Four investigations were conducted to assess the effects of feeding selected novel feed ingredients on the nutrition and health status of ornamental fish. Each dietary ingredient was assessed by determining the effects on growth performance, feed utilisation, haematological status, serological status and immuno-competence of mirror carp, a model ornamental fish species. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding a tropical earthworm meal (Perionyx escavatus) and soybean meal on the haemato-immunological response and growth performance of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were fed diets for a total of 88 days, fishmeal served as the main protein source in the control diet. Two remaining diets consisted of fishmeal fixed at 33 % provision of protein and the remaining 66 % protein was provided by soybean meal (SBM diet) or P. excavatus meal (EW diet). After 60 days of feeding fish fed EW diet showed a significant elevation in final body weight compared to fish fed a fishmeal diet and fish fed a SBM diet. Similar improvements were observed in feed utilisation efficiency. After intraperitoneal injection with heat inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila and 28 days of feeding EW diet to mirror carp showed decrease in some aspects of the innate immune response. Contrary to this, fish fed soybean meal showed signs of inflammation. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding two plant protein concentrates and a combination of whey protein concentrate and casein protein on the growth performance, haematological and serological responses of mirror carp (C. carpio). Fish were fed diets for a total of 84 days, fishmeal served as the main protein source in the control diet. Three remaining diets consisted of fishmeal fixed at 33% provision of protein and the remaining 66% protein was provided by rice protein concentrate (RPC diet), corn protein concentrate (CPC) and a combination of whey protein concentrate (8%) and casein protein (58%) (WPC diet). After 84 days of feeding fish fed WPC diet showed a significant elevation in final body weight compared to fish fed a fishmeal diet and fish fed RPC and CPC diets. Similar improvements were observed in feed utilisation and protein efficiency. At the end of the trial feeding fish fed WPC diet showed a significant elevation in mean corpuscular haemoglobin levels compared to fish fed fishmeal and RPC diets. Serological analysis showed that feeding carp the WPC showed a significant increase in serum albumin and protein concentrations compared to fish fed fishmeal diet. The final experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding selected exotic ingredients on immune responses and expression of immune related genes in mirror carp (C. carpio). Fish were fed diets for a total of 63 days. Fishmeal served as the main protein source in the control diet and two experimental diets consisted of fishmeal fixed at 34% provision of protein and the remaining protein was provided either by earthworm meal (EW diet) or a combination of whey protein concentrate (8%) and casein (58 %) (WPC diet). At the start of the trial fish were injected intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila bacterin. Compared to fish fed fishmeal, a significant increase in mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (24 h post injection) and TNFα (at 12 h and 48 h post injection) was observed in fish fed EW. Moreover a similar trend was observed for complement 3 (C3) gene, where fish fed EW showed significant elevations in mRNA expression values at both 12 and 48 h post injection compared to control fed fish. In contrast, fish fed WPC showed a significant decrease in C3 and TNF-α mRNA expression compared to fish fed fishmeal (48 h post injection). Fish fed EW and WPC diet showed a significant increase leukocyte levels compared to fish fed fishmeal 14 days post injection. Fish fed fishmeal presented significantly higher circulatory IgM levels at 7 d post injection compared to fish fed EW and WPC diets. In contrast, fish fed EW and WPC showed a significant increase in IgM levels at 28 d post injection. This study concludes that feeding fish non-plant based feed commodities had a positive effect on carp growth response, feed utilisation and immuno-competence. These findings are both novel and highly relevant for the ornamental industry where high value feed commodities are more acceptable.