Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Don L. Kurtz / This study explores existing beliefs and often unspoken social structural arrangements related to male privileges by examining three different, but rather important, American social organizations—the NFL, U.S. military and higher education institutions. With queries from the Google image database, I analyzed images for themes from search terms of organizations thereby tapping into the consciences of society. Since a high volume of images are produced by Google Image search, a maximum of 25 results of each search term are included as potential sources of images for this study. The primary category of non-specific gender search terms of Google images are: NFL Players, U.S. soldiers, and college students. In addition, this study also utilized a subset category of gender and sexuality specific Google search terms that are related to the primary category search terms. The subset category of gender and sexuality specific Google search terms of images are: women of the NFL, NFL gay players, U.S. female soldiers, U.S. gay soldiers, college volleyball players, and fraternity life. Both the U.S. military and the NFL presented images of men preforming competitive or aggressive activities that can be defined as masculine labors. These images are reflections of the ideal masculine male playing a special role in U.S. society—the “warrior” male. Yet most images depicted U.S, soldiers in clean combat uniform with military weapons at a ready to engage in battle. This suggests that either U.S. military have some control over images that can be displayed on popular websites. Even though page ranking software gives the appearance that popular websites are the product of algorithm but there is some evidence that ranking can be manipulated by organizations. Colleges take manipulating popular websites to another level to reach their potential clients. Unlike the U.S. military and the NFL’s search terms results that presented images of men preforming masculine activities, college students’ search term results images are images of students displaying activities that show individuals in the act of being polite and pleasant to others, as well as being supportive. I suggest that the idea behind presenting images with a feminine slant is to attract the group that is most likely to attend college after high school, which is female. College websites will most likely to have staged images of study groups and professors teaching to a small group of students. The websites featured staged images of students, in which students are almost flawless in appearance, a phenomena that could only be achieved through doctoring, cosmetics, and computer retouching. This type of images is more likely to be attractive to potential students that are searching the internet for potential colleges to attend in the future. Moreover, Photoshop images of students assist colleges and universities in controlling the images they want to introduce to potential students and media. Colleges are prudent on how much to display in images of heterosexual relationships. Most staged images that displayed heteronormativity are male and female students studying within each other personal space. It would seem that images of homosexual relationships are still taboo on college websites because there are no staged images that indicated homosexual relationship between college students. I believe that these reflections are presented as organizational websites’ marketing strategies. The marketing strategies of website designers are to implement a group think mentality of those seeking information of a specific term. This action is caused by search engine page ranking software in order to organize highly interconnected websites toward one idea thus influencing a large number of potential and current customers’ decisions. In today’s technologically connected society, societal perception of what constitutes masculinity, femininity and sexuality starts with a well-designed website. The findings will perhaps have important implications for understanding to how the negative outcomes of male privileges remain entrenched in social institutions and benefit certain segments of society at the cost of others.

O fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é uma estratégia fundamental para a mudança do modelo assistencial, bem como para a estruturação de redes de atenção que garantam a integralidade e o acesso às ações e serviços de saúde. Considerando a extensão territorial do Brasil e as distintas configurações dos serviços de atenção primária quanto a estrutura, serviços disponíveis e processo de trabalho, este estudo pretende identificar sob a perspectiva do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) as diferentes organizações dos serviços de APS. Objetivo: Analisar os arranjos organizativos da atenção primária à saúde. Materiais e Método: Trata-se de estudo ecológico exploratório, as unidades de análise foram vinte e dois municípios do Departamento Regional de Saúde XIII, inscritos no segundo ciclo do PMAQ-AB. Os municípios foram analisados por região de saúde: Horizonte Verde, Aquífero Guarani e Vale das Cachoeiras e arranjos organizativos. Foram analisados os resultados da avaliação externa de 110 unidades de APS, sendo que 36 destas contavam com consultório de Saúde Bucal, 93 equipes de APS, 40 equipes de Saúde Bucal e 375 usuários. Resultados: Foram identificados oito tipos de arranjos organizativos: UBS-ESF, UBS-ESB, UBS-ESF-ESB, Posto-ESF, Posto-ESB, Policlínica-ESB, Outros-ESF e Outros-ESB. Na região Horizonte Verde identificam-se quatro tipos de arranjos, na região Aquífero Guarani seis tipos, e cinco arranjos distintos na região Vale das Cachoeiras. Verifica-se que em sua maioria as equipes se organizam sob a perspectiva do modelo da Estratégia de Saúde da Família nas três regiões de saúde analisadas. A disponibilidade de materiais, equipamentos, a estrutura da unidade de atenção primária e aspectos do processo de trabalho diferenciam-se discretamente entre os arranjos. Cada região de saúde parece exercer influencia na organização dos seus serviços, determinando similaridades entre os diferentes arranjos quando as unidades de saúde são de uma mesma região. A organização dos serviços de atenção primária quanto a estrutura e processo de trabalho deve ser norteada pelas necessidades da população assistida, portanto é relevante investimentos em estrutura física, materiais, equipamentos e formação de profissionais para atuarem na APS, sob a premissa do fortalecimento de todo sistema de saúde. / The strengthening of Primary Health Care (PHC) is a fundamental strategy for changing the care model, as well as structuring care networks that guarantee integrality and access to health