Orientador: Fernanda Elizabeth Xidieh Murr / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T15:01:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio_GraziellaColato_M.pdf: 20605718 bytes, checksum: 362980c93a42ebc82ff465693650061b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a transferência de massa na Banana Nanica (Musa cavendishi) e no Mamão Formosa (Carica papaya 1.) no processo de desidratação osmótica. Foi analisada a influência da geometria e estruturas celulares, para a verificação do mellior desempenho na transferência de massa. A etapa de desidratação osmótica foi conduzida com agitação constante de 80rpm e analisada através de um planejamento experimental fatorial 24-1com 3 repetições no ponto central para cada geometria estudada. As variáveis analisadas foram temperatura (30, 45 e 60°C), concentração da solução de sacarose (45, 55 e 65°Brix), concentração de ácido láctico (O, 0,05, 0,1M), e geometria da amostra (placa plana e cubo). As respostas analisadas foram perda de água, ganho de sólidos e atividade de água. A temperatura foi a variável que mais influenciou na perda de água e ganho de sólidos, seguida da concentração de sacarose da solução. A geometria de placa foi a que mais facilitou a perda de água no processo de desidratação osmótica tanto para a banana quanto para o mamão. O Modelo de Peleg e Azuara ajustaram-se bem os dados experimentais, sendo que os dados de equilibrio de perda de água que mais se aproximaram dos dados experimentais foram os calculado pelo Modelo de Azuara. Pela análise de imagens obtidas através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi possível verificar que as células da banana apresentam-se de forma alongada com presença de grânulos de amido e tanino, enquanto que as células do mamão apresentam-se forma oval. A geometria da amostra mostrou ser a variável que mais influenciou nas modificações ocorridas durante o processo de desidratação osmótica de ambas frutas, seguida da temperatura. / Abstract: In this work was studied mass transfer in banana (Musa cavendish) and papaya (Carica papaya L.) in osmotic dehydration process. It was analyzed the influence of geometry and cells structures to verify the best performance in mass transfer. Osmotic dehydration was carried on with constant agitation of 80 rpm and analyzed through a factorial experimental design 24-1with 3 repetitions of central point for each geometry. Analized variables were temperature (30, 45 and 60°C), sucrose concentration (3,5; 4,5 and 5,5 M), lactic acid concentration (O; 0,05 and O,lM) and sample geometry (fIat plate and cube). Analyzed responses were water 1055,solid gain and water activity. Water loss and solid gain were influenced more by temperature and after by sucrose concentration. In osmotic dehydration process, fIat plate geometry facilitated water loss in both banana and papaya. Peleg and Azuara's models fitted well to experimental data, but equilibrium data were better approached when they were calculated by Azuara's model. Analyzing obtained images through electronic microscopy scanning it was possible to verify that banana cells presented elongated shape with starch granules and tanine, while papaya cells presented egg-shaped. The variable that caused more influence in occurred changes during osmotic dehydration was sample geometry and after the temperature. / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientador: Fernanda Elizabeth Xidieh Murr / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T07:45:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Azoubel_PatriciaMoreira_D.pdf: 27698285 bytes, checksum: 3429f6427b76dce08fb93f0b9e4f961c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: No presente trabalho foi estudada a influência dos pré-tratamentos de desidratação osmótica e de secagem a altas temperaturas por curto tempo (HTST) na secagem convectiva de fatias do pedúnculo do caju (Anacardium occidentale L.). Os pré-tratamentos foram otimizados, baseados em planejamentos experimentais fatoriais e posterior análise de superfície de resposta. Para a desidratação osmótica, a influência da temperatura (30-50°C), da concentração da solução osmótica (40-60% p/p)e do tempo de imersão (90-240 min) nas respostas perda de peso, perda de água e ganho de sólidos foi avaliada. O aumento da temperatura, do tempo de imersão e da concentração da solução favoreceu ao aumento das respostas estudadas. Para a secagem HTST foi estudada a influência da temperatura do ar (130-170°C), do tempo de secagem (5-15 min), da concentração do amido gelatinizado (2-6% p/p) e do tempo de imersão no amido gelatinizado (2-10 min) nas respostas umidade e densidade. Os valores dessas respostas diminuem com o aumento dos valores dos fatores analisados. A etapa de secagem convectiva das amostras pré-tratadas e in natura foi conduzida em um secador de leito fixo nas temperaturas de 50,60 e 70°C e velocidade do ar de secagem de 2,1m/s. Para o ajuste dos dados experimentais foram utilizados o modelo difusional sem considerar o encolhimento e o modelo de Page. Os valores de difusividade efetiva obtidos