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2017-08-11T13:10:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Versão Final_DaniloCastanho.pdf: 1464196 bytes, checksum: 46d88e7e246157a89fec48fe8ae33a67 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-11T13:10:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Versão Final_DaniloCastanho.pdf: 1464196 bytes, checksum: 46d88e7e246157a89fec48fe8ae33a67 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The study of biodiversity through its functional facet brings advantages related to the understanding of the structuring mechanisms, the relationships between the species and their respective ecosystemic roles, and the prediction of changes in biological services in the face of environmental changes. One of the main sources of pressures on natural fish populations in the Amazon is fishing, which has been more intensively carried out over the last decades. Seeing that the ornamental fishery carried out in the middle portion of the Negro River basin is an extractive activity focused on certain species, it is possible that the pressure exerted by the activity generates disturbances in the functional structure of the communities and suppresses specific ecological functions. With this scenario, the present study sought to estimate the effects of ornamental fishing on the functional structure of streams fish assemblages, through the elaboration of hypothetical scenarios of subtraction of abundances of ornamental and non - ornamental species. Through the evaluation of three complementary functional indexes (Redundancy, Divergence and Functional Dispersion) we found that the assemblies studied have high functional diversity related to the use of the environment and food resources. The species exploited by ornamental fisheries contribute significantly to the functional redundancy of the assemblages, and the simulated withdrawal of the Tetra cardinal Paracheirodon axelrodi causes greater losses to the assembly than the removal of non-ornamental species. These results indicate that the activity should be performed in an orderly manner and with adequate management, in order not to spoil the functional structure of local fish assemblages. As the activity does not generate significant changes in the physical and chemical conditions of the environment, and that economic unfeasibility decreases the chances of local extinction, ornamental fishery in the Barcelos region is prone to remain viable without altering the stability of the ecosystem. / O estudo da biodiversidade através de sua faceta funcional traz vantagens relacionadas à compreensão dos mecanismos estruturadores, às relações entre as espécies e seus respectivos papeis ecossistêmicos, e à predição de alterações nos serviços biológicos frente às alterações ambientais. Uma das principais fontes de pressões sobre as populações naturais de peixes na Amazônia é a pesca, que tem sido realizada mais intensivamente ao longo das últimas décadas. Visto que a pesca ornamental realizada na porção média da bacia do rio Negro é uma atividade extrativista com foco direcionado a certas espécies, é possível que a pressão exercida pela atividade gere perturbações na estrutura funcional das comunidades e suprima funções ecológicas específicas. Com esse cenário, o presente estudo buscou estimar os efeitos da pesca ornamental na estrutura funcional de assembleias de peixes de igarapés, por meio da elaboração de cenários hipotéticos de subtração de abundâncias de espécies ornamentais e não ornamentais. Por meio da avaliação de três índices funcionais complementares (Redundância, Divergência e Dispersão funcional) constatamos que as assembleias estudadas possuem alta diversidade funcional relacionada ao uso do ambiente e de recursos alimentares. As espécies exploradas pela pesca ornamental contribuem significativamente para a redundância funcional das assembleias, e a retirada simulada do Tetra cardinal Paracheirodon axelrodi causa maiores perdas para a assembleia do que a retirada de espécies não ornamentais. Tais resultados indicam que a atividade deve ser executada de forma ordenada e com manejo adequado dos estoques, a fim de não comprometer a estrutura funcional das assembleias locais de peixes. Uma vez que a atividade não gera alterações significativas nas condições físicas e químicas do ambiente, e que a inviabilidade econômica diminui as chances de extinção local, a pesca ornamental na região de Barcelos tem condições propícias a se manter viável sem alterar a estabilidade do ecossistema.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 espitiamanrique_ch_me_jabo.pdf: 641584 bytes, checksum: e8d461ec0bea69797effec98500b830d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Os modelos matemáticos não lineares são ferramentas úteis para analisar o processo de crescimento, sendo que em peixes têm sido estudados algumas funções de três e quatro parâmetros como Gompertz, Von Bertalanfy, Brody, Logístico e Richards. Assim o presente estudo teve três objetivos, primeiro avaliar estes 5 modelos, segundo estabelecer as relações alométricas para o formato do corpo, e terceiro, determinar as taxas de deposição nutrientes corporais. Durante 233 dias 600 acarás bandeira foram mantidos em 12 aquários de 200L. Biometrias foram realizadas a cada 14 dias e análise de composição química a cada 30 dias. A avaliação dos modelos de crescimento foi realizada mediante diferentes critérios onde, o modelo matemático que melhor se ajustou aos dados de peso foi o Logístico, apresentando o menor valor para critério de informação Akaike (AIC), critério de informação bayesiano (BIC), quadrado médio do resíduo (QMR), e menor intervalo dos parâmetros e número de iterações, e o maior valor para o coeficiente de determinação (R2), e a interpretabilidade