Abstract The employee left no matter voluntarily non-voluntarily from any organization, high turnover rate means increasing the time and cost of recruiting, selecting and training employee. Further more, it will reduce the competitiveness for any industry leading to non-effective operation, difficult to remain intellectual property as well. It surely is impairment to an organization. As critical employee left with preventable reason such as sensed with any political problem within the organization then it¡¦s not a good situation to any firm. Hence, the Company should try to reduce the bad impact from conception of organizational politics would improve the high turnover rate. This researcher intends to see the relationships between perceptions of organizational politics and employees¡¦ resignation inclinations and compare the difference of private organizations. The perceptions of organizational politics scale was translated by An-ming Lee according to Kacmar K. M., Carlson D. S. (1997), and resignation inclinations scale was modified by Chin-ming Ho according to Kai-yi Huang (1984). To analyze 948 effective examples by SPSS program of Correlation Analysis, One-way Anova analysis, Scheffe multiple comparisons, Regression Analysis, etc. and try to get the variables and the result of the research, 1. Different personal attributes variables of different industries have significant difference in perceptions of general political behavior. (1) For general service industry, people who have high-level manager would have the less perceptive for general political behavior than any position. And for high-tech manufacturer , technical staffs have the significant difference for general political behavior than middle-level manager. (2) For general service industry and high-tech manufacturer, different period of getting along with the supervisors have different significant. (3) For general service industry, different working period have significant difference than other industries. (4) For high-tech manufacturer, staffs¡¦ age has significant difference than other industries. 2. Different personal attributes variables of different industries have significant difference in perceptions of the difference between policy and enforcement. (1) For all of the researching industries, different positions have significant different. (2) For financial service industry and general service industry, different periods of getting along with their supervisors have different significant. (3) For high-tech manufacturer and traditional manufacturer industries, the marriage status have different significant. (4) For financial service industry, staffs¡¦ age have significant difference than other industries. 3. Different personal attributes variables of different industries have significant difference in perceptions of communication problem. (1) For financial service industry and high-tech manufacturer, different positions have significant different. (2) For general service industry and traditional manufacturer industry, different periods of getting along with their supervisors have different significant. (3) For high-tech manufacturer, staffs¡¦ marriage sttatus have significant difference than other industries. (4) For traditional manufacturer, staffs¡¦ age have significant difference than other industries. 4. Different personal attributes variables of different industries have significant difference in perceptions of organizational politics. (1) For all of the researching industries, different positions have significant different. People who has lower position would have the more perceptive of organizational politics. (2) For any service industry, different periods of getting along with their supervisors have different significant. (3) For high-tech manufacturer, staffs¡¦ marriage sttatus and age have significant difference than other industries. 5. The influence resignation inclinations while people have perceptions of organizational politics between the researching industries. (1) For all of the researching industries, excluded high-tech manufacturer, while people have higher perceptions of organizational politics will have higher resignation inclinations. (2) The personal attributes variables won¡¦t have any influence for resignation inclinations. (3) For all of the researching industries, while people have higher perceptions of the difference between policy and enforcement will have influence for resignation inclinations. (4) For financial service industry and general service industry, while people have higher perceptions of general political behavior will have higher resignation inclinations. (5) For all of the researching industries, excluded traditional manufacturer industry, while people have higher perceptions of communication problem will have higher resignation inclinations.

The development of information systems and information management continue to present considerable challenges for many organizations, and more often than not for reason other than technological ones. Politically sensitive issues that are frequently raised by and bound up in such matters are an important cause of difficulties. This thesis proposes that perceptions of ownership of business processes and data by various groups within an organization can be a potent contributing factor in the occurrence of such political troubles. The thesis uses the new concept of information wards to develop a graphical model that links the scope of system development or organizational change and ownership perceptions to the likelihood of political difficulties. It then explores the links to organizational theory. The applicability and usefulness of the model is then argued through its application to a variety of case drawn from the information systems literature as well as case study project that provided the initial stimulus for the model???s development. It is shown that the model is capable of providing a variable explanation of the occurrence or absence of political troubles in the cases investigated. A prototype specialized group support system called Info*Warder based on the model has been built and is described in some detail. The software allows representative of organizational stakeholders to stake claims to business processes and data that are within the scope of systems development or change proposals, with the intention of permitting early detection of differences of opinion and potential conflicts. The thesis describes a research study in which the Info*Warder software was trialled within three Australia State Government departments. These departments were undergoing significant change both in their roles and information systems support arrangements and provided a useful test for the model and software. While the test was an indicative one only, it nevertheless showed that the software and its underlying theoretical model have the potential to assist in clarifying ownership issues related to information management and systems development in organizations, thereby helping to resolve them. Lastly, the thesis assesses how the developed model and software might fit into representative existing techniques and methodologies.

