a moderator variable, whether party identification in practical politics has a managerial insight in organizational politics. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational commitment, as well as whether party identification has a moderating effect. Data for this study is drawn from the secondary data, 1632 sample size collected by Dr. Chin-ming Ho and his research team throughout 2002. It is found using the multivariate analysis 1) perceptions of organizational politics are negatively associated with organizational commitment, 2) perceptions of organizational politics are negatively associated with normative commitment, 3) perceptions of organizational politics are negatively associated with affective commitment, 4) perceptions of organizational politics are partially positively associated with continuance commitment 5) perceptions of organizational politics have a significant effect on organizational commitment in every dimension, 6) party identification has no significant differences in perceptions of organizational politics and organizational commitment, 7) party identification has a moderating effect on perceptions of organizational politics and organizational commitment; namely, the difference of party identification has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics and organizational commitment.

Information system introduction is an organizational learning process, in which organizational members learn how to introduce information system into an enterprise. While learning, however, individuals always act defensively ¡XModel I theories-in-use, and the defensive behaviors usually bring counterproductive or unintended consequences or limited learning (Argyris, 1978, 1985, 1990, 1999). Similarly, in the process of introducing information system, the organizational members' defensive behaviors will make information system cannot completely meet the business needs or cause schedule delay. In this research, we conduct a case study to explore the defensive phenomenon during the process of introducing information system. Based on theories of action and literature about organizational defense (Salaway, 1984, 1987; Wastell, 1999; Henfridsson & Soderholm, 2000), we investigate the defensive phenomenon and generalized it into ten stories. The analyzing results show that users, MIS staff, and top managers all have defensive behaviors in introducing information system and thus cause negative effect. Therefore, this research suggests the organizational members move from Model I to Model II orientation and practice to introduce information system more effectively.

This research is taking a comprehensive view to discuss the case of one leading IT company for its organizational structure change that has spanned for nearly five years. Using narrative analysis, the research¡¦s thorough discussion covers facets of the organizational structure change. The critical findings of the thesis are as follows: 1.Because the goal of an organizational structure change is to accommodate the organization¡¦s new mission statement, the new CEO is thinking of starting an organizational structure change in order to place staff with the right skills in the right jobs, clarify lines of authority and eliminate duplicate functions. 2.The new CEO¡¦s background and familiarity with the organization will affect the organizational structure change¡¦s scope and activities. 3.An organizational structure change is itself unable to reveal the change status. However, owing to its extraneous characteristics, the CEO is apt to declare his authority by building a new organizational structure and quickly formulating a plan to implement it.

The capital, material resources, equipments, organizational employees, and technological resources are the key points for a business to maintain competitive. Amongst these, ¡§human resources¡¨ are the main body for allocating the resources; and within the human resource system, environmental factors such as the organizational climate and sense of inspiration are the most significant causes of the employees¡¦ behaviors. Moreover, apart from the market competitiveness and beneficial abilities, the unity amongst the employees and their working attitudes are also main factors depending on which the business would succeed or not. Whether the employees are willing to work hard and grow with the company would be depending on how the company treats its employees. The personal needs and preferred risk differ from person to person; some work for money, whilst some work for work; thus, for some people, an inspirational measure might be very important, for it would inspire them to work hard, whilst for others, the measure might be of no inspirational effect at all. As for the organization, to effectively meet this goal, the business executives would need to understand associated topics of inspiration, and design effective and strategic inspirational combinations focusing on the needs and expectations of the employees, so as to attract and keep excellent human talents, inspire the potentials of the employees, and consequently elevate the organizational promises and the work achievements. The developing staffs, business sales persons and the administrative staffs of listed companies in Taiwan were used as the study population in the present research, with the risk preference as the independent variable, the organizational promise as the dependent variable, and the awareness of the organizational climate as the moderator variable; the associations and influences between the variables were studied. Moreover, the inspirational factor was further included as the confounding variable for studying its confounding effects on the other variables. A total of 1,322 surveys were sent out, and 269 of which were completed and returned. Through differential analysis, correlational analysis, and multiple regression analysis, the empirical findings of the present study are as the following: 1.Risk preference, awareness of the organizational climate, inspirational factor, and organizational promises differed depending on the different individual attributes. 2.Risk preferences and organizational climate were correlated with the promises the employees made for the organization. 3.the employees¡¦ awareness of the organizational climate had influences on risk preference and the promises for the organization 4.The relationship between risk preferences and the awareness of the organizational climate and the relationship between organizational climate and organizational promise are confounded by the inspirational factor.