biológica dos parâmetros esteve ajustada à realidade. Foram estimadas as relações alométricas entre Comprimento Padrão (CP) e as seguintes variáveis: Comprimento de Cabeça (CC), Altura (A), Largura (L) e peso. Através da equação alométrica logaritmizada, os resultados demonstraram que houve um crescimento precoce para CC e L, e crescimento isogônico para A e peso. Com o modelo de Gompertz, foram estimadas as taxas de deposição dos nutrientes corporais, houve maior precocidade na deposição de cinzas e proteína / The nonlinear mathematical models are useful tools for analyzing the growth process, and fish have been studied in some functions of three and four parameters as Gompertz, Von Bertalanfy, Brody, Logistic and Richards. Thus the present study had three objectives, first to assess these five models, the second to establish the allometric relationships to body shape, and third, to determine deposition rates of body nutrients. During 233 days in 600 discus flag distributed in 12 aquariums 200L by biometry performed every 14 days and analysis bromatological every 30 days. The evaluation of growth models was done by different criteria where the mathematical model that best fitted the data of weight was the logistics with the lowest value for Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), square average residual (QMR) and smaller range of parameters and number of iterations, and the highest value for the coefficient of determination (R2), and biological interpretation of parameters was adjusted to reality. We estimated the allometric relationships between Standard Length (SL) and the following variables: length of head (CC), Height (A), width (L) and weight. Through logaritmizada allometric equation, the results show that there was an early growth for CC and L, and isogonics for A and weight. With the Gompertz model, the estimated deposition rates of body nutrients showed higher early in the deposition of ash and protein

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-21T13:02:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz Meireles Barguil.pdf: 866270 bytes, checksum: c8c6c11db8a2c4bc261affc072520e23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T13:02:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz Meireles Barguil.pdf: 866270 bytes, checksum: c8c6c11db8a2c4bc261affc072520e23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-23 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The tropical flower crop has increased in several states of the Northeast region of Brazil based on the high acceptance of the product and it potencial as a profitable activity. The anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. can affects many of these species influencing negatively the quantity and quality of the final product. The present work aimed: a) to characterize Colletotrichum isolates from tropical flowers by morphological, exoenzimes production, pathogenicity and molecular methods; b) to develop a diagrammatic key for anthracnose on torch ginger; c) to evaluate the response of anthurium cultivars, the effect of inoculation point quantity, and the different development stages on anthracnose development. All isolates presented Colletotrichum gloeosporioides characteristics, by morphological and molecular methods, excepted the DNA from C 23 and C 35 isolates that weren`t amplified with the specific primer. The conidia from the different isolates were hyaline, unicellular and cilindrical, and apressoria varied in shape and size, with dark brown color. The colony color varied from white to dark gray. All isolates showed enzymes activity on specific mediums. Thepathogenicity was variably between isolates. Six anthurium`s isolates and four heliconia`s isolates weren`t pathogenic when inoculated on their hosts. All isolates from torch ginger were pathogenic. Some of them showed cross-infection capacity. Genetic variability was verified by ap-PCR with three different primers. The diagrammatic key elaborated to evaluate anthracnose on torch ginger includ the levels 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 82 and 92% of diseased bracts area. On the first evaluation without the key raters overestimated and underestimate the disease severity. With the diagrammatic key raters obtained better levels of accuracy and precision, with absolute errors concentrated around 10%. Raters showed good repeatability and high reproducibility of estimative by using the key compared to the no use of it. The lesion size development was influenced by espathe age on anthurium. On espathes on stage 1, where the esphathes still closed, the lesions were significantly bigger them espathes on 4 and 5 stages. Bigger lesions were observed with five points per wound on the two cultivars (cvs. Tropical and Cananéia) and isolates tested. Inoculation time not influenced the lesion size oncultivars tested. The incubation period (IP) was variable with cultivars and isolate. The smaller IP for Cg 1 were observed on Astral, Tropical, Netuno and Farao. On Sonate,for Cg 1 and on Farao and Midori for Cg . / O cultivo de flores tropicais