services and actions. Considering the territorial extension of Brazil and the different configurations of the primary care services regarding structure, available services and work process, this study intends to identify from the perspective of the \"Programa Nacional de Mellhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básca\" (PMAQ-AB) different organizations of the PHC services. Objective: To analyze the organizational arrangements of primary health care. Materials and Methods: This is an exploratory ecological study, the units of analysis were twenty-two municipalities of the Regional Health Department XIII, enrolled in the second cycle of PMAQ-AB. The municipalities were analyzed by health region: Horizonte Verde, Aquífero Guarano and Vale das Cachoeiras and organizational arrangements. The results of the external evaluation of 110 units of PHC were analyzed, of which 36 had a Oral Health clinic, 93 PHC teams, 40 Oral Health teams and 375 users. Results: Eight types of organizational arrangements were identified: UBS-ESF, UBS-ESB, UBS-ESF-ESB, Posto-ESF, Posto-ESB, Polyclinic-ESB, Other-ESF and Other-ESB. In the Horizonte Verde region four types of arrangements are identified, in the region of Aquífero Guarani six types, and five distinct arrangements in the Vale das Cachoeiras region. It is verified that the majority of the teams are organized under the perspective of the Family Health Strategy model in the three health regions analyzed. The availability of materials, equipment, the structure of the primary care unit and aspects of the work process differ discretely between the arrangements. Each health region seems to exert influence in the organization of its services, determining similarities between the different arrangements when the health units are from the same region. The organization of primary care services regarding the structure and work process should be guided by the needs of the assisted population, so it is important to invest in physical structure, materials, equipment and training of professionals to work in PHC, under the premise of strengthening all health system.

O fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é uma estratégia fundamental para a mudança do modelo assistencial, bem como para a estruturação de redes de atenção que garantam a integralidade e o acesso às ações e serviços de saúde. Considerando a extensão territorial do Brasil e as distintas configurações dos serviços de atenção primária quanto a estrutura, serviços disponíveis e processo de trabalho, este estudo pretende identificar sob a perspectiva do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) as diferentes organizações dos serviços de APS. Objetivo: Analisar os arranjos organizativos da atenção primária à saúde. Materiais e Método: Trata-se de estudo ecológico exploratório, as unidades de análise foram vinte e dois municípios do Departamento Regional de Saúde XIII, inscritos no segundo ciclo do PMAQ-AB. Os municípios foram analisados por região de saúde: Horizonte Verde, Aquífero Guarani e Vale das Cachoeiras e arranjos organizativos. Foram analisados os resultados da avaliação externa de 110 unidades de APS, sendo que 36 destas contavam com consultório de Saúde Bucal, 93 equipes de APS, 40 equipes de Saúde Bucal e 375 usuários. Resultados: Foram identificados oito tipos de arranjos organizativos: UBS-ESF, UBS-ESB, UBS-ESF-ESB, Posto-ESF, Posto-ESB, Policlínica-ESB, Outros-ESF e Outros-ESB. Na região Horizonte Verde identificam-se quatro tipos de arranjos, na região Aquífero Guarani seis tipos, e cinco arranjos distintos na região Vale das Cachoeiras. Verifica-se que em sua maioria as equipes se organizam sob a perspectiva do modelo da Estratégia de Saúde da Família nas três regiões de saúde analisadas. A disponibilidade de materiais, equipamentos, a estrutura da unidade de atenção primária e aspectos do processo de trabalho diferenciam-se discretamente entre os arranjos. Cada região de saúde parece exercer influencia na organização dos seus serviços, determinando similaridades entre os diferentes arranjos quando as unidades de saúde são de uma mesma região. A organização dos serviços de atenção primária quanto a estrutura e processo de trabalho deve ser norteada pelas necessidades da população assistida, portanto é relevante investimentos em estrutura física, materiais, equipamentos e formação de profissionais para atuarem na APS, sob a premissa do fortalecimento de todo sistema de saúde. / The strengthening of Primary Health Care (PHC) is a fundamental strategy for changing the care model, as well as structuring care networks that guarantee integrality and access to health services and actions. Considering the territorial extension of Brazil and the different configurations of the primary care services regarding structure, available services and work process, this study intends to identify from the perspective of the \"Programa Nacional de Mellhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básca\" (PMAQ-AB) different organizations of the PHC services. Objective: To analyze the organizational arrangements of primary health care. Materials and Methods: This is an exploratory ecological study, the units of analysis were twenty-two municipalities of the Regional Health Department XIII, enrolled in the second cycle of PMAQ-AB. The municipalities were analyzed by health region: Horizonte Verde, Aquífero Guarano and Vale das Cachoeiras and organizational arrangements. The results of the external evaluation of 110 units of PHC were analyzed, of which 36 had a Oral Health clinic, 93 PHC teams, 40 Oral Health teams and 375 users. Results: Eight types of organizational arrangements were identified: UBS-ESF, UBS-ESB, UBS-ESF-ESB, Posto-ESF, Posto-ESB, Polyclinic-ESB, Other-ESF and Other-ESB. In the Horizonte Verde region four types of arrangements are identified, in the region of Aquífero Guarani six types, and five distinct arrangements in the Vale das Cachoeiras region. It is verified that the majority of the teams are organized under the perspective of the Family Health Strategy model in the three health regions analyzed. The availability of materials, equipment, the structure of the primary care unit and aspects of the work process differ discretely between the arrangements. Each health region seems to exert influence in the organization of its services, determining similarities between the different arrangements when the health units are from the same region. The organization of primary care services regarding the structure and work process should be guided by the needs of the assisted population, so it is important to invest in physical structure, materials, equipment and training of professionals to work in PHC, under the premise of strengthening all health system.