foram da ordem de 10-10m2/s. A avaliação do produto final foi feita mediante a análise do teor de ácido ascórbico, densidade, atividade de água e testes sensoriais. As amostras pré-tratadas osmoticamente apresentaram maiores perdas de vitamina C, maior densidade, enquanto que os produtos pré-processados pela secagem HTST obtiveram as menores atividades de água. Sensorialmente, a amostra previamente desidratada em solução de sacarose foi a mais aceita, situando-se nas categorias "gostei ligeiramente" e "gostei moderadamente". / Abstract: The effect of osmotic dehydration and high temperature short time (HTST) drying as a pretreatment to convective drying of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale l.) slices was studied. For the osmotic pretreatment, the influence of temperature (30-50°C), osmotic solution concentration (40-60% w/w) and immersion time (90-240min) on the responses weight loss, water loss and solid gain was evaluated. An increase in temperature, solution concentration and immersion time favoured the increase of the responses values. In the HTST drying experiments, the effect of air temperature (130-170°C), drying time (5-15min), gelatinized starch concentration (2-6% w/w) and immersion time in the gelatinized starch (2-1Omin) in the responses moisture content and density was studied. The responses values decreased with the increase of the values of the studied factors. Convective drying was carried out in a fixed bed dryer at 50, 60 e 70°C and air velocity of 2.1m/s. Drying curves were fitted using a diffusional model, considering no shrinkage, and using Page's mode!. The obtained diffusion coefficients wete in the order of 10-10m2/s.Evaluation of the final product was done by means of ascorbic acid content, density, water activity and sensorial tests. The osmotic pretreated samples presented higher vitamin C losses and density, while the HTST pretreated slices exhibited lower water activity values. The peduncle osmotically pretreated in sucrose solution were more acceptable, with acceptance values in the categories "Iike slightly" and "Iike moderately". / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

A uva é uma fruta amplamente consumida em todo o mundo e importante fonte de compostos com atividade antioxidantes, principalmente compostos fenólicos. A operação mais tradicional de conservação de alimentos é pelo uso de calor, porém ele acarreta em alterações sensoriais e nutricionais do produto acabado. A utilização do bagaço de uva, resultante do processo de extração de suco, também tem demonstrado grande potencial para elaboração de produtos ricos em compostos com atividade antioxidante e fibras. Logo, estudos tecnológicos para o apropriado processamento industrial do suco de uva e de seus resíduos são necessários para incrementar o seu uso como componente funcional na indústria de alimentos. Os resultados sobre a concentração do suco de uva por osmose direta mostraram que o aumento da diferença de pressão osmótica, da vazão de alimentação e da temperatura acarretam em aumento do fluxo de água e sódio através da membrana. Também, foi observado que os fenômenos de polarização por concentração são fatores determinantes no desempenho do processo e podem ser minimizados pelo controle dos parâmetros de processo de osmose direta. Esse estudo mostrou que o suco concentrado por osmose direta não perde suas propriedades antioxidantes e não há redução da concentração de compostos fenólicos na bebida. Os resultados mostraram que há o aumento do teor de sódio de 0,9 mg L-1 para 1,75 mg L-1, quando o suco foi concentrado por osmose direta, porém esse aumento não acarreta em níveis altos para o consumo humano. Os resultados de secagem do bagaço de suco de uva mostram que maiores temperaturas e velocidades de ar de secagem implicaram em um processo de desidratação mais rápido. A retenção de compostos bioativos se mostrou maior em menores temperaturas. Em relação à velocidade do ar de secagem, a retenção da concentração dos compostos fenólicos totais foi maior quando foram utilizadas maiores fluxos de ar. Os flavonóis e flan-3-óis foram sensíveis ao aumento da velocidade de ar de secagem devido a degradações oxidativas. A atividade sequestrante de radicais ABTS aumentou no resíduo tratado a altas temperaturas, possivelmente devido à formação de produtos da reação de Maillard que também apresentam tal característica. A extração de compostos fenólicos do bagaço de suco de uva mostrou que grande parte de compostos fenólicos, principalmente taninos condensados, estão fortemente ligados na matriz do resíduo e não são facilmente extraíveis com solventes orgânicos. Além disso, esses compostos apresentam grande capacidade antioxidante, principalmente poder quelante de ferro. O estudo cinético de extração de compostos fenólicos e de antocianinas de bagaço de uva mostrou que o modelo de pseudo-primeira ordem foi o modelo que melhor representou a extração dos polifenóis. Em relação à estabilidade da farinha de bagaço de uva, os resultados mostraram que os compostos fenólicos e compostos com atividade sequestrante de