tem-se expandido em vários estados do Nordeste do Brasil pela grande aceitação desses produtos pelo mercado consumidor e a perspectiva de um agronegócio de elevado retorno econômico. A antracnose causada por Colletotrichum spp. pode afetar várias espécies tropicais, comprometendo a quantidade e qualidade do produto final. Devido à carência de informações nesses patossistemas, o presente trabalho objetivou: a) Caracterizar através de morfologia, produção de exoenzimas, patogenicidade e análise molecular de isolados de Colletotrichum de flores tropicais; b) Elaborar uma escala diagramática para avaliação da severidade da antracnose em bastão do imperador; e c) Avaliar o comportamento de cultivares de antúrio, em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento e o efeito da quantidade de pontos de inoculação na severidade da antracnose quando infectadas com C. gloeosporioides. Todos os 37 isolados testados produziram conídios hialinos, unicelulares, retos e cilíndricos e apressórios de coloração marrom escuro e formato variável. A coloração das colônias variou de branco a cinza escuro. O DNA da maioria dos isolados foi amplificado com o oligonucleotídeo específico para a espécie C. gloeosporioides, confirmando os dados obtidos através das características morfológicas. O DNA dos isolados C 23 e C 35foi amplificado com os primers espécie-específicos para a confirmação da espécie. Todos os isolados produziram enzimas amilolíticas, lipolíticas e proteolíticas em meios de cultura específicos. A patogenicidade dos isolados foi variável. Seis isolados obtidos de antúrio e quatro isolados de helicônia não foram patogênicos quando inoculados nos respectivos hospedeiros, sendo que todos os isolados provenientes de bastão do imperador foram patogênicos. Alguns isolados de antúrio, bastão do imperador, helicônia e musa foram patogênicos quando em inoculações cruzadas. A variabilidade genética dos 37 isolados de Colletotrichum foi determinada com três oligonucleotídeos arbitrários. A escala diagramática elaborada para a antracnose em bastão do imperador apresenta níveis de 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 82 e 92% de área lesionada da bráctea. A avaliação da severidade da antracnose em bastão do imperador sem a utilização dessa escala gerou resultados contraditórios onde os avaliadores tanto superestimaram como subestimaram a intensidade da doença. Com o emprego da escala, os avaliadores obtiveram melhores níveis de acurácia e precisão, com os erros absolutos concentrandose na faixa de 10%. Os avaliadores apresentaram boa repetibilidade e elevada reprodutibilidade das estimativas com a utilização da escala, o mesmo não sendo verificado sem a utilização dessa. Em antúrios, a idade da espata influenciou o desenvolvimento da lesão para os dois isolados avaliados. Em espatas no estádio 1, sem a completa abertura, as lesões formadas foram significativamente maiores do que aquelas formadas em espatas nos estádios 4 e 5. As maiores lesões causadas pelos isolados do patógeno foram formadas com cinco pontos de ferimento nas duas cultivares de antúrio (cvs. Tropical e Cananéia). A época de inoculação não influenciou no tamanho da lesão, nas duas cultivares avaliadas. Os menores períodos de incubação (PI) para o isolado Cg 1 foram observados nas cultivares Astral, Tropical, Netuno e Farao, diferindo significativamente nas demais cultivares. Nas cultivares Sonate, Astral, Tropical, Netuno e Farao foram observados os menores PI para o isolado Cg 2. A menor AACPD resultante da inoculação com Cg 1 foi observada em Sonate, que diferiu das demais cultivares. As menores AACPD ocasionadas pelo isolado Cg 2 foram observadas em Farao e Midori, que diferiram das cultivares Cananéia, Sonate, Tropical e Netuno.

O Rio Grande do Sul, além de ser o Estado que mais consome flores e plantas ornamentais no país, é um dos maiores produtores do Brasil. Essa produção tem aumentado visivelmente nos últimos cinco anos. Recentemente, houve um acréscimo considerável de consumo de flores e plantas ornamentais de jardim. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a produção e a comercialização de uma cadeia de flores e plantas ornamentais de jardim para a região de Pareci Novo, a qual foi escolhida por ser uma das que concentra este tipo de atividade. A metodologia utilizada para realizar esta análise foi a ferramenta de filière. As flores e plantas de jardim operam em mercado de concorrência pura, mas existem concentrações de mercado à montante do setor. A produção é transportada tanto pelo próprio produtor como pelo atacadista. Embora em regime de concorrência pura, o setor apresenta lucros puros evidenciando possíveis entradas de novas empresas. A produção de flores analisada tem sua renda concentrada principalmente nos meses de abril a outubro, sendo o lucro por unidade muito baixo, e portanto é necessário operar em grandes quantidades. Apesar disto, é uma atividade agrícola viável para pequenos produtores, pois consegue cobrir custos diretos e indiretos. Nas margens de contribuição de receita, o varejista obtém lucro superior aos outros agentes da cadeia.

