A Semiótica greimasiana é formulada como uma teoria da significação, cuja preocupação principal é explicitar as condições de apreensão e da produção do sentido, sob a forma de construção conceitual. Partimos do postulado saussuriano segundo o qual a significação é entendida como a criação e/ou apreensão das diferenças. A busca do sentido partiu, na presente pesquisa, de um objeto empírico, entendido como o enunciado da sessão de psicoterapia. Utilizamos o percurso gerativo de sentido como instrumento teórico-metodológico, que possibilitou a depreensão do estilo; a) gênero sessão de psicoterapia; b) do psicoterapeuta de uma das sessões. Outros três pilares teóricos empregados foram o conceito de gênero discursivo de Bakhtin, o conceito de éthos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa e o estudo da prosódia, tal como encontrado em Carmo Jr. Pela análise do gênero discursivo, sugerimos que o diálogo da psicoterapia tem como característica principal o embasamento científico. Ter a \"Análise do Comportamento\" de base skinneriana como discurso fundador é um dos principais quesitos que torna o gênero psicoterapia diferente de outro gênero conversacional. A esfera de circulação do gênero engloba o discurso enquanto ciência do comportamento humano, dada no contexto de tratamento por um profissional da área da saúde. Psicoterapeuta e paciente são agentes desse discurso, que fazem crer na existência de dois sujeitos enunciadores, cada um modelado por um conjunto de determinados valores sociais. Uma característica em comum dos terapeutas nas quatro sessões foi a busca constante do objeto-que-falta aos pacientes. A partir de sua relação com o sujeitopaciente, cada sujeito-terapeuta cria um tipo diferente de programa narrativo a ser cumprido, para que o paciente possa adquirir competência. Não pode o terapeuta doar diretamente o objeto-valor ao paciente, não se fornece pronta a \"autonomia\", por exemplo; consegue-se, no entanto, criá-la ou construí-la a partir de um percurso no qual se alteram as competências do destinatário-paciente. Dever, querer, saber e poder fazer são modalidades, assentadas num contrato de fidúcia peculiar ao gênero. A confiança entre os atores sociais envolvidos numa sessão de psicoterapia supõe um acordo próprio ao gênero. / Greimas\' Semiotics is formulated as a theory of the sence under the conceptual construction form, which the main concern is to explain the apprehension conditions, and the meaning production. Starting with Saussure\'s postulates, where signification is understood as a creation and/or an apprehension of differences. The search for meaning started, in this research, from an empiric object understood as the utterance of psychotherapeutic sessions. We use the generative way of the sense as a theoretical-methodological tool that allowed the gathering of the style in a) the kind of psychotherapeutic session and b) the psychotherapist of the session. From the concept of gender by Bakhitin, the concept of ethos by the Analyzes of the Discourse from the French scholars, and the studies of prosody, as found in Carmo Jr. By the analyses of the discursive gender, we proppose that the psychotherapeutic dialog has, as the main characteristic, a scientific base. Skinner\'s Behavior Analyses, as a background discourse, makes the psychotherapeutic gender different from the conversational gender. The circulation sphere of the gender embodies the discourse as the science of human behavior inside the treatment context given by a health professional. Psychotherapist and patient are agents of this discourse, that make believe on the existence of two subjects, each one modeled by a set of determined social values. A common characteristic in therapists on four sessions was the constant search for the \"missing object\" in the patients. From that relation with the subjectpatient, each subject-therapist creates a different kind of narrative program to be accomplished so that he/she can acquire the competence. The therapist can\'t give the object of value to his/her patient right away. We can\'t give him the \"autonomy\". We can, however, create it or build it from the course in which the recipient person\'s competence is changed. The need, the wish, the knowledge and the power to act are modalities rested on a peculiar trust contract with the gender. The reliance between the social actors in a psychotherapeutic session assumes an agreement of the gender.

