Excerpt:The purpose of this quantitative study was to better understand the relationship of perceived ethical climate on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of full time faculty members in institutions of higher education.

This study investigates the effects of the organizational ethical context (ethical climate and ethical culture) in Chinese enterprises on accounting professionals’ perceptions of earnings management, organizational-professional conflict (OPC) and affective organizational commitment (OC). We also test the effects of Machiavellianism on these factors, and the interactive effects of Machiavellianism and ethical context on OPC and OC. The findings, based on responses from 89 accounting professionals employed by Chinese enterprises at staff, supervisor and manager levels, indicate that in general the perceived ethical context did not affect judgments of the acceptability of earnings management. However, as anticipated, perceptions of a stronger benevolent/cosmopolitan climate (one that places more emphasis on the public interest) were associated with harsher judgments of accounting earnings management. Machiavellianism also had a marginally significant effect on judgments of accounting earnings management and a significant effect on judgments of operating earnings management, with high Machiavellians judging the actions to be more ethical. Two aspects of ethical culture, obedience to authority and ethical norms, were found to be significantly associated with organizational-professional conflict and affective organizational commitment. Contrary to our expectations, high Machiavellians appeared to be more, rather than less, sensitive to the perceived ethical context in their organization. Specifically, the perceived organizational ethical culture had a greater (lesser) impact on affective organizational commitment for high (low) Machiavellians.

Healthcare organizational stability rests on organizational commitment. This study adds to the literature that demonstrates the mediating effects of empowerment on organizational commitment in a long understudied population of Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) employed full time. Organizational commitment encourages extra role behaviors, paramount in times of decreasing resources such as that facing all sectors of national health care. A 45-item work environment survey was distributed to all registered LPNs employed full time in one state (N = 5486) and 1164 (21%) responded. Data revealed that empowerment is associated with LPN organizational commitment and mediates effects of organizational conflict and trust on commitment to the organization. Further empowerment and organizational climate, especially organizational conflict and trust, matter to full-time LPNs. Results contribute to initial knowledge about linkages to organizational commitment among lower educated and less skilled nurses and have implications for managers in healthcare settings who employ full-time LPNs. LPNs may be more highly valued by scholars in nursing if LPN-sensitive research shows their continued value and cost effectiveness for specific and important organizational outcomes, especially in light of the growing geriatric population that will require increasingly chronic and routine care. As bedside RNs become more highly educated, they may increasingly disdain employment that involves the repetitive, low-risk patient care that LPNs currently provide. There is a real need to better understand the current work environment of those employees responsible for delivering low-risk repetitive healthcare to chronically ill and elderly patients. LPNs are key among those.

Improved understanding of teacher retention depends on systematic research on working conditions, teachers' perceptions of their work environments, and the effect of condition-of-work variables on organizational commitment. The examination of organizational commitment in K-12 teachers is a construct with implications for long-term relationships in complex organizations and a significant predictor of retention. This study examined the extent to which empowerment, innovation, professionalism, perceived level of interpersonal conflict, and participation were associated with teachers' organizational commitment at six K-12 sites in one Midwestern state. Of 2,732 teachers invited to participate, 1,463 completed the survey, for a total response rate of 54%. Overall, there was substantial evidence supporting a relationship between organizational commitment and empowerment, innovation, and professionalism. There was also some evidence of a contextual relationship between organizational commitment and perceived levels of conflict and participation. Increased conflict in varying relationships resulted in decreased organizational commitment, and increased participation in varying situations resulted in increased organizational commitment. This study's exploration of organizational commitment may inform administrative practices designed to target teacher attrition. Educational leaders may utilize the results to better understand issues concerning teacher retention and attrition and thereby improve teacher working conditions, and strengthen the educational environment for students.