During decades, the definitions of organizational politics are different by many researches of organizational politics. And also, the limitations of behave of organizational politics are in confusion or divisive. In an enterprise¡¦s business, the employer may demand his¡]her¡^staff to work well, however, his or her staff may work in accordance with politic behave within organization. The problems are that what kind of environment shall make the staff to act relative response to it so-called ¡§Consciousness of fact¡¨ but not for ¡§Reality of fact¡¨, and what concerns shall be involved about? These issues are worthily to study. I, the author currently serving in finance industry, I¡¦ve felt that there are great shocks generated or gave directly to the organizational tradition culture or employee¡¦s mental adjustment of finance organization since the stipulation of ¡§Finance Control Law¡¨ for which has forced the existing financial organizations to adopt combination or consolidation measures. This study has proposed two domestic and large-scale of private finance organizations for verification. The sampling of separated levels ratio is applied, 286 questionnaires were issued and 251 questionnaires were availably replied. Before final verification, these questionnaires were statistically analyzed by difference, relativity and multi-recovery etc, and following points were concluded. 1. After explorative research, the organizational politics consciousness is mainly divided as three aspects. ¡]1¡^The behave of political consciousness for high rank and colleague. ¡]2¡^The behave of political consciousness for qualification promotion policy ¡]3¡^The behave of political consciousness for silence with personal benefit. 2. The difference of individual variety to organizational politics consciousness. ¡]1¡^Age, qualification and leadership are totally have obvious difference to organizational politics consciousness. ¡]2¡^Leadership has obvious difference to the three aspects of organizational politics consciousness respectively. ¡]3¡^Age only has obvious difference to the aspect of high rank and colleague, of organizational politics consciousness. ¡]4¡^Qualification hasn¡¦t obvious different to the three aspects of organizational politics consciousness. 3. The outcome of influential assumed verification Follows were found after multi-recovery analysis¡G Individual variety¡]Markivillism, A type human characteristic, leadership¡^ Organization¡¦s construction¡]Specialization¡^ Working feature¡]Interactive relation, promotion opportunity, integration¡^ Upon explanation, the seven varieties above have 41.2% variety volume relatively to the organizational politics consciousness.

The development of information systems and information management continue to present considerable challenges for many organizations, and more often than not for reason other than technological ones. Politically sensitive issues that are frequently raised by and bound up in such matters are an important cause of difficulties. This thesis proposes that perceptions of ownership of business processes and data by various groups within an organization can be a potent contributing factor in the occurrence of such political troubles. The thesis uses the new concept of information wards to develop a graphical model that links the scope of system development or organizational change and ownership perceptions to the likelihood of political difficulties. It then explores the links to organizational theory. The applicability and usefulness of the model is then argued through its application to a variety of case drawn from the information systems literature as well as case study project that provided the initial stimulus for the model???s development. It is shown that the model is capable of providing a variable explanation of the occurrence or absence of political troubles in the cases investigated. A prototype specialized group support system called Info*Warder based on the model has been built and is described in some detail. The software allows representative of organizational stakeholders to stake claims to business processes and data that are within the scope of systems development or change proposals, with the intention of permitting early detection of differences of opinion and potential conflicts. The thesis describes a research study in which the Info*Warder software was trialled within three Australia State Government departments. These departments were undergoing significant change both in their roles and information systems support arrangements and provided a useful test for the model and software. While the test was an indicative one only, it nevertheless showed that the software and its underlying theoretical model have the potential to assist in clarifying ownership issues related to information management and systems development in organizations, thereby helping to resolve them. Lastly, the thesis assesses how the developed model and software might fit into representative existing techniques and methodologies.

By using multiple regression analyses from 365 managers distributed four kind of industries in Taiwan, the study tested total of 9 hypotheses that respectively partially proposed to explore relationships of perception of organizational politics related to knowledge sharing. Four theoretical perspectives embedded in the literature review to strengthen the theme¡Xorganizational politics. The four main findings of the study included: (1) Perceptions of organizational politics simultaneously negatively effected to trust, organizational restructuring satisfaction and knowledge sharing. (2) Trust not only did positively effect to organizational restructuring satisfaction and knowledge sharing, it also fully mediated effect between perception of organizational politics and knowledge sharing. (3) Organizational restructuring satisfaction positively effected to knowledge sharing; besides, it not only did partially mediate effect between perceptions of organizational politics and knowledge sharing, but also did fully mediate effect between perceptions of organizational politics and trust. (4) Concreted confirmatory model examined Goodness Fit perfectly. Implications of the results to those of organization, manager and future research were discussed.