Submitted by Inácio de Oliveira Lima Neto (inacio.neto@inpa.gov.br) on 2017-11-30T15:24:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Alexandre Pucci Hercos.pdf: 3507934 bytes, checksum: d852ce07b4a8f73a2439bd7e222652eb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-30T15:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Alexandre Pucci Hercos.pdf: 3507934 bytes, checksum: d852ce07b4a8f73a2439bd7e222652eb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Ornamental fishing has become an important economic activity for Amazonas state, withgreen discus Symphysodon aequifasciatus (Pelegrin, 1904) being one of the most important species in the ornamental fish trade in the state, and also the main species traded in the middle Solimões region. Despite its economic importance, little is known about its biological and ecological characteristics. Autoecology studies the relationships of a single species within its environment, essentially defining the limits of tolerance and preference of the species in face of several ecological factors, examining the action of the environment on its morphology, biology, physiology and behavior. Biological and ecological parameters of the main exploited species are poorly known, nevertheless, these studies are fundamental for a better understanding of relationships between fishes and their natural environments, creating subsidies for sustainable management plans for these species. The present study aimed to investigate aspects of the S. aequifasciatus autoecology at Amana Sustainable Development Reserve, in Amazonas state, Brazil. The following aspects were studied: the species diet, evaluating the items consumed and its temporal variation, the trophic category occupied by the species, its growth rate and longevity. The species reproductive biology was also studied by checking its population structure, estimating the average size of first maturation, investigating its breeding season and determining its spawning type. Additionally, the S. aequifasciatus genetic populations structure was analyzed within streams associated with Amana Lake, identifying different populations and characterizing potential geographic barriers to gene flow. In addition, a revision of the management norms described in the ornamental fishes Management Plan for the study area was carried out. Genetic analyzes failed to separate (sub) populations of green discus along Amanã Lake, indicating that the study area is a single large panmictic population. Both animal and plant origin items were identified within the species diet, classified as omnivore. The feeding temporal variation observed to the species shows its ability to adapt its diet under changes on food items availability.The species has a long life cycle and intermediate growth rates typical of species with an "equilibrium" life strategy. It reaches sexual maturity in its first year of life measuring around eleven centimeters long, the maximum longevity recorded was of more than eight years and the males are larger than the females. Spawning occurs at the end of the flooding season and it takes place probably in the flooded forest. The species spawns only once during a single hydrological cycle, when approximately 1000 oocytes are liberated. Characteristics of S. aequifasciatus populations life cycle at Amanã Lake indicate a tendency to classify it as a K-strategist species. Once it is a single population, all streams studied (10) can become potential areas for collection of green discus, nevertheless, a previous survey will be necessary in order to calculate the abundances of the species in each of these igarapés. As captivity does not cause green discus mortality neither changes animals‟ health conditions, it is recommended to choose fish catching and selling period according to commercial issues. Although, a breeding peak was identified between April and June, what makes the months of September and October proper for managed collection period. Observing S. aequifasciatus`s sexual maturation point it is suggested that the minimum catch size for managed fishery at Amanã Lake is 11.50 centimeters. The present study generated important information about S. aequifasciatus ecology which can be very useful to improve the management plan elaborated for the species at the Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve. / A pesca ornamental é uma importante atividade econômica para o estado do Amazonas, onde o acará-disco Symphysodon aequifasciatus (Pelegrin, 1904) é uma das espécies mais importantes e representa a principal espécie comercializada na região do médio Solimões. Apesar de sua importância econômica, pouco se sabe sobre seus parâmetros biológicos e ecológicos. A autoecologia estuda as relações de uma espécie com seu meio, definindo essencialmente os limites de tolerância e as preferências da espécie em face dos diversos fatores ecológicos e examinando a ação do meio sobre a morfologia, a biologia, a fisiologia e o comportamento. Esses estudos são fundamentais para um maior entendimento das relações entre os peixes e seus ambientes naturais, gerando subsídios para elaboração de planos de manejo sustentáveis para estas espécies. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar aspectos da ecologia do acará-disco S. aequifasciatus na RDS Amanã (Maraã - AM). Foram estudados: a estrutura genética das (sub) populações de S. aequifasciatus em igarapés tributários do lago Amanã, caracterizando as possíveis barreiras geográficas para o fluxo gênico; a dieta da espécie, avaliando os itens consumidos e sua variação temporal a categoria trófica que a espécie ocupa; a taxa de crescimento e a longevidade da espécie; a estrutura da população; o tamanho médio de primeira maturação gonadal; a época de reprodução; e o tipo de desova. Além disso, foi realizada uma revisão das normas de manejo descritas no Plano de manejo de peixes ornamentais vigente na área de estudo. As análises genéticas não conseguiram separar (sub) populações de acarás-disco ao longo do lago Amanã, indicando que a área de estudo uma única grande população panmítica. A espécie apresenta uma dieta diversificada, consumindo itens de origem vegetal e animal, sendo classificada como onívora. A variação temporal na alimentação demonstra que a espécie consegue adaptar sua dieta à disponibilidade temporal dos itens alimentares. A espécie possui um ciclo de vida longo e taxas de crescimento intermediárias típicas de espécies com estratégia de vida “em equilíbrio”. Atingindo a maturidade sexual no primeiro ano de vida, com cerca de onze centímetros de comprimento, possuindo uma longevidade máxima de mais de oito anos. O machos são maiores que as fêmeas. O período de desova ocorre no final da enchente, com a desova ocorrendo provavelmente no igapó. A espécie desova uma única vez ciclo hidrológico, com uma fecundidade em torno de 1000 oócitos. As populações de S. aequifasciatus do lago Amanã, possuem características de seu ciclo de vida que permitem classificá-la com uma espécie K estrategista. Por se tratar de uma única população todos os 10 igarapés estudados podem virar áreas potenciais de coletas do acará-disco. Porém para que isto ocorra será necessário um levantamento prévio para calcular as abundâncias da espécie em cada um destes igarapés. O tempo de cativeiro não causa mortalidade, ou mesmo altera as condições de saúde dos animais, portanto para os acarás-disco recomenda-se que o melhor momento para a retirada e venda dos peixes esteja vinculada a questões comerciais. Foi identificado um pico de reprodução entre abril e junho, sendo recomendados como período de coleta manejada os meses de setembro e outubro. Os tamanhos mínimos de coleta estão relacionados com o ponto de maturação sexual de cada uma delas. Desta maneira fica sugerido que o tamanho mínimo de captura da pesca maneja de S. aequifasciatus no lago Amanã seja 11,50 centímetros. O presente estudo gerou importantes informações sobre as relaçõesentre o acará-disco e o seu ambiente natural, que servirão para o aprimoramento do plano de manejo elaborado para a espécie na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã.

Abstract The genetic engineering industry for ornamental fish refers to the industry that applies biotechnology to ornamental fish to develop new species of ornamental fish. This research has determined that the features of such industry include: high added values, long time for development, long earning period, R&D-oriented, under numerous restrictions and with less energy dependency. According to a literature review and profile of the company, the research found that Taiwan has achieved significant results in terms of genetic transformation and cloning. Taiwan is one of the best countries when it comes to research and development abilities. Glowing fish play an important role in the upgrading of the ornamental fish industry. Also, the government encourages investment in biotechnology industries. In all biotechnology industries, agricultural biotechnology has lower risks and faster output than other medical biotechnology products, and hence agricultural biotechnology has greater development potential. The research suggests that the ornamental fish dealers enhance the participation to industry ¡Vacademy cooperation, cooperating with Academia Sinica, Fisheries Research institute, and the technological platform of ornamental fish genetic engineering industry, to accelerate the schedule of the research and the development of new species. In addition, facing the doubts related to Living Modified Organisms (LMO) in the international community, ornamental fish producers need to develop new technologies to sterilize genetically modified ornamental fish and create a safety evaluation and certification system for genetic-transformation of aqua-cultural animals to avoid or minimize any possible damage of LMO to the environment. Keywords: Genetic Transformation, Glowing Fish, Ornamental Fish