Abstract In recent years, organizational innovation is becoming increasingly important as a means of survival, not just for growth, but also in facing of intensifying competition and environmental uncertainty. Organizational innovation has been considered to be one of the key success factors. On the other hand, over the last two decades, many organizations around the world have adopted Total Quality Management (TQM). It is convinced that TQM is a management philosophy, which is a better way to conduct business and results in higher quality, lower cost products and services that respond faster to the needs of the customer. The relationship between organizational innovation, TQM and organizational effectiveness was studied. The China Steel Corporation (CSC) ,which is a leading steel making company in Taiwan, was chosen to be the research object. The aim of this research is to study following items: 1. To realize CSC employees¡¦ cognition and attitude about the Innovations and TQM activities which have been promoted and /or adopted by the company many years. 2. To analyze the relationship between Innovations, TQM and organizational effectiveness. By doing this study, some results are expected to be referenced by CSC and also for other companies. The results are follows¡G 1. Basically, CSC employees have good cognition toward TQM in CSC¡Aand also convince that it has a high correlation with organizational effectiveness . 2. Regarding Innovations practices, there exist high correlation coefficient between technological innovation and administrative innovation. 3. All the Critical Factors have high correlation with organizational effectiveness, especially ¡§ people management¡¨. 4. The correlation between organizational innovations, TQM and organizational effectiveness are confirmed to be significant. And the Adoption of TQM can intensify the Innovations practices and then increasing organizational effectiveness. Keywords¡Gorganizational innovation, total quality management, organizational effectiveness.

Due to the rigorous market competition and the service characteristic are inherent in the financial services industry. The financial services industry has highly respected to those two key players, more build upon the information technology investment and demand for business information application. The figure shows that information technology expenditure of financial services industry is second among other industries, only behind the manufacturing industry. So the financial services industry is a business with special information-based demand and information technology oriented. Financial services industry especially pays attention to customer and organizational performance, in order to meet customer's demands and create organizational performance constantly, financial services industry must use by various kinds of organizational innovation and combination of information technology. Financial service industry is a business model that must use information technology investment and organizational innovation by strengthening enterprise's competitiveness and promoting organizational performance. This research regards financial services industry as the research object and use questionnaires research, to probe into the correlative research among 'Information Technology Investment', 'Organizational Innovation' and 'Organizational Performance'. Regarding the evaluation of ¡¥Organizational Performance¡¦, quote from Kaplan & Norton's balanced score card has four measures including: Financial Measures, Customer Measures, Internal Business Process Measures, Learning and Growth Measures, that is different from traditional evaluate, only evaluate on the performance of financial datum, Balanced Score card to assess the balance performance on the subjective and the objective at the same time. In this research, apply Multiple Regression Analysis and Pearson Correlation Analysis to probe into the relation of the parameters, to verify this research model and hypothesis. The result of study is found, the information technology investment and organizational innovation, they have a positive correlation influence on the organizational performance, and there is a partial positive relationship existed between information technology investment and organizational innovation. The financial services industry is encountering the corporate merge, and the organizational change of financial services industry in the future, this research result has revealed, apply information technology investment and organizational innovation toward organizational performance properly, that could generates a critical and positive influence on the organizational performance. Key words¡GInformation Technology Investment, Organizational Innovation, Organizational Performance

Recently, in Taiwan, upon enforcement of national health insurance, the medical care system has suffered the tightened growth of expenses and uncertain fluctuation of point value under the global budget payment system, and the stable growth of the local medical care environment was forced to be transformed to negative growth. In order to maintain competitive strength, hospitals focused their operations on organizational reform. The reform may cause employees to feel the uncertainty of hospitals¡¦ future development and also feel terrified and unsafe, and thereby is likely to decrease employees¡¦ morale and organizational commitment, and even severely affect their performance and work satisfaction. The study is intended to explore the change of employees¡¦ organizational commitment, morale and work satisfaction prior to and after salary adjustment. Full-time employees of a district teaching hospital, including doctors, nursing staff, medical technicians and executive staff were surveyed. The survey of first questionnaire of a total of 400 copies was conducted in June 2005. The effective recalled questionnaire totaled 302 copies, with a recall rate 75.5%. The second questionnaire was released in February 2006 to 400 employees, of which the effective recalled questionnaire totaled 254 copies, with recall rate 63.5%. Reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, One-Way ANOVA and general lineal model were conducted using software SPSS. The results show that: 1.No significant differences were observed in the organizational commitment, moral and work satisfaction prior to and after salary adjustment. 2.Significant difference takes place in the organizational commitment, moral and work satisfaction with respect to the various personal characteristics of employees. 3.The organizational commitment was affected by gender, age, religion and position, regardless of the salary adjustment. The moral was affected by age, educational degree, religion and position, regardless of the salary adjustment. The work satisfaction was affected by age, religion and position, regardless of the salary adjustment.