The personality congruence of supervisors and subordinates and its influence on work outcomes is a relatively new topic in social and behavioral sciences. Most well-known personality theory is Big Five that includes openness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, extraversion and agreeableness traits. LMX theory focuses on the mutual relationship between a supervisor and a subordinate. There is a gap in the literature regarding the mediating role of LMX perceptions of subordinates on the relationship between personality congruence of supervisors and subordinates and affective commitment (AC). The purpose of this cross-sectional design was first to explore the direct relationship between supervisors and subordinates personality congruence and AC of subordinates. The second purpose of this study was to explore the role of LMX as a mediator between the personality congruence of supervisors and subordinates and AC of the subordinates. A cluster sampling method was used to gather 400 supervisor-subordinate dyads from 3 technopolises in Ankara, who completed self-reported questionnaires. A technopolis is a technology science park. Polynomial regression analysis was conducted to measure the congruence level of dyads' personality traits and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the mediating effect of LMX. Results revealed that, LMX has no mediating effect on personality congruence and AC. The results also revealed that there is a significant relation between the agreeableness congruence of supervisors and subordinates, and AC. This information can be used by organizations by pairing up agreeable dyad members to increase affective commitment. The findings of this study may create positive social change by promoting optimum functioning organizations that have committed employees which would affect the society and economy in a positive way.

The purpose of this study was twofold in that it explored the relationships in which transformational and transactional leadership impact particular subordinate outcomes such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Secondly, once transformational leadership was tested and shown to be a better predictor of both job satisfaction and organizational commitment when compared to transactional leadership, employee motivation and one’s broaden-and-build schema, building off of concepts from the Broaden-and-Build theory, were proposed as mediators of the relationship between transformational leaders and their subordinate’s outcomes in terms of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Transformational leadership is a strong predictor of many subordinate outcomes, but the goal of this study was to better understand the “why” in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee outcomes. After pilot testing the Broaden-And-Build Schema Questionnaire, a cross-sectional sample of employees were surveyed to assess the mediation of broaden-and-build schema and employee motivation on the relationship between transformational leadership and subordinate outcomes, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Participants (N = 390) responded to a survey consisting of four scales previously developed and one scale developed specifically for this study. Examining seven different hypotheses, regression analysis and SEM models were utilized to analyze the data. Regression analyses was used to analyze hypotheses 1 through 3 and it was found that transformational leadership predicted both subordinate outcomes and the mediating variables better than transactional leadership. Mediation analyses was used to analyze hypotheses 4 through 7 and it was found that while the mediations were positive, the proposed mediators did not significantly mediate the relationships. This study strived to reiterate the importance of transformational leaders and help to give direction to leaders as to what focus is important when job satisfaction and organizational commitment are the desired outcomes. These findings add to the extensive research on transformational leaders and their subordinate outcomes.

Generational differences directly impact the culture and discipline in the U.S. Marine Corps. Previous research suggests that Generation Y's characteristics do not align with traditional military service. The specific problem is that there is a gap in the research and scholarly literature on the level of commitment of Generation Y compared to Generation X Marines. The purpose of this nonexperimental, quantitative study was to examine the influence on Marine Corps culture due to the level of commitment of active duty, enlisted Generation Y Marines compared to active duty, enlisted Generation X Marines. The theoretical frameworks for this study were the theory of generations and the organizational culture theory. The central research question was focused on the influence of Generation Y's experiences, ideas, and opinions on Marine Corps culture. In order for Marine Corps leaders to be effective, they need a better understanding of the people who work for them. This quantitative, cross-sectional survey study used a sample of 264 active duty, enlisted Marines from the 1st Marine Logistics Group in Southern California. The t tests revealed that Generation X has a higher level of commitment than Generation Y. However, the t tests also revealed that Generation Y's commitment profile indicates that the generation continues to serve because they want to or desire to remain in the Marine Corps. Lastly, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that each type of commitment was affected differently by the independent variables (age, gender, generation, and pay grade). The results provide the Marine Corps with a better understanding of generational issues. The positive social change from this research is the ability to sustain an essential and successful military culture and as a consequence, to improve the combat capability of the Marine Corps and the Department of Defense.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. / Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are perceived to be poorly performing partly due to their culture; the constructs of NGOs’ culture usually affect employees’ commitment and performance negatively, leading employees to leave the organisation. This discourages and demoralises employees’ mind sets to perform as expected which affects NGOs’ productivity, goals and competitiveness in a negative way. The study investigated employee perceptions in organisational culture constructs to selected NGOs in Cape Town in order to generate valuable information in understanding the role of organisational culture in the achievement of organisational objectives in NGOs. Mixed methods approach was used in this study as it allowed collecting of qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously and assessing different facets of complex outcomes in a richer way than one method alone. The study found that culture is set to boost employees’ and organisations’ performance, and that managers and owners in NGOs have knowledge of this. The study revealed that some criteria such as openness and the creativity view of the organisational culture are only considered positive to managers and owners of NGOs. This study found that managers and owners in NGOs believe the implemented organisational culture is very effective, positively affects and boosts employees’ performance. The employees, however, had a different perception; they feel excluded from the development of the organisational culture which in turn affects their commitment and performance in a negative manner. This study found that employees’ commitment towards organisational culture derives from the way it is designed and how it suits employees’ expectations. Aspects such as remuneration, a safe work environment and sustainability, were found to be important for employees’ performance and commitment. Therefore, it is evident that directing or developing NGOs’ organisational culture that focus on employees’ expectation such as remuneration and sustainable employees’ innovation and practice will receive more support from employees. Furthermore, the criteria are keen to improve the way employees perform and commit to the organisation. It was recommended that NGOs involve employees in the design or development of its organisational culture in order to have more information on employees regarding what to expect from them. Another major implication is that the issue of employee benefit or remuneration have to be addressed in order to maintain employees’ performance.