Darbo tikslas – surinkti ir aptarti duomenis apie vaistinius dekoratyvinius augalus, nustatyti ir pateikti jų auginimo dėsningumus Kirnaičių kaime. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išsiaiškinti kokius vaistinius augalus žmonės naudoja gydydamiesi. 2. Išsiaiškinti kaip žmonės vertina vaistinių augalų dekoratyvumą. 3. Įvertinti kokie vaistiniai augalai auginami, kaip ir kur jie išsodinti. 4. Pateikti rekomenduojamų auginti augalų sąrašą. Darbo objektu pasirinkta 50 Kirnaičių kaimo sodybų ir juose esantys gėlynai. Tyrimas buvo atliktas naudojant apklausos anketas ir dvi gėlynų tyrimo lenteles. Buvo išdalinta 100 apklausos anketų, siekiant išsiaiškinti žmonių nuomonę apie vaistinių augalų dekoratyvias savybes. Kol sodybų gyventojai pildydavo anketas, taip pat buvo pildomos dvi lentelės apžiūrint gėlynus. Viena lentele buvo siekiama išsiaiškinti kaip dažnai vieni ar kiti vaistiniai augalai yra auginami, o kita kokiu išsodinimo būdu jie dažniausiai yra auginami. Analizuojant apklausos anketos gautus rezultatus, nustatyta, kad didžioji dalis Kirnaičių kaimo gyventojų domisi vaistiniais augalais. Vaistiniai augalai jų gėlynuose sudaro trečdalį visų auginamų gėlių, iš to galima spręsti, kad yra vertinamas jų dekoratyvumas. Iš anketos gautų duomenų taip pat nustatyta, kad kuo daugiau naudojami vaistiniai augalai, tuo didesnę dalį jie sudaro gėlyne auginamų augalų. Išanalizavus pildytas lenteles nustatyti dažniausiai auginami vaistiniai augalai: Hepatica nobelis Mill., Viola tricolor L., Ruta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of the paper is to collect and discuss data about medicinal decorative plants, to establish and present the regularities of growing thereof in Kirnaičiai Village. The tasks of the study: 1. To ascertain, which medicinal plants are used by people for treatment. 2. To ascertain, how people evaluate the decorativeness of medicinal plants. 3. To assess, which medicinal plants are grown, how and where are they planted. 4. To present the list of plants recommended to grow. 50 homesteads of Kirnaičiai Village and the parterres thereof were selected as the object of the research. The research was performed using questionnaire surveys and two tables of research of the parterres. 100 questionnaire surveys were distributed in order to ascertain the peoples’ opinion about decorative qualities of medicinal plants. While the residents of the homesteads were filling the surveys, the two tables were filled too reviewing the parterres. One table was designated to ascertain how often these or that medicinal plants were grown, ant the other one – to ascertain the most usual method of growing thereof. Analysing the received results of the questionnaire survey, it was established that the most part of the residents of Kirnaičiai Village were interested in medicinal plants. The medicinal plants make one third of grown flowers in their parterres, it allows to conclude that the decorativeness thereof is appreciated. It was also established from the data received in the survey... [to full text]

This study examined the impact of reformed fishing and reef management practices in a community-based marine ornamental fishery in Tejakula sub-district, Bali, Indonesia, on the development of effective community-based natural resource management. With the absence of cyanide fishing for one decade, the coral reef condition has improved from 26% of area coverage to 53%. T-test result shows that there is no significant difference in individual fishing revenue and a considerable decrease in total fishery revenue. The fishers have benefited in resource conservation and a 73% decrease in fishing costs. The overall number of ornamental fishers has declined, due to social pressure, a smaller overall fishing space because of No Take Zones (NTZ), and fewer orders for ornamental fish.Environmental education for local community members is critical to maintain adherence to the reformed method of fishing. Clear definition of the NTZS policy should be acknowledged to avoid recurring conflict among stakeholders.

Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) is a very important tree species and is known not only for its sap in the production of maple syrup, but also for its superior hardwood quality and popular ornamental properties. In the effort to improve the diversity of the hardwood tree species in Manitoba, an effective propagation method for sugar maple is needed. The study tested several propagation techniques namely in vitro shoot organogenesis, induced embryo conversion and rooting of greenwood cuttings. Shoot multiplication was achieved using bud and embryo explants, however the rate of shoot production was very low implying that the culture conditions required some optimizations. Dormant isolated embryos were induced to germinate and convert into whole plants in vitro, eliminating the need for long stratification period. The study found the highest embryo conversion frequencies by the addition of cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 0.5-1.5 mg/L or thidiazuron (TDZ) at 0.01 mg/L into the culture medium. Greenwood cuttings of several hardy cultivars, including ‘Jefcan’, ‘Bailsta’ and ‘Green Mountain’ were compared for rooting capacity. In 2008, cutting type, rooting hormone and collection time were found to significantly influence rooting. In the following year, the study was expanded to compare different rooting conditions, using peat-perlite mix in fog system, sand beds under intermittent misting, and commercial peat plugs under automated misting system. Rooting was improved by selecting for medial-type cuttings and by promoting cutting survival through the the use of peat-based rooting medium and the maintenance of cool temperatures during the rooting period. The application of auxin did not increase rooting frequency of ‘Jefcan’ cuttings, but considerably improved the quality of roots produced, which may affect cutting survival upon transplantation.