Construction and operation of cross-boundary transportation infrastructure is a challenge at the local, state, and international levels. Trends in travel patterns show increases in travel demand in both the United States and Europe resulting in greater attention to cross-boundary infrastructure and services. In the United States, this challenge has arisen most frequently in provision regional transit services and infrastructure while Europe is faced with a challenge of connecting its member-states. One question that remains unknown is whether when governments are faced with providing cross-boundary infrastructure or services, do they develop similar organizational arrangements when meeting these challenges regardless of what level of government is involved? This research asks whether governments at all levels of governance develop similar organizational solutions in the construction and operation of transport infrastructure. This question is answered through an examination of regional transit provision in seven U.S. metropolitan areas, six commuter rail systems in the United States, a series of bi-state river highway bridges in the United States, and five cross-border segments of the Trans-European Transport Network in the European Union, three similar organizational arrangements types were found to govern cross-boundary provision of transportation infrastructure and/or services. These three types, an independent entity, an intergovernmental agreement or contract, or direct financial payment, were found at all levels of governance. The research suggests that there is a relationship between the complexity of the service involved the level of financial control indicating that more complex operations such as network of services requiring day-to-day operation tend to be arranged as independent entities with various levels of public and/or private financing.

Text in Afrikaans / Die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur word onder toenemende druk geplaas om meer en beter dienste, wat onder andere sport- en rekreasiedienste behels, aan die gemeenskap te voorsien. Dit kan daaraan toegeskryf word dat veranderinge in die omgewing plaasvind wat vereis dat die Substruktuur in die gees van die heropbou en ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap, daarby moet aanpas. Een manier om die druk op die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur te verlig is om sport- en rekreasiedienste aan die hand van eenvormige beleid te organiseer. Hieruit spruit 'n doelwit voort, te wete om beleid vir die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste van die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur te ondersoek. Die ondersoek omsluit die milieu waarbinne beleid ontwikkel het, byvoorbeeld die eksterne omgewing en die bestaande organisatoriese reelings wat vir sport- en rekreasiedienste in die Substruktuur geld. In die studie is bevind dat beleid vir die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste van die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur gebrekkig en gefragmenteerd is. Daar is ook bevind dat die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste, weens 'n gebrek aan beleid, tot organisatoriese leemtes, soos die duplisering van dienste en gebrekkige kommunikasie, aanleiding gee. 'n Verdere doelwit met die studie is om 'n universele beleidsmodel vir die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur saam te stel waardeur leemtes in die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste uitgeskakel kan word en eenvormige beleidsreelings getref kan word. Daar is bevind dat die universele beleidsmodel wetenskaplik gefundeerde riglyne vir die daarstelling van beleid bied. Sodanige bevinding het tot die gevolgtrekking gelei dat die beleidsmodel 'n ideale raamwerk skep waarvolgens plaaslike owerhede, soos die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur, probleme kan identifiseer, doelwitte kan stel, organisatoriese reelings kan tref en beleid kan formuleer, implementeer en evalueer. Dit skep in der waarheid 'n raamwerk waarvolgens beleidbepalers te werk kan gaan om beleid te bepaal. Die beleidsmodel het 'n universele toepassingswaarde omdat dit riglyne bevat wat deur enige ander plaaslike owerheid in die proses van beleidbepaling aangewend kan word. / Increased pressure is placed on the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure to provide more and improved services, such as sport and recreation services, to the community. This can be ascribed to changes taking place within the external environment and which, in the spirit of reconstruction and development, requires the Substructure to adapt to such changes. One way to relieve the pressure on the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure is to organize sport and recreation services according to a uniform policy. This resulted in an objective, namely to investigate policy for the organization of sport and recreation services of the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure. The investigation entails the environment within which policy develops, for example the external environment and the present organizational arrangements applicable to sport and recreation services in the Substructure. During the study it was determined that policy for the organization of sport and recreation services of the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure was limited and fragmented. It was also determined that, due to the lack of policy, the organization of sport and recreation services resulted in organizational shortcomings such as the duplication of services and insufficient communication. A further objective with the study is to construct a universal policy-model for the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure through which shortcomings in the organization of sport and recreation services can be limited and uniform policy arrangements can be determined. It was determined that the universal policymodel offered scientifically based guidelines for the determination of policy. The aforementioned determination lead to the conclusion that the policy-model created an ideal framework within which local governments, such as the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure, could identify problems, determine objectives and organizational arrangements, formulate, implement and evaluate policy. In fact it creates a framework within which policymakers can work to determine policy. The policy-model is of universal value because it offers guidelines which can be applied by any other local authority during the policy-making process. / Public Administration and Management / D. Admin. (Publieke Administrasie)

Text in Afrikaans / Die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur word onder toenemende druk geplaas om meer en beter dienste, wat onder andere sport- en rekreasiedienste behels, aan die gemeenskap te voorsien. Dit kan daaraan toegeskryf word dat veranderinge in die omgewing plaasvind wat vereis dat die Substruktuur in die gees van die heropbou en ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap, daarby moet aanpas. Een manier om die druk op die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur te verlig is om sport- en rekreasiedienste aan die hand van eenvormige beleid te organiseer. Hieruit spruit 'n doelwit voort, te wete om beleid vir die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste van die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur te ondersoek. Die ondersoek omsluit die milieu waarbinne beleid ontwikkel het, byvoorbeeld die eksterne omgewing en die bestaande organisatoriese reelings wat vir sport- en rekreasiedienste in die Substruktuur geld. In die studie is bevind dat beleid vir die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste van die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur gebrekkig en gefragmenteerd is. Daar is ook bevind dat die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste, weens 'n gebrek aan beleid, tot organisatoriese leemtes, soos die duplisering van dienste en gebrekkige kommunikasie, aanleiding gee. 'n Verdere doelwit met die studie is om 'n universele beleidsmodel vir die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur saam te stel waardeur leemtes in die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste uitgeskakel kan word en eenvormige beleidsreelings getref kan word. Daar is bevind dat die universele beleidsmodel wetenskaplik gefundeerde riglyne vir die daarstelling van beleid bied. Sodanige bevinding het tot die gevolgtrekking gelei dat die beleidsmodel 'n ideale raamwerk skep waarvolgens plaaslike owerhede, soos die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur, probleme kan identifiseer, doelwitte kan stel, organisatoriese reelings kan tref en beleid kan formuleer, implementeer en evalueer. Dit skep in der waarheid 'n raamwerk waarvolgens beleidbepalers te werk kan gaan om beleid te bepaal. Die beleidsmodel het 'n universele toepassingswaarde omdat dit riglyne bevat wat deur enige ander plaaslike owerheid in die proses van beleidbepaling aangewend kan word. / Increased pressure is placed on the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure to provide more and improved services, such as sport and recreation services, to the community. This can be ascribed to changes taking place within the external environment and which, in the spirit of reconstruction and development, requires the Substructure to adapt to such changes. One way to relieve the pressure on the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure is to organize sport and recreation services according to a uniform policy. This resulted in an objective, namely to investigate policy for the organization of sport and recreation services of the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure. The investigation entails the environment within which policy develops, for example the external environment and the present organizational arrangements applicable to sport and recreation services in the Substructure. During the study it was determined that policy for the organization of sport and recreation services of the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure was limited and fragmented. It was also determined that, due to the lack of policy, the organization of sport and recreation services resulted in organizational shortcomings such as the duplication of services and insufficient communication. A further objective with the study is to construct a universal policy-model for the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure through which shortcomings in the organization of sport and recreation services can be limited and uniform policy arrangements can be determined. It was determined that the universal policymodel offered scientifically based guidelines for the determination of policy. The aforementioned determination lead to the conclusion that the policy-model created an ideal framework within which local governments, such as the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure, could identify problems, determine objectives and organizational arrangements, formulate, implement and evaluate policy. In fact it creates a framework within which policymakers can work to determine policy. The policy-model is of universal value because it offers guidelines which can be applied by any other local authority during the policy-making process. / Public Administration and Management / D. Admin. (Publieke Administrasie)