Organizational commitment has been a topic of extensive interest in the organizational behavior literature since the 1950's. It has been associated with workforce stability, decreased absenteeism, organizational citizenship behaviors, and decreased turnover. This study focuses on the relationships between organizational commitment and turnover; particularly amongst K-12 school principals. A principal of a school is much like the CEO of a company. Principals impact schools in many ways. They supervise staff, develop culture, implement and enforce rules, guide instruction and ensure that all students receive a quality education. The United States is facing a shortage of principals. Many principals are nearing retirement age. Others are simply choosing to leave the profession. In many cases there are shortages of applicants and/or qualified candidates for available positions. Many teachers hold administrative credentials but, for various reasons, choose not to pursue the principalship. School systems are facing difficulties filling principal positions. One potential solution is to endeavor to keep current principals on the job. Organizational commitment is highly correlated with intent to stay; promoting the suggestion that schools may retain principals for longer periods where organizational commitment is significantly higher. This study focuses on the impact of job autonomy, psychological empowerment, and distributive justice on organizational commitment. The study uses data from a web-based survey of 1,078 principals. The data were collected from K-12 principals in the Midwest United States. The sample includes elementary and secondary principals from public, private/parochial schools, and charter schools. Hypotheses regarding the impact of job autonomy, psychological empowerment, and distributive justice on organizational commitment were tested using multiple regression and path analysis. Increases in each of these variables were found to be significantly associated with increases in organizational commitment. In addition, some support was found for the moderating effects of distributive justice and demographic variables on the relationship between job autonomy and organizational commitment, and on the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment. Implications for those who supervise principals are discussed. For instance, principals may be provided latitude and discretion in terms of the scheduling and sequencing of supervisory work, and may employ consultative, mutual-means approaches in principal evaluation. School systems should, moreover, provide appropriate professional development in order to increase feelings of self-efficacy. Recommendations for future research are also suggested, including replicating the study in other regions and with other organizational types, as well as including other variables, such as perceived organizational support, resistance to change, conflict, and teamwork.