A Semiótica greimasiana é formulada como uma teoria da significação, cuja preocupação principal é explicitar as condições de apreensão e da produção do sentido, sob a forma de construção conceitual. Partimos do postulado saussuriano segundo o qual a significação é entendida como a criação e/ou apreensão das diferenças. A busca do sentido partiu, na presente pesquisa, de um objeto empírico, entendido como o enunciado da sessão de psicoterapia. Utilizamos o percurso gerativo de sentido como instrumento teórico-metodológico, que possibilitou a depreensão do estilo; a) gênero sessão de psicoterapia; b) do psicoterapeuta de uma das sessões. Outros três pilares teóricos empregados foram o conceito de gênero discursivo de Bakhtin, o conceito de éthos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa e o estudo da prosódia, tal como encontrado em Carmo Jr. Pela análise do gênero discursivo, sugerimos que o diálogo da psicoterapia tem como característica principal o embasamento científico. Ter a \"Análise do Comportamento\" de base skinneriana como discurso fundador é um dos principais quesitos que torna o gênero psicoterapia diferente de outro gênero conversacional. A esfera de circulação do gênero engloba o discurso enquanto ciência do comportamento humano, dada no contexto de tratamento por um profissional da área da saúde. Psicoterapeuta e paciente são agentes desse discurso, que fazem crer na existência de dois sujeitos enunciadores, cada um modelado por um conjunto de determinados valores sociais. Uma característica em comum dos terapeutas nas quatro sessões foi a busca constante do objeto-que-falta aos pacientes. A partir de sua relação com o sujeitopaciente, cada sujeito-terapeuta cria um tipo diferente de programa narrativo a ser cumprido, para que o paciente possa adquirir competência. Não pode o terapeuta doar diretamente o objeto-valor ao paciente, não se fornece pronta a \"autonomia\", por exemplo; consegue-se, no entanto, criá-la ou construí-la a partir de um percurso no qual se alteram as competências do destinatário-paciente. Dever, querer, saber e poder fazer são modalidades, assentadas num contrato de fidúcia peculiar ao gênero. A confiança entre os atores sociais envolvidos numa sessão de psicoterapia supõe um acordo próprio ao gênero. / Greimas\' Semiotics is formulated as a theory of the sence under the conceptual construction form, which the main concern is to explain the apprehension conditions, and the meaning production. Starting with Saussure\'s postulates, where signification is understood as a creation and/or an apprehension of differences. The search for meaning started, in this research, from an empiric object understood as the utterance of psychotherapeutic sessions. We use the generative way of the sense as a theoretical-methodological tool that allowed the gathering of the style in a) the kind of psychotherapeutic session and b) the psychotherapist of the session. From the concept of gender by Bakhitin, the concept of ethos by the Analyzes of the Discourse from the French scholars, and the studies of prosody, as found in Carmo Jr. By the analyses of the discursive gender, we proppose that the psychotherapeutic dialog has, as the main characteristic, a scientific base. Skinner\'s Behavior Analyses, as a background discourse, makes the psychotherapeutic gender different from the conversational gender. The circulation sphere of the gender embodies the discourse as the science of human behavior inside the treatment context given by a health professional. Psychotherapist and patient are agents of this discourse, that make believe on the existence of two subjects, each one modeled by a set of determined social values. A common characteristic in therapists on four sessions was the constant search for the \"missing object\" in the patients. From that relation with the subjectpatient, each subject-therapist creates a different kind of narrative program to be accomplished so that he/she can acquire the competence. The therapist can\'t give the object of value to his/her patient right away. We can\'t give him the \"autonomy\". We can, however, create it or build it from the course in which the recipient person\'s competence is changed. The need, the wish, the knowledge and the power to act are modalities rested on a peculiar trust contract with the gender. The reliance between the social actors in a psychotherapeutic session assumes an agreement of the gender.

<p>Värdepapperisering av bolån är en vanligt förekommande finansieringsmetod i USA, vilket är det land som leder utvecklingen. Idag omfattar värdepapperisering i USA en utstående summa på 21 000 Mdr kronor. I Sverige har utvecklingen av metoden inte varit lika omfattande. Detta kan ha sin grund i den rådande lagstiftningen i Sverige som skiljer sig ifrån lagstiftningen i de flesta andra länder. För att utveckla marknaden för värdepapperisering har det därför framtagits ett förslag till lagändring, där huvudinnebörden är att metoden slipper kapitaltäckningskrav. Denna uppsats undersöker marknadsaktörernas syn på hur utvecklingen av värdepapperisering av bolån kan komma att påverkas av lagändringen. Det främsta resultatet som har framkommit är att en eventuell lagändring inte kommer att ge några större effekter. Positivt är att metoden att värdepapperisera legitimeras från statligt håll, vilket kan göra att intresset från investerarnas håll ökar. Emellertid beror det mesta på hur kostnadsbilden påverkas.</p>