radiais DPPH e de ferro se mostraram estáveis durante o armazenamento do produto a 25ºC por um período de 6 meses. Antocianinas e compostos com a atividade de sequestrar radiais ABTS se mostraram sensíveis à degradação durante o armazenamento. Foi observado que a farinha se mostrou livre de Salmonella sp., Bacillus cereus e coliformes fecais, havendo a necessidade de cuidados com o crescimento de bolores e leveduras durante a armazenagem. Finalmente, foram elaboradas massas tipo fettuccini, substituindo farinha de trigo por farinha de bagaço de uva, em que foi verificado que a adição do subproduto do suco de uva não interferiu na absorção de água e na perda de sólidos da massa durante o seu cozimento. Houve grande incremento de compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e de compostos com atividade antioxidante nos produtos adicionados de farinha de bagaço de uva, sendo a massa tipo fettuccini com melhor aceitação aquela em que se adicionou 2,5% do subproduto na sua preparação. Assim, farinha de bagaço de uva se mostra como um potencial componente funcional para ser utilizado tanto na indústria de alimentos quanto na agricultura familiar. / Grapes are widely consumed fruits throughout the world and important source of compounds with antioxidant activity, particularly phenolic compounds. The most traditional operation of food preservation is the use of heat, but it leads to changes on sensory and nutritional properties of the industrialized product. The use of grape pomace, resulting from the extraction of juice, has also shown great potential for development of products rich in compounds with antioxidant activity and fiber. So, technology studies to the propper industrial processing of grape juice and their waste ar essential to enhance the use of them as functional components in food and pharmaceutical industries. The results of the concentration of grape juice by forward osmosis showed that the concentration polarization phenomena are determining factors on process performance. Also, the study showed that the juice concentrated by FO does not degrade the compounds with antioxidant activity and does not change the nutritional properties of the beverage, despite of the small sodium transport for juice. The drying procedures of the grape marc show that higher temperatures and air velocity implied on a faster process of dehydration. The retention of bioactive compounds was greater at lower temperatures. In relation to the air velocity, the retention of the phenolic compounds was higher when higher values of air flows were used. Flavonols and flan-3-ols were sensitive to the increasing of the air velocity due to oxidative degradation. The ABTS-radical scavenging activity was increased when high temperatures were applied, possibly due to the formation of Maillard reaction products which also have this characteristic. The extraction of phenolic compounds from grape juice marc showed that most of the phenolic compounds, mainly tannins, are strongly linked in the matrix of residue and are not easily extractable with organic solvents. Furthermore, these compounds still have great antioxidant capacity, mainly iron chelating power, which shows the great potential of grape pomace be used in food applications, both in the form of phenolic extracts, as in the form of flour. The kinetics of extraction of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in grape pomace showed that the model of pseudo-first order was the equation that best represented the extraction of polyphenols. Much of polyphenols is strongly linked to bagasse and not extracting solvent, as well as much of bioactive with antioxidant activity, reducing power and chelating activity is linked. In relation to the stability of the marc powder, the results showed that the phenolic compounds and compounds with DPPH radial and iron scavenging activity were stable during storage of the product at 25 ° C for a period of 6 months. Anthocyanins compounds with the capability of scavenging ABTS radicals were sensitive to degradation during storage. It was observed that the dried residue was free of Salmonella sp., Bacillus cereus and faecal coliforms, although it may be of great concern the growth of yeasts and molds during storage. The sorption isotherm curve of grape marc at 25 ° C had sigmoidal behavior, and the GAB model was the best equation to describe the experimental data. Finally, fettuccini type pastas were prepared, substituting wheat flour by grape marc powder. It was observed that the addition of the dried by-product did not interfere in water absorption capability and the solid loss of the past during cooking procedures. High enhance of the concentration of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and compounds with antioxidant activity was observed in the blend added of grape marc powder, being the fettuccini pasta with better acceptance that in which it was added 2.5% of the residue to the preparation. These results so far show that grape pomace and the its phenolic extracts have great potential to be use as functional components in the food industry.