本研究主要探討國民小學校長領導風格、教師工作價值觀與教師組織成諾之關係。內容可分為三部份，首先探討國小校長領導風格、教師工作價值觀與教師組織承諾之內涵與現況；其次探究國小校長領導風格、教師工作價值觀與教師組織承諾之相關；再者希望瞭解教師背景變項在校長領導風格、教師工作價值觀與教師組織承諾上之差異情形。 本研究以台北市公立國民小學教師為對象，以「國民小學校長領導風格與教師工作狀況調查問卷」為工具進行研究，內涵「校長轉型領導量表」、「校長交易領導量表」、「教師工作價值觀量表」及「教師組織承諾量表」，各項工具以五等第量表呈現。預試有效樣本 199 位教師，以因素分析、積差相關分析、項目分析及信度分析方法檢驗預試問卷效度與信度；正式施測有效樣本 642 位教師，其中男性 178 人，女性 464 人，分別以描述統計、 t 考驗、變異數分析、積差相關等統計方法分析資料。 本研究主要結果如下： 一、「校長轉型領導」內涵包括型塑遠景、魅力影響、激發鼓舞、智識啟發及個別關懷，平均得分介於 3.61~3.78 之間，為中上程度；「校長交易領導」內涵包括主動例外管理、被動例外管理、承諾後效酬賞及實質後效酬賞，平均得分介於 2.67~3.73 之間，為中等程度。在國小教師工作價值觀方面，其內涵包括成長發展、成就聲望、創新變化、工作環境及安全福利，平均得分介於 2.69~3.84 之間，屬中等程度。在國小教師組織承諾方面，其內涵包括組織認同、努力意願及留職傾向，平均得分介於 3.76~4.18 之間，屬中上程度。 二、校長轉型領導行為與教師組織承諾呈相關；校長交易領導行為除「被動例外管理」與教師組織承諾為負相關外，其他向度與教師組織承諾亦呈正相關；此外，校長可同時兼具轉型領導與交易領導行為。 三、國小教師工作價值觀與教師組織承諾呈正相關，顯示工作價值觀高之教師，其教師組織承諾亦較高；惟「安全福利」與留職傾向無顯著相關。 四、低中高三組不同程度國小校長領導風格、教師工作價值觀在整體教師組織承諾及其各向度上答顯著差異，高轉型領導校長、高交易領導校長、高工作價值觀之教師，其教師組織承諾較高。 五、教師人口背景變項中，轉型領導部份：性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、任教年資、學校規模在知覺校長轉型領導上具有顯著差異，但學歷背景、現任職務則無顯著差異；交易領導部份：學歷背景、任教年資、學校規模在知覺校長交易領導上具有顯著差異，但性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、現任職務則無顯著差異。 六、教師人口背景變項中，性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、任教年資、現任職務在教師工作價值觀上具有顯著差異，但學歷背景、學校規模則無顯著差異。 七、教師人口背景變項中，年齡、婚姻狀況、學歷背景、任教年資、現任職務在教師組織承諾上具有顯著差異，但性別、學校規模則無顯著差異。 最後，根據文獻探討及實證研究結果提出具體建議。在教育行政單位方面：強化校長轉型領導知能、規劃實施教師生涯進階制度，以提昇教師組織承諾；在國小校長方面：兼重轉型與交易之全方位領導、加強年輕資淺教師組織承諾、鼓勵教師在職進修，增進教師對學校認同與努力意願、充分授權，拓展教師參與決策機會與行政經驗；在國小教師方面：主動參與校務活動及行政工作、培養積極工作價值觀與態度；在未來研究方面，包含對研究問題、研究對象、研究方法之建議，以提供未來研究者之參考。 / This study focused on the following topics. First, it explored the reality for elementary school principal's leadership style, which included transformational leadership and transactional leadership,teacher's work value and organizational commitment. Second, it investigated the relationship among theprincipal's leadership style, teacher's work value and organizational commitment. Finally, it tried to understand the differences between teacher's demographic variables on the teacher's perception of the principal's leadership style, teacher's work value and organizational commitment. This study employed the survey method. The subjects were 642 teachers randomly sampled from 54 public elementary schools in Taipei. The instruments included " The principal's transformational leadership inventory ", " The principal's transactional leadership inventory "," The teacher's work value inventory ", and " The teacher's organizational commitment ". Data were analyzed using the method of descriptive andinferential statistics, including frequencies, t-test, correlation analysis, and ANOVA. The major findings are: 1. The scores were above average on the principal's transformational leadership and the teacher's organi-zational commitment; the scores were average on the principal's transactional leadership and the teacher's work value. 2. Significant positive correlation existed between the principal's transformational leadership and the teacher's organizational commitment. The principal's transactional leadership also have positive correlation with teacher's organizational commitment except "passive management-by-exception". Besides, the result showed that a transformational principal can also be a transactional leader .3. Significant positive correlation existed between the teacher's work value and organizational commitment. However, there are no correlation between " safty and welfare" and "intention to stay".4. Significant differences existed among low, middle, and high principal's transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and teacher's work value on teacher's organizational commitment .5. Significant differences existed in the teacher's gender, age, marriage, seniority, school size on the teacher's perception of principal's transformational leadership .6. Significant differences existed in the teacher's academic degree, seniority, school size on the teacher's perception of principal's transactional leadership .7. Significant differences existed in the teacher's gender, age, marriage, seniority, position on the teacher's work value .8. Significant differences existed in the teacher's age, marriage, academic degree, seniority, position on the teacher's organizational commitment. According to the results of this study, the researcher tried to make some suggestions for educationalauthorities, elementary school principals, elementary school teachers and the future study.