Värdepapperisering av bolån är en vanligt förekommande finansieringsmetod i USA, vilket är det land som leder utvecklingen. Idag omfattar värdepapperisering i USA en utstående summa på 21 000 Mdr kronor. I Sverige har utvecklingen av metoden inte varit lika omfattande. Detta kan ha sin grund i den rådande lagstiftningen i Sverige som skiljer sig ifrån lagstiftningen i de flesta andra länder. För att utveckla marknaden för värdepapperisering har det därför framtagits ett förslag till lagändring, där huvudinnebörden är att metoden slipper kapitaltäckningskrav. Denna uppsats undersöker marknadsaktörernas syn på hur utvecklingen av värdepapperisering av bolån kan komma att påverkas av lagändringen. Det främsta resultatet som har framkommit är att en eventuell lagändring inte kommer att ge några större effekter. Positivt är att metoden att värdepapperisera legitimeras från statligt håll, vilket kan göra att intresset från investerarnas håll ökar. Emellertid beror det mesta på hur kostnadsbilden påverkas.

Vietnam went through diverse historical development that contributed to the diversity of today's culture and specific craft industry. Vietnamese culture was mostly influenced by China, where we can probably find the origin of folk prints production. Two famous folk prints production workshops gradually developed in northern Vietnam, but many other smaller centers can be found throughout Vietnam. The diversity of folk motives illustrates the richness of traditional vietnamese folk culture. Vietnamese collection from Náprstek Museum started without any approach of systematic collecting, mainly from purchases or gifts of travelers or professionals who reside or traveled to Vietnam for work or research purposes. Within approximately past fifty years collection of vietnamese folk prints has become the most comprehensive part of asian collections from Náprstek Museum.

During the last two decades many pharmaceutical originator companies have struggled with refilling its pipelines with novel pharmaceutical products. At the same time many of these companies have lost patent protection for its most profitable drugs and more are expected to do so in the very near future. When pharmaceutical patents expire it is generally expected that generic manufacturers enter the market with significantly cheaper versions of the pre-patented drugs. Accordingly, generic entry poses strong competitive price pressure on originator companies and the latter may therefore be inclined to hinder these competitors from entering the market. The preparations for generic launch often starts a few years before patent expiry and it is therefore common that patent disputes arise. Patent disputes are not only highly complex, time consuming and costly, the disputes are often also characterized by a high degree of uncertainty to whether or not the patents are infringed and/or valid. Thus, incentives for settling the disputes out of court are often high for both originator and generic undertakings. Legitimate patent settlement agreements are generally not considered to pose any competitive concern. However, the Commission has observed that these settlement agreements has been used to conceal anti-competitive terms by which the originator companies sets out to buy off its generic competitors for delaying its plans to enter the market. These anti-competitive arrangements are more generally known as pay-for-delay settlements. The Commission has issued two decisions against pay-for-delay settlements of which the GC has confirmed the Commission’s assessments. After fulfilling a three-step criteria developed by the Commission, these agreements were considered to have as its object the restriction of competition within the meaning of article 101 (1) TFEU. When an agreement is categorized as a restriction by object it is considered to be by its very nature restrictive of competition, and is therefore presumptively illegal. This approach has been vastly criticized in the legal doctrine for not being sufficiently clear and legally certain. Therefore, the purpose of this essay has been to critically analyze the Commission’s approach in assessing patent settlement agreements. The overall findings of the analysis do however indicate that the Commission’s categorization of pay-for-delay settlements as restrictions of competition by object follows the established rules of EU competition law and should therefore be justified.