This research is based on the framework of revision model proposed by Ferris et al. (2002), discussing the influence organization politics consciousness to staff's from Machiavellianism personality tendency and the tenure of the work and the opportunity of promotion in working department and the career development plan. It takes 130th staffs of 40 organization in Taiwan as the research object. 2133 copies of questionnaire have been issued and 1,940 copies have been taken back, the returns-ratio reaches 91.0%. After rejecting 50 invalid copies, the effective volume is 1,890, and effective returns-ratio is 88.6%. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, item analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis and hierarchical linear model. The major resultsof this study are as fallowing: 1. Machiavellianism has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 2. Tenure has no effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 3. Promotion opportunity has no effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 4. Career Development has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 5. Promotion opportunity has no moderate effect on the relationship between Machiavellianism and perceptions of organizational politics. 6. Career development has no moderate effect on the relationship between Machiavellianism and perceptions of organizational politics. 7. Promotion opportunity has no moderate effect on the relationship between tenure and perceptions of organizational politics. 8. Career development has no moderate effect on the relationship between tenure and perceptions of organizational politics.

The main purpose of this research, which are based on Ferris, Adams, Kolodinsky, Hochwarter, & Ammeter, (2002). revised model, is to explore the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and the member of position, the member of tenure, the formalization, and the centralization. There are 2133 questionnaires provided from public and private hospitals, public and private schools, government agencies, public and private service industries, manufacturing, private financial institution, the high-tech industries and traditional industries. Questionnaires¡¦ response rate are 91.0%. Available response rate are 88.6%. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation, and hierarchical linear model. The major results of this study are as following: 1. The member of position has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 2. The member of tenure has no effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 3. Formalization has no effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 4. Centralization has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 5. Formalization has no moderate effect on the relationship between the member of position and perceptions of organizational politics. 6. Formalization has no moderate effect on the relationship between the member of tenure and perceptions of organizational politics. 7. Centralization has no moderate effect on the relationship between the member of position and perceptions of organizational politics. 8. Centralization has no moderate effect on the relationship between the member of tenure and perceptions of organizational politics.

Based on the model of Perceptions of Organizational Politics by Ferris, Russ and Fandtand (1989), this study tries to understand, through ¡§party identification¡¨ as a moderator variable, whether party identification in practical politics has a managerial insight in organizational politics. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational commitment, as well as whether party identification has a moderating effect. Data for this study is drawn from the secondary data, 1632 sample size collected by Dr. Chin-ming Ho and his research team throughout 2002. It is found using the multivariate analysis 1) perceptions of organizational politics are negatively associated with organizational commitment, 2) perceptions of organizational politics are negatively associated with normative commitment, 3) perceptions of organizational politics are negatively associated with affective commitment, 4) perceptions of organizational politics are partially positively associated with continuance commitment 5) perceptions of organizational politics have a significant effect on organizational commitment in every dimension, 6) party identification has no significant differences in perceptions of organizational politics and organizational commitment, 7) party identification has a moderating effect on perceptions of organizational politics and organizational commitment; namely, the difference of party identification has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics and organizational commitment.

Abstract In recent years, many enterprises¡¦ organization structure were toward gradually to the ¡¥flat¡¦ from pyramid-like hierarchical system for avoiding slowdown in transmitting information and implementing any decision, and tended to have teamwork instead of individual workforce, from those employees gained more power to involve in the organization decision. And, such trend led to the increase of interaction and reliance on each member or divisions of organization. Yet, the increment of job overlap meant overlap in job performance, the manner of ¡¥selfish¡¦ human beings have plus independence of individual job triggered the fight of power and benefits, the political behaviors, ¡¥contending prize shifting blame¡¦, were emerged from ¡§employee-employee¡¨ even ¡§employee-supervisor¡¨. Perceptions of organizational politics are engaged in research in employee¡¦s feeling about the political behaviors in his working environment. For years, there¡¦re various definitions about organizational politics proposed by researchers in this field, organizational politic behaviors as well. In running business, employees are required good job attitude by employer, but on the other hand, employees are accompanied the rising of political behaviors in organization. What environment would result in action taken by people ¡¥perception of fact¡¦, not ¡¥truth of fact¡¦, after all, what consequence would it be taken? That¡¦s worthy of consideration. The mainframe of this research is based on the variables of perceptions of organizational politics model proposed by Ferris et al (1989), the domestic public¡Bprivate enterprises are the examined objects, studying the variables influence on perceptions of organizational politics, and the difference between public and private employees to perceptions of organizational politics. Issued 3651 questionnaire, the sample consisted of 2306 employee; the collecting rate reached 63.16% The data being examined by statistic method as variance analysis, Pearson¡¦s r, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis etc., and the findings are as follow: ¤@. Through exploratory study, three dimensions were contributed to perceptions of organizational politics: 1. Employee and Supervisor behavior 2. The range between policy and practice 3. Keeping silence for advantage ¤G. The difference found by individual variables in perceptions of organizational politics: 1. Significant difference was found in Age¡Beducation¡Bworking tenure and the tenure with supervisor. 2. Significant difference was found in job ranks for both perceptions of organizational politics and three dimensions. 3. Significant difference was found in the employees of public¡Bprivate organization¡FThe public employees have higher perceptions than privates¡¦. ¤T. The examining finding on influence hypothesis¡Gby multiple linear regression analysis¡F 1. In individual factors, significant influence was found in the personality characteristics of employees of public¡Bprivate organization for both perceptions of organizational politics and each dimension. 2. In working environment, negative influence was found in the promotion opportunity of public¡Bprivate organization for both perceptions of organizational politics and each dimension. 3. In organization factors, negative influence was found in job rank¡Borganization professionalization¡Bdemocratization for private employees in the perceptions of organizational politics, but no effect on public employees. 4. The variables to the variance explanation of whole explanation of perceptions of organizational politics, the public organization could be reached to 42.60%¡F 41.40% to private organization. This research indicated that there¡¦re some degrees of difference on the influence of perceptions of organizational politics at individual¡Borganization and environment factors of public¡Bprivate organization, after empirical studies, knowing there¡¦re vary personality characteristics in individual factors¡Bvary organization structure and difference of job characteristics, more significance in respective degree, more influence in the existence of perceptions of organizational politics, therefore, understanding more respective existent contributory factors of perceptions of organizational politics, helping enterprises more in finding right person to right place, and employee could find suitable enterprise to develop his expertise for mutual great advantage, that¡¦s the ultimate goal human resource management implemented eventally.

This study investigates the relationship between upward influence tactics and job satisfaction from the employees in Taiwan , According to the results of analyses conducted on data collected from 2761 employees. The seven personal characteristics variables examined were gender, age, education, marriage, With subordinates the manager to work together as colleagues the period of service, in office the organization work period of service and position . Results indicated the importance of upward influence tactics and individual differences on assessments of job satisfaction as follows: First, the upward political line obtains five constructions surface by way of the host ingredient analysis, the naming is: (1) rationality convinces (2) exchange and upwardly demands (3) image to manage (4) fawns on (5) hindrance to exert pressure Second, the work satisfies the feeling to obtain six constructions surface by way of the host ingredient analysis, the naming is: (1) work achievement feeling (2) compensation satisfies (3) boss to satisfy (4) is promoted the opportunity (5) colleague to relate (6) work support Third, personal characteristics variable and relations upward political behavior: (1) male are more than in the upward political behavior activity the female. (2) work period of service 3~10 year or 30~40 year-old age level for political behavior operation degree most exuberant time. (3) high school record, mostly also is the upward political behavior highly by chance. (4) with subordinates the manager to work together as colleagues the period of service to be longer, the upward political behavior utilization regulation goes past high. (5) in management level, Regarding upward political behavior by chance degree, the high social class position manager and center the social class position manager obviously is higher than the basic unit social class managers. Fourth, personal characteristics variable and satisfies the relations with the work: (1)different personal characteristics variable all has in the work achievement feeling reveals the difference. (2)besides the education level, different personal characteristics variable and satisfies in the compensation on all has reveals the difference. (3)except outside the sex, the age, the education level, other four item of personal characteristics variable and satisfies in the boss on all has reveals the difference. (4)except outside the age, the education level, the marriage, other four item of personal characteristics variable in is promoted in the opportunity to have reveals the difference. (5)only has the sex, is in office the organization work period of service, work official rank three item of personal characteristics variable relates in the colleague on has reveals the difference. (6)except outside the sex, the education level, the marriage, other four item of personal characteristics variable all has in the work support reveals the difference. Fifth, controls personal characteristics variable, satisfies the relations in view of the upward political behavior and the work, after correlation analysis result: (1)regarding the work achievement feeling influence, "the rationality convinces" and "fawns on" presents is being connected, but "the exchange and the upward demand" presents causes the negative effect. (2)regarding salary satisfied influence, "exchange and upward demand" the upward political behavior effect is best, but uses "the hindrance exerts pressure" the way, then possibly instead causes the negative effect. (3)regarding the boss satisfied influence, the utilization "fawns on" the effect is best, adopts "the hindrance exerts pressure" the way to be able to appear the negative effect. (4)regarding is promoted the opportunity influence, adopts "the exchange and the upward demand" is easiest to achieve the expectation goal. (5)influence which relates regarding the colleague, "the rationality convinces" and "fawns on" has the frontage to strengthen the influence, but "the exchange and the upward demand" and "the hindrance exerts pressure" has the negative destruction influence. (6)regarding the work support influence, adopts "the exchange and the upward demand" the upward political behavior effect is best, but "the hindrance exerts pressure" can have the negative effect.