Orientador : Fernando Galembeck / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T09:25:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_GiannadeSouzaSorrentino_M.pdf: 2772625 bytes, checksum: 0f094b9b20a78e609c5cbd6ede3a884d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1984 / Resumo: Este trabalho consistiu em procurar um polímero que pudesse ser utilizado na preparação de membranas para separação de etanol e água. Foram realizados ensaios preliminares de partição etanol-água por sorção em amido de milho e dextrana reticulada, e por pervaporação em borracha de silicona. Resultados interessantes foram obtidos com o último polímero, passando-se a estudar portanto, a permeabilidade de soluções etanol-água especificamente em silicona. Medidas de fluxos de etanol em borracha de silicona, em situação de osmose, foram realizadas em várias condições de concentração e temperatura. Foi avaliado também o contra-fluxo de água correspondente a cada concentração analisada, verificando-se que o fluxo de etanol através da borracha de silicona é muito superior ao da água, a 25°C, porém a 60°C a seletividade da membrana diminui bastante. Em resumo, borracha de silicona tem características que são essenciais a polímeros que se pretenda usar na preparação de membranas para separação água-álcool. / Abstract: The object of this work was the search of a suitable polymer for the preparation of membranes for water-ethanol separation. The water-ethanol partition by sorption in starch and reticulated dextran and by pervaporation through silicone rubber was investigated. The most interesting results were obtained with silicone rubber for which reason further experiments were developed studying water-ethanol solutions permeability in this polymer. Ethanol osmotic fluxes through silicone rubber were measured at several concentrations and temperatures. The water counter-flux at each concentration was also estimated. Ethanol flux through silicone rubber is much higher than water flux at 25°C, but at 60°C the membrane selectivity decreases considerably. In this way, it was shown that silicone rubber has the essential characteristics to be used in the preparation of membranes for water-ethanol separation. / Mestrado

Orientador: Minoru Sakate / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T03:22:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moura_JoseAntoniode_M.pdf: 877887 bytes, checksum: 124142b935c25f1914738ba3e0a0fdd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1978 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Farmacologia Aplicada a Clinica Odontologica / Mestre em Odontologia

La déshydratation osmotique est une technique de séchage partiel ayant lieu à de basses températures (moins de 50°C), permettant de préserver la qualité des produits comparativement au séchage conventionnel. De plus, une formulation du produit peut être réalisée en utilisant des solutions riches en composés bénéfiques, comme le sirop d'agave qui contient des prébiotiques (inuline). Elle est pratique pour conserver les fruits saisonniers comme la mangue dont les caractéristiques organoleptiques et nutritionnelles la placent parmi les fruits les plus consommés au monde. Cependant, l'imprégnation de solutés (sucres ou sels) augmente la teneur calorique des produits après la déshydratation osmotique. De plus le sucrose, le soluté le plus utilisé, n'est pas adapté à certains consommateurs qui y sont intolérants. Enfin, la teneur élevée en sucres dans les aliments est incriminée dans les maladies cardiovasculaires et l'obésité. C'est pourquoi, ce projet avait pour but d'optimiser le procédé de déshydratation osmotique de la mangue afin de produire des mangues déshydratées osmotiquement avec du sirop d'agave et ayant une teneur ajoutée en sucres réduite. Dans un premier temps, la viscosité et la rhéologie des solutions osmotiques de composition différentes ont été caractérisées, suivi de la déshydratation osmotique des morceaux de mangues Tommy Atkins d'épaisseurs 0.4 cm et 1.5 cm. Les résultats ont montré que l'augmentation de la viscosité, de la taille des molécules de solutés ainsi que de l'épaisseur de la mangue peuvent permettre de réduire le gain en sucres ajoutés tout en maintenant une quantité suffisante de perte en eau. En second lieu, des analyses par chromatographie liquide haute performance de la quantité et du profil en sucres individuels des mangues déshydratées dans les différentes solutions osmotiques, ont montré que la composition initiale de la mangue en différents sucres ainsi que la composition de la solution osmotique influencent le profil final en sucres. Une perte en sucrose et un gain en fructose et glucose ont été observés dans la mangue lorsque des solutions pauvres en sucrose ont été utilisées, permettant ainsi de moduler le profil final de sucres du produit. La présence d'inuline a été détectée dans la mangue après la déshydratation osmotique, ce composé prébiotique est bénéfique pour la flore intestinale et est une valeur ajoutée dans le produit final. Une analyse par microscopie électronique à balayage a permis d'observer le mode de dépôt des différents solutés sur la mangue au cours de la déshydratation osmotique, et ainsi déterminer les mécanismes par lesquels une réduction d'entrée de solides est possible. Finalement, des prétraitements de congélation/décongélation et de champ électrique pulsé ont permis de modifier la structure microscopique de la mangue avant de la soumettre à la déshydratation osmotique. Cette étape a montré