In history there are cases of epidemics, which often reduced the human population more than war conflicts ever did. A typical example is the Spanish flu epidemic during the 1st World War. It is generally known that a large portion of our population lacks sufficient knowledge on the very dangerous diseases, which can be misused by bioterrorists. People underestimate the threat and often they don?t even have any idea how to protect themselves against biological agents or what to do in the event of a possible attack. I have chosen this issue as the topic of my diploma work as I consider the current situation of the inhabitant?s awareness of this issue as unsatisfactory. The objective of my work is to define epidemiologically serious diseases, which are suitable for misuse within the bioterrorists? actions, to focus on their diagnostics, treatment and prevention. On the basis of studying expert literature and consultations I have proposed preventative measures and instructions what to do in the event of a possible risk of attack by biological warfare agents and subsequently I created two types of information leaflets for the wide public. At the same time I handed over these two information leaflets for an expert assessment to a legal office to make sure that they do not fulfil the state of facts of a criminal offence of spreading a haux. The result is an opinion that the leaflet with general information may be used to increase peoples' awareness on the preventative protection against the possible risk of attack or misuse of biological agents. The second leaflet with the detailed information may only be used for the purpose of this diploma work, or possibly for training purposes of cooperation of the Integrated Emergency Services and the inhabitants in the given area.

1 Thesis Summary Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law Zuzana Šimeková 1. Starting points and goals of the thesis The main goal of my thesis is the application of the ever-evolving contemporary issues of private enforcement of the EU competition law, its developments in the legislative area and the decision- making practice of the European Commission and the Court of Justice of the European Union (the ECJ) to the pharmaceutical sector area. As regards the functioning of competition rules, the pharmaceutical sector found itself in the cross-hairs of the European Commission fairly recently. Its efforts resulted in the Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Final Report of 8 July 2009 (the Final Report). The primary subject-matter of my thesis is the assessment of the competition relationship dynamic between the originator and generic pharmaceutical companies, especially the degree by which the conduct by the originator pharmaceutical companies can delay market entry by the generic pharmaceutical companies and thereby negatively affect the consumers by (among other things) limiting availability of cheaper drugs. Despite the expectations of legal practitioners and academia, the European Commission did not rule in the Final Report whether the discovered conducts constitute violations of the EU competition law. The...

The diploma thesis with the title Optimization of waste management system in pharmaceutical company first deal with basic concepts and requirements for originator of waste form the point of waste origin. The analysis of waste management of pharmaceutical company that manufactures generic drugs follows. Another aim of diploma thesis is suggested the possibilities how to optimize already existing waste management regard to environmental protection.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in which the mobile nodes are vehicles; these vehicles are autonomous systems connected by wireless communication on a peer-to-peer basis. They are self-organized, self-configured and self-controlled infrastructure-less networks. This kind of network has the advantage of being able to be set-up and deployed anywhere and anytime because it has no infrastructure set-up and no central administration. Distributing information between these vehicles over long ranges in such networks, however, is a very challenging task, since sharing information always has a risk attached to it especially when the information is confidential. The disclosure of such information to anyone else other than the intended parties could be extremely damaging, particularly in military applications where controlling the dissemination of messages is essential. This thesis therefore provides a review of the issue of security in VANET and MANET; it also surveys existing solutions for dissemination control. It highlights a particular area not adequately addressed until now: controlling information flow in VANETs. This thesis contributes a policy-based framework to control the dissemination of messages communicated between nodes in order to ensure that message remains confidential not only during transmission, but also after it has been communicated to another peer, and to keep the message contents private to an originator-defined subset of nodes in the VANET. This thesis presents a novel framework to control data dissemination in vehicle ad hoc networks in which policies are attached to messages as they are sent between peers. This is done by automatically attaching policies along with messages to specify how the information can be used by the receiver, so as to prevent disclosure of the messages other than consistent with the requirements of the originator. These requirements are represented as a set of policy rules that explicitly instructs recipients how the information contained in messages can be disseminated to other nodes in order to avoid unintended disclosure. This thesis describes the data dissemination policy language used in this work; and further describes the policy rules in order to be a suitable and understandable language for the framework to ensure the confidentiality requirement of the originator. This thesis also contributes a policy conflict resolution that allows the originator to be asked for up-to-date policies and preferences. The framework was evaluated using the Network Simulator (NS-2) to provide and check whether the privacy and confidentiality of the originators’ messages were met. A policy-based agent protocol and a new packet structure were implemented in this work to manage and enforce the policies attached to packets at every node in the VANET. Some case studies are presented in this thesis to show how data dissemination can be controlled based on the policy of the originator. The results of these case studies show the feasibility of our research to control the data dissemination between nodes in VANETs. NS-2 is also used to test the performance of the proposed policy-based agent protocol and demonstrate its effectiveness using various network performance metrics (average delay and overhead).