que le type de prétraitement impacte l'effet sur le transfert de matières. La congélation/décongélation a augmenté le gain en sucres au détriment de la perte en eau, et l'effet du champ électrique pulsé (dans les écarts des variables utilisées dans cette étude) était négligeable sur le transfert de matières en général. Cependant, l'utilisation de solutions osmotiques à viscosité élevée a permis de réduire le gain en sucres dans le cas des mangues dont la structure cellulaire a été sévèrement endommagée par la congélation/décongélation. Cette thèse constitue une contribution dans la production de mangues déshydratées (et de fruits en général) ayant une teneur en sucres ajoutés réduite et des ingrédients fonctionnels tels que l'inuline qui est bénéfique pour l'organisme. / Osmotic dehydration is a partial drying technique which necessitates low temperatures (less than 50°C), allowing product quality to be preserved compared to conventional drying. It allows product formulation throughout solutions rich in beneficial compounds, such as agave syrup which contains prebiotics (inulin). It is practical for preserving seasonal fruits such as mango which organoleptic and nutritional characteristics rank it among the most consumed fruits in the world. However, the impregnation of solutes (sugars or salts) increases the caloric content of products after osmotic dehydration. In addition, sucrose, the most used solute, is not suitable for certain consumers who are sucrose intolerant. Finally, the high content of sugars in food is incriminated in cardiovascular diseases and obesity. Therefore, this project aimed at optimizing mango osmotic dehydration process to produce osmotically dehydrated mangoes in agave syrup and with low sugar content. Firstly, viscosity and rheology of osmotic solutions of different compositions were characterized, followed by the osmotic dehydration of Tommy Atkins mangoes with thicknesses of 0.4 cm and 1.5 cm. The results showed that increasing solution viscosity, solutes molecules size, as well as mango thickness can reduce sugar gain while maintaining enough water loss. Secondly, high performance liquid chromatography results showed that initial composition of mango sugars as well as composition of osmotic solution influence the final sugar profiles of dehydrated mango. A loss in sucrose together with a gain in fructose and glucose have been reported in mango when osmotic solutions with low concentration of sucrose were used. Inulin was found in mango after osmotic dehydration in solutions containing inulin, this prebiotic compound is beneficial for gut microbiota and is therefore an added value in the final product. An analysis by scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the behavior of different solutes on the mango surface during osmotic dehydration allowing the understanding of the mechanisms by which solids gain could be reduced. Finally, freeze-thawing, and pulsed electric field pretreatments were applied to mango to modify its tissue structure before osmotic dehydration. Results indicated that the type of pretreatment impacts the mass transfer differently. Freeze-thawing increased sugar gain and negatively affects water loss, where as pulsed electric field effect was negligible on mass transfer in general. However, high viscosity osmotic solutions reduced sugar gain for frozen-thawed mango. This thesis contributes to the research field of processed mangoes and in general, processed fruits, with low sugar content together with added functional ingredients such as inulin which is beneficial for the gut microbiota.

L'industrie laitière représente le deuxième secteur alimentaire par le volume de sa production au Québec. Son développement s'explique par la croissance des besoins en matières grasses laitières, notamment en produits transformés tels que le fromage. En production fromagère, la concentration du lait par ultrafiltration (UF) entraîne le rejet d'importants volumes de perméat de lait contenant du lactose et des sels; lui conférant un fort impact environnemental. Pour produire 1 kilogramme de fromage, 9 litres de lactosérum sont rejetés. Il contient des protéines, du lactose et des sels. Les protéines sont valorisées sous forme de concentrés par UF; ce qui génère de larges volumes de perméat de lactosérum. Les résidus organiques de la transformation laitière sont de 264 972 tonnes/an au Québec. Le lactose des perméats est valorisé par cristallisation ou bio fermentation, mais la présence de minéraux est limitante. L'induction d'une précipitation phosphocalcique sélective avant la valorisation du lactose permettrait l'extraction de ces éléments sous forme d'hydroxyapatites (HAp), utilisées comme supplément dans les formulations alimentaires et la récupération conjointe de lactose. Pour favoriser la précipitation des HAp, une concentration du perméat par osmose inverse(OI) a été réalisée. D'autres paramètres ont aussi été étudiés : pH, température et ensemencement. Les précipités ont été récupérés par centrifugation, lyophilisés puis chauffés à 550°C pour éliminer la phase organique. Pour suivre l'efficacité de la précipitation, la composition des principaux éléments salins (K, Ca, Na, P, Mg) a été déterminée par spectrométrie de masse à plasma à couplage inductif et le Ca ionique de la phase soluble a été mesuré avec une électrode. Les phases cristallines obtenues ont été analysées par diffraction des rayons X et par FTIR. La morphologie des particules a été étudiée par microscopie électronique à balayage. Les résultats ont confirmé que le taux de phosphate de calcium précipité a augmenté avec l'ensemencement, la chaleur et l'alcalinisation; surtout dans les perméats concentrés par OI. L'alcalinisation induit le changement de phase vers la forme HAp, démontrant le potentiel de la précipitation sélective du phosphate de calcium et de l'impact positif de l'OI sur son efficacité. Cette étude ouvre la voie à la valorisation des minéraux à partir des perméats de fromagerie, qui a été très peu investiguée comparativement à celle du lactose. / The dairy industry represents the second-largest food sector in Quebec. Its development could be explained by the growth of the dairy fat needs with the demand for processed products, such as butter or cheese, increasing yearly. The concentration of milk proteins by ultrafiltration (UF) leads to the rejection of important volumes of milk permeate (WP), which contains lactose and minerals, responsible for its environmental impact. The production of one kg of cheese rejected 9 liters of whey, representing 1.2 billion tons per year. Whey is rich in proteins, lactose, and mineral components. Whey proteins are generally concentrated by UF and used in various foods for their excellent technological and nutritional properties. This process generates large volumes of whey permeate. The dairy industry is responsible for rejecting a weight of 264 972 tons/years of organic matter in the province of Quebec. Lactose can be valorized by crystallization of bio-fermentation, but salts content could be a limit factor. The induction of selective phosphocalcic precipitation of those elements into hydroxyapatite (HAp) could permit the supplementation of Ca in food formulas and recover lactose simultaneously. To favor HAp precipitation, permeate concentration by reverse osmosis (RO) was tried. Other parameters were studied, including the pH, heating treatments, and DCP seeding. Precipitates were condensed by centrifugation, lyophilized, and then put in a 550°C furnace to remove organic traces. Specific milk salts recovered in the precipitate (K, Ca, Na, P, Mg) was determined by ICP to follow the efficiency of the process. Ionic Ca from the aqueous phase was measured as well with an electrode. Crystalline phases were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and FTIR. The particle's morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Results confirmed that the calcium-phosphate precipitated rate increased with solution's seeding, heating, and alkalinization. Reverse osmosis increased the precipitation. Alkalinization inducts the phase change from simple apatic minerals to complex ones such as HAp. These results demonstrate the potential of selective calcium-phosphate precipitation and RO's positive impact on reaction efficiency. This study opens the path to cheese permeate salt's valorization, low investigated until now.

L'industrie laitière représente le deuxième secteur alimentaire par le volume de sa production au Québec. Son développement s'explique par la croissance des besoins en matières grasses laitières, notamment en produits transformés tels que le fromage. En production fromagère, la concentration du lait par ultrafiltration (UF) entraîne le rejet d'importants volumes de perméat de lait contenant du lactose et des sels; lui conférant un fort impact environnemental. Pour produire 1 kilogramme de fromage, 9 litres de lactosérum sont rejetés. Il contient des protéines, du lactose et des sels. Les protéines sont valorisées sous forme de concentrés par UF; ce qui génère de larges volumes de perméat de lactosérum. Les résidus organiques de la transformation laitière sont de 264 972 tonnes/an au Québec. Le lactose des perméats est valorisé par cristallisation ou bio fermentation, mais la présence de minéraux est limitante. L'induction d'une précipitation phosphocalcique sélective avant la valorisation du lactose permettrait l'extraction de ces éléments sous forme d'hydroxyapatites (HAp), utilisées comme supplément dans les formulations alimentaires et la récupération conjointe de lactose. Pour favoriser la précipitation des HAp, une concentration du perméat par osmose inverse(OI) a été réalisée. D'autres paramètres ont aussi été étudiés : pH, température et ensemencement. Les précipités ont été récupérés par centrifugation, lyophilisés puis chauffés à 550°C pour éliminer la phase organique. Pour suivre l'efficacité de la précipitation, la composition des principaux éléments salins (K, Ca, Na, P, Mg) a été déterminée par spectrométrie de masse à plasma à couplage inductif et le Ca ionique de la phase soluble a été mesuré avec une électrode. Les phases cristallines obtenues ont été analysées par diffraction des rayons X et par FTIR. La morphologie des particules a été étudiée par microscopie électronique à balayage. Les résultats ont confirmé que le taux de phosphate de calcium précipité a augmenté avec l'ensemencement, la chaleur et l'alcalinisation; surtout dans les perméats concentrés par OI. L'alcalinisation induit le changement de phase vers la forme HAp, démontrant le potentiel de la précipitation sélective du phosphate de calcium et de l'impact positif de l'OI sur son efficacité. Cette étude ouvre la voie à la valorisation des minéraux à partir des perméats de fromagerie, qui a été très peu investiguée comparativement à celle du lactose. / The dairy industry represents the second-largest food sector in Quebec. Its development could be explained by the growth of the dairy fat needs with the demand for processed products, such as butter or cheese, increasing yearly. The concentration of milk proteins by ultrafiltration (UF) leads to the rejection of important volumes of milk permeate (WP), which contains lactose and minerals, responsible for its environmental impact. The production of one kg of cheese rejected 9 liters of whey, representing 1.2 billion tons per year. Whey is rich in proteins, lactose, and mineral components. Whey proteins are generally concentrated by UF and used in various foods for their excellent technological and nutritional properties. This process generates large volumes of whey permeate. The dairy industry is responsible for rejecting a weight of 264 972 tons/years of organic matter in the province of Quebec. Lactose can be valorized by crystallization of bio-fermentation, but salts content could be a limit factor. The induction of selective phosphocalcic precipitation of those elements into hydroxyapatite (HAp) could permit the supplementation of Ca in food formulas and recover lactose simultaneously. To favor HAp precipitation, permeate concentration by reverse osmosis (RO) was tried. Other parameters were studied, including the pH, heating treatments, and DCP seeding. Precipitates were condensed by centrifugation, lyophilized, and then put in a 550°C furnace to remove organic traces. Specific milk salts recovered in the precipitate (K, Ca, Na, P, Mg) was determined by ICP to follow the efficiency of the process. Ionic Ca from the aqueous phase was measured as well with an electrode. Crystalline phases were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and FTIR. The particle's morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Results confirmed that the calcium-phosphate precipitated rate increased with solution's seeding, heating, and alkalinization. Reverse osmosis increased the precipitation. Alkalinization inducts the phase change from simple apatic minerals to complex ones such as HAp. These results demonstrate the potential of selective calcium-phosphate precipitation and RO's positive impact on reaction efficiency. This study opens the path to cheese permeate salt's valorization, low investigated until now.

La pomme de cajou est une matière première qui n'est pas exploitée en Côte d'Ivoire alors qu'elle présente un potentiel nutritionnel important. Dans ce contexte, l'étude réalisée s'intéresse à la valorisation des pommes de cajou en jus de fruit. En partant du jus brut de pommes de cajou, il s'agit d'étudier un procédé qui couple plusieurs techniques membranaires pour la production de jus clarifiés et concentrés. Les températures modérées de traitement doivent permettre une meilleure préservation du potentiel vitaminique et sensoriel de la matière première. Les deux variétés de pommes de cajou étudiées sont riches en acide ascorbique (1,2 g.kg-1) et en composés phénoliques (2,9 g.kg-1). Avec un rendement optimal de 82%, l'extraction du jus par pression ne génère pas de dégradation significative des composés d'intérêt. Toutefois, certains d'entre eux se répartissent différemment dans le jus et les tourteaux de presse. Parmi les 50 composés d'arôme identifiés dans le jus de fruit, les esters sont quantitativement les plus abondants. Le traitement du jus de pomme de cajou par microfiltration tangentielle sur membranes tubulaires minérales (0,2 µm, 35 °C) permet de clarifier le produit sans altérer sa teneur en acide ascorbique. La forte rétention des composés phénoliques en diminue l'astringence. Le prétraitement par liquéfaction enzymatique modifie les caractéristiques du jus et permet d'améliorer les performances de la filtration. Certaines des préparations enzymatiques testées présentent un effet synergique sur les densités de flux de perméat (Jp). Lors de la validation du procédé à l'échelle semi-industrielle, des Jp voisines de 70 L.h-1.m-2 ont été obtenues à FRV 8. Les performances sont toutefois très variables d'un jus à l'autre et ne sont pas liées aux caractéristiques des jus mesurées. Les tests classiques de filtrabilité (résistance spécifique en filtration frontale et temps de succion capillaire) ne permettent pas non plus de prévoir le pouvoir colmatant des jus en microfiltration tangentielle. Une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes qui régissent le colmatage membranaire est indispensable pour développer un outil prévisionnel à ce niveau. La nanofiltration tangentielle et l'osmose inverse ont été ensuite utilisées pour pré-concentrer 2,5 à 3 fois le jus clarifié. L'osmose inverse présente l'avantage de retenir totalement les principaux solutés pour une consommation énergétique comparable à celle de la nanofiltration. Enfin, l'évaporation osmotique a permis de concentrer le jus clarifié environ 6 fois sans en altérer la couleur et en préservant plus de 90 % de l'acide ascorbique. Comparé à des concentrés de référence traités par évaporation sous-vide, le concentré obtenu présente un profil aromatique moins altéré. Au final, l'intérêt du procédé proposé est donc vérifié en terme de qualité nutritionnelle et organoleptique. En vue d'une application industrielle, son évaluation économique reste toutefois indispensable / The cashew apple is a raw material which is not exploited in Côte d'Ivoire though it has an important nutritional potential. In this context, the study dealt with the processing of the cashew apple in fruit juice. Starting from the raw juice of cashew apples, a new process that coupled several membrane technologies was proposed for the production of clarified and concentrated juice. Moderate temperatures of treatment should allow a better preservation of the vitamins and sensory potential of the raw material. Both varieties of cashew apples studied were rich in ascorbic acid (1.2 g.kg-1) and phenolic compounds (2.9 g.kg-1). With an 82 percent optimum yield, juice extraction by pressure did not generate significant degradation of the compounds of interest. However, some of them are distributed differently in the juice and the press cake. Among the 50 aroma compounds identified in the fruit juice, the esters were the most abundant. Treatment of cashew apple juice by cross-flow microfiltration on inorganic tubular membranes (0.2 µm, 35 °C), clarified the product without altering its ascorbic acid content. The high retention of phenolic compounds decreased astringency. Pretreatment with enzymatic liquefaction of juice improved the performance of the filtration. Some of the enzyme preparations tested exhibited a synergistic effect on the permeate flux (Jp). During the validation of the process at semi-industrial scale, Jp of 70 Lh-1.m-2 was obtained using a volumetric reduction ratio of 8. However, performances were highly variable from one juice to another and were not related to the measured characteristics of juice. Classical tests of filterability (specific resistance in dead-end filtration and capillary suction time) did not predict the fouling properties of juices in cross-flow microfiltration. A better understanding of the fouling phenomena is absolutely necessary to develop new predictive tests filtrability. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis were then used to pre-concentrate 2.5 to 3 times the clarified juice. Reverse osmosis allowed to retain entirely the major solutes with an energy consumption very close to nanofiltration. Finally, the clarified juice was concentrated 6 times using osmotic evaporation without altering the color and preserving more than 90% of ascorbic acid. Compared to standard concentrates treated by vacuum evaporation, the concentrate obtained has a less altered flavor profile. The interest of the suggested process was verified in terms of nutritional and sensorial quality. Its economic assessment remains essential for industrial application.

Orientador: Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva / Banca: Luiz Antonio Daniel / Banca: Ana Flávia Vieira Pontes de Moraes / Resumo: O aumento da demanda de água para as diversas atividades humanas, associado à alteração da qualidade das águas por fontes poluidoras diversas, dentre elas as indústrias, tem comprometido de forma significativa o potencial de uso dos recursos hídricos, tornando-os escassos em muitas regiões ou requerendo maiores investimentos e novas tecnologias para a sua utilização. O entendimento deste cenário tem subsidiado a adoção de medidas que contemplam os preceitos da sustentabilidade, onde o uso racional e o reúso de águas aparecem como estratégias de grande relevância. Quanto ao reúso de águas, inclui-se a reutilização de efluentes, tratados ou não, para atendimento de usos menos restritivos, favorecendo a conservação da água, bem como preservando o recurso de melhor qualidade para os usos que as requerem. Desta forma, neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade do reúso direto planejado de efluentes, originados em processos de galvanoplastia e submetidos ao tratamento complementar por membrana de osmose reversa, como insumo no processo produtivo de lavagem de peças. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma indústria localizada em Botucatu, São Paulo, através da operação de uma unidade-piloto de osmose reversa de um estágio, com módulo de membrana tipo enrolada em espiral, sem recirculação. Durante o experimento, para avaliação do desempenho operacional do sistema e da eficiência de remoção de contaminantes, foram realizadas quatro campanhas de coletas, totalizando 173 amostras. O desempenho... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The increase of water demand for the different human activities, associated to the quality deterioration by several pollution sources, among them, industries, has significantly been undermined the potential of water resources, making them scarce in many regions or requiring greater investments and new technologies for its use. The comprehension of this scenario has subsidized the adoption of measures to take account sustainability principles, where the rational use and reuse of water appear as high relevance strategy. About the water reuse, it includes the wastewater reuse, treated or not, to meet less restrictive uses, promoting the water conservation, as well as preserving the best quality resource for its intended uses. In this way, has been evaluated in this work the feasibility of the planned direct reuse of the wastewater, from electroplating process and submitted to complementary reverse osmosis treatment, used as an input in parts washing process. The study was developed in an industry located in Botucatu city, São Paulo, through the operation of a one-stage reverse osmosis pilot-unit with spiral-wound membrane module, without recirculation. Along the experiment, to assess the operational performance system and its contaminants removal efficiency as well, four collection campaigns were conducted, totaling 173 samples. Operational performance of the reverse osmosis was evaluated through the following variables: permeate flow, concentrate flow, permeate flux, recovery, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre