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En hållbar samhällsutveckling beror på tre faktorer; naturen, människan och samhället. I dagens läge vill människan minimera de påfrestningarna som miljön och omgivningen utsätts för. Det är därför viktigt att se över hur resurserna utnyttjas. Ett bra exempel på detta är att befintliga trafikleder inom tätbebyggda städer byggs över, sådana projekt kallas överdäckningar. På detta sätt skapas både byggbar yta och negativa effekter av trafikleder minskas inom tätbebyggda områden. Buller, barriärer och luftföroreningar är exempel på negativa effekter. Trots att överdäckningskonstruktioner har många fördelar som exempelvis ökad marktillgång är det många planerade projekt som stoppas. Detta på grund av explosionsrisker som anges i de nya lagarna och rekommendationerna av transport av farligt gods. För att underlätta framtida överdäckningar har författarna analyserat och diskuterat situationen samt klargjort vilka regelverk som gäller. Intervjuer utfördes med olika parter både i den offentliga och i privata sektorn. Detta för att få en bredare uppfattning om hur regelverken bör tolkas. Därefter har diskussioner framförts gällande konstruktionslösningar och åtgärder som kan tillämpas för att minimera konsekvenser av explosioner i en tunnel. I dagens läge finns det inga regelverk specifikt för överdäckning utan det är en sammansättning av regelverk för tunnel och hus. Om ovanliggande konstruktioners laster placeras direkt på tunneltaket finns det stor sannolikhet till att bebyggelsen kollapsar om taket viker sig. Det är då viktigt att jämföra olika olycksscenarior som kan tänkas inträffa för olika farligt godsmängder och transporter. Jämförelserna kan leda till en rimligare konsekvensuppfattning. Resultatet av detta har konstaterats i att det borde finnas specifika riktlinjer för överdäckningar men även att riskanalyser av olyckor bör analyseras på rätt sätt. / A sustainable society depends on three factors; nature, mankind and society. Presently, mankind has a need to minimize the stresses that the environment and our surroundings are exposed to. It is of the utmost importance that we focus on how to use our resources in new efficient ways. A perfect example of this is to build over current highways in urban cities areas. In Sweden this type of method when translated is called overdecking, internationally no collective term has been given. When building a tunnel a top a highway, new area is made available above for construction, and the negative effects caused by these infrastructures are removed. Noise barriers and pollution are examples of these negative effects. Although over decking have many benefits for expanding the society, many of these projects are being stopped. This is due to the risks that occur when dangerous goods are transported and how the laws and regulations govern this matter. To facilitate future projects the writers have analyzed and discussed the situation and clarified which rules apply. Interviews were performed with parties both in public and private sectors. This was done in order to get a broader perspective over how rules should be interpreted. Thereafter discussions were made regarding construction solutions that can be applied to minimize consequences of an explosion event in a tunnel. Presently there are no regulations specifically for over decking, but only a composite of the regulatory framework for tunnels and houses. If building loads are placed directly on the tunnel roof there is a strong likelihood that the house collapses if the roof folds.  It is therefore important to review accident scenarios that might occur with various degrees of dangerous transported goods and transportations. The result of this has led to that there should be specific guidelines for over decking structures, but also how risk assessments of dangerous goods accidents should be handled.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper is intended to provide background into networking and IP protocols for non-IT personnel. It is not a study of networking and related protocols, as each of these topics would require a much longer period of time to explain. Addressed are considerations that should be required prior to locking a network design into a specific architecture. The systems available today, for the same cost as a good home PC, are becoming capable of performing critical tasks. It is highly recommended that the personnel who know the most about the data and how it will be used communicate with the personnel that know the network. Failing to explain or understand the networking nomenclature causes considerable wasted time and money. This paper is intended to encourage communications between the data creators and the data movers. We also want to demonstrate how new systems, hardware and software, designed to work with existing network devices used in non–telemetry applications, can make implementing IP in telemetry networks easier.

In this thesis a Fully-Photonic DRoF (FP-DRoF) system is proposed for deploying of future super-broadband access networks. Digital Radio over Fibre (DRoF) is more independent of the fibre network impairments and the length of fibre than the ARoF link. In order for fully optical deployment of the signal conversion techniques in the FP-DRoF architecture, two key components an Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC) and a Digital-to-Analogue Converter (DAC)) for data conversion are designed and their performance are investigated whereas the physical functionality is evaluated. The system simulation results of the proposed pipelined Photonic ADC (PADC) show that the PADC has 10 GHz bandwidth around 60 GHz of sampling rate. Furthermore, by changing the bandwidth of the optical bandpass filter, switching to another band of sampling frequency provides optimised performance condition of the PADC. The PADC has low changes on the Effective Number of Bit (ENOB) response versus analogue RF input from 1 GHz up to 22 GHz for 60 GHz sampling frequency. The proposed 8-Bit pipelined PADC performance in terms of ENOB is evaluated at 60 Gigasample/s which is about 4.1. Recently, different methods have been reported by researchers to implement Photonic DACs (PDACs), but their aim was to convert digital electrical signals to the corresponding analogue signal by assisting the optical techniques. In this thesis, a Binary Weighted PDAC (BW-PDAC) is proposed. In this BW-PDAC, optical digital signals are fully optically converted to an analogue signal. The spurious free dynamic range at the output of the PDAC in a back-to-back deployment of the PADC and the PDAC was 26.6 dBc. For further improvement in the system performance, a 3R (Retiming, Reshaping and Reamplifying) regeneration system is proposed in this thesis. Simulation results show that for an ultrashort RZ pulse with a 5% duty cycle at 65 Gbit/s using the proposed 3R regeneration system on a link reduces rms timing jitter by 90% while the regenerated pulse eye opening height is improved by 65%. Finally, in this thesis the proposed FP-DRoF functionality is evaluated whereas its performance is investigated through a dedicated and shared fibre links. The simulation results show (in the case of low level signal to noise ratio, in comparison with ARoF through a dedicated fibre link) that the FP-DRoF has better BER performance than the ARoF in the order of 10-20. Furthermore, in order to realize a BER about 10-25 for the ARoF, the power penalty is about 4 dBm higher than the FP-DRoF link. The simulation results demonstrate that by considering 0.2 dB/km attenuation of a standard single mode fibre, the dedicated fibre length for the FP-DRoF link can be increased to about 20 km more than the ARoF link. Moreover, for performance assessment of the proposed FP-DRoF in a shared fibre link, the BER of the FP-DRoF link is about 10-10 magnitude less than the ARoF link for -19 dBm launched power into the fibre and the power penalty of the ARoF system is 10 dBm more than the FP-DRoF link. It is significant to increase the fibre link’s length of the FP-DRoF access network using common infrastructure. In addition, the simulation results are demonstrated that the FP-DRoF with non-uniform Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is more robust against four wave mixing impairment than the conventional WDM technique with uniform wavelength allocation and has better performance in terms of BER. It is clearly verified that the lunched power penalty at CS for DRoF link with uniform WDM techniques is about 2 dB higher than non-uniform WDM technique. Furthermore, uniform WDM method requires more bandwidth than non-uniform scheme which depends on the total number of channels and channels spacing.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The technicalities of sharing telemetry bandwidth have been addressed in design and specification for the builders of the International Space Station. But success in sharing bandwidth comes from building relationships, documenting guidelines, negotiating, understanding human nature, peer review and willingness to participate in an evolving process. The station, 240 miles above Earth, moves through space at 17,000 mph, has its mass added to by humans and machines, regularly docks with visiting spacecraft, has year-round residents, and communicates with space agencies around the globe. Each new module -- with associated computers, multiplexers, and communications buses -- creates additional telemetry demands.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / This paper discusses the successful passage past the Year 2000 (Y2K) Rollover and GPS 1999 (Week Number Roll Over) WNRO. The reasons the glitches seen at those events were relatively minor and the lessons learned to help enter the Third Millennium with careful optimism are reviewed.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / During the cold war, undersea warfare (USW) was perceived as a large-area, deep-water operation. The need for USW has recently shifted to the shallow water, littoral environment. Consequently, US naval forces must train to operate in these littoral environments where regional conflicts are most likely to occur. In light of these requirements the Shallow Water Training Range (SWTR) has been initiated. Telemetry is used in the following areas of SWTR: fiber optic, microwave, RF and underwater. Only phase 1 of 8 phases of the program is executing therefore SWTR is a good opportunity for telemetry industry involvement.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / The first airship was invented and designed in 1852 by Henri Giffard, a French engineer. Airships were used by both the Allied and German military for surveillance and bomb dropping in WWI. There was a steady increase in airship use up until the Hindenburg exploded while docking in 1937 at Lakehurst, New Jersey. This tragedy almost ended the use of airships. Significant use of airships next occurred during WWII for submarine surveillance and depth charging. Airships for advertising, surveillance, and command control came of age in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Airships can be fitted with several telemetry options or instrumented with sensor systems for surveillance purposes. The telemetry or sensor data can be relayed, real-time, to a remote station as much as 150 km from the airship either encrypted or plain when cruising at 3000 feet altitude. Small vehicles (3 meters long) can be detected at 50 km using radar; 12 km using FLIRs; and, depending on weather conditions and real-time imaging processing, up to 20 km using video cameras. Cooperating airborne targets can be tracked out to 150 km. The major advantages of the airship over conventional aircraft are: • ENDURANCE Up to 20 hours without refueling. • LOW OPERATING COST Less than the cost of a helicopter. • SHOCK-FREE ENVIRONMENT Allows commercial electric equipment usage. • VIBRATION-FREE ENVIRONMENT Yields personnel comfort and endurance. • SAFETY Safer than any aircraft, automobile, or bicycle.

Cranes are often the most conspicuous machines on a construction site. This is due to their large size, in addition to the important role they have in transporting heavy payloads vertically and horizontally. There are two major families of construction cranes: tower cranes and mobile cranes. Mobile cranes that are mounted on tracks are a subgroup referred to as ``crawler cranes''. Crawler cranes are widely used on construction sites, and are a backbone of the United States construction industry, thus a detailed study of these cranes' behavior is essential. This research studies the tip-over stability of crawler cranes in heavy-lifting applications. Two major applications are discussed: crawler cranes using movable counterweights and crawler cranes in tandem lifting.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει παρουσιαστεί μία τηλεπικοινωνιακή τεχνολογία υλοποίησης δικτύων η οποία μας επιτρέπει την μεταφορά τηλεπικοινωνιακού σήματος προς και από τους συνδρομητές χρησιμοποιώντας το υφιστάμενο δίκτυο διανομής της ηλεκτρικής ισχύος. Η τεχνολογία αυτή είναι η “BPL” ή “Broadband over Power line” και είναι το κύριο θέμα της εργασίας αυτής. Αρχικά θα παρουσιάσουμε τις τηλεπικοινωνιακές υπηρεσίες που μπορούν να προσφέρονται μέσω των “BPL” δικτύων τόσο για τους καταναλωτές/συνδρομητές, αλλά και προς του ίδιους τους παρόχους και διαχειριστές του δικτύου. Μία νέα γενιά έξυπνων δικτύων γεννιέται και είναι πολλά υποσχόμενη σε ποικίλους τομείς. Στη συνέχεια θα μελετήσουμε τα δίκτυα αυτά από πλευράς τοπολογίας υλοποίησης τους αναφέροντας τρείς τρόπους με τους οποίους αυτό μπορεί να γίνει εφικτό. Θα παρουσιάσουμε επίσης τα βασικά στοιχεία του εξοπλισμού, τις προδιαγραφές αυτών των δικτύων καθώς επίσης και τις παρεμβολές που μπορεί να παρουσιαστούν μαζί με την ηλεκτρομαγνητική συμβατότητα των συστημάτων αυτών. Συνεχίζοντας θα μελετήσουμε με περισσότερη λεπτομέρεια την υλοποίηση των “BPL” δικτύων, αναφέροντας τις τεχνικές διαμόρφωσης σήματος, την διαχείριση σφαλμάτων, την λειτουργία του “BPL” “MAC” στρώματος, αλλά την οικογένεια ασύρματης διαμόρφωσης τηλεπικοινωνιακών σημάτων 802.11x. Λόγω του ότι η τεχνολογία “BPL” προορίζεται για χρήση σε ηλεκτρικά δίκτυα ανά το παγκόσμιο στην εργασία αυτή θα παρουσιάσουμε επίσης τα διεθνής πρότυπα και τα κριτήρια περί ηλεκτρομαγνητικής συμβατότητας αυτού του τύπου τηλεπικοινωνιακών δικτύων. Προχωρώντας παρουσιάζεται η συμπεριφορά των βασικών διατάξεων ενός δικτύου διανομής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας όταν λειτουργούν σε υψηλές συχνότητες. Μελετώνται βασικές διατάξεις ηλεκτρικών κινητήρων, αντιστροφείς, πυκνωτές, διατάξεις γειωτών πλέγματος και μετασχηματιστών ισχύος. Η αναφορά αυτή κρίνεται απαραίτητη αφού τα “BPL” δίκτυα τα οποία μελετούμε λειτουργούν σε τέτοιες υψηλές συχνότητες. Στο “Κεφάλαιο 6” θα δούμε το “BPL” δίκτυο στο μέλλον παρουσιάζοντας στατιστικά δεδομένα τα οποία επιβεβαιώνουν την όλο και αυξανόμενη ανάγκη των σύγχρονων ανθρώπων για πρόσβαση στο διαδίκτυο, αλλά και το γεγονός ότι η αξιοποίηση των υφιστάμενων ηλεκτρικών δικτύων αποτελεί ίσως την πλέον συμφέρουσα λύση. Τελειώνοντας την εργασία θα παρουσιάσουμε την υλοποίηση “GPON-BPL” με στοιχεία και εξοπλισμό από την εταιρία “Corinex” και θα παρουσιάσουμε την θεωρητική υλοποίηση των τριών τοπολογιών “BPL” δικτύου που έχουμε αναφέρει σε προηγούμενο κεφάλαιο. Η υλοποίηση γίνεται με βάση τον σταθμό Υψηλής/Μέσης τάσης της Κοκκινοτριμιθιάς της επαρχίας Λευκωσίας στην Κύπρο και γίνεται σύγκριση των τριών αρχιτεκτονικών από πλευράς κόστους υλοποίησης και ταχύτητας δικτύου που παρέχεται στους συνδρομητές του. Τελικά γίνεται μια σύγκριση των δικών μας αποτελεσμάτων με παρόμοια εργασία που έγινε για το νομό της Λακωνίας στην Ελλάδα / In recent years has presented a telecommunication network implementation technology which allows us to transfer telecommunication signals to and from subscribers using the existing distribution network of electric power. This technology is the "BPL" or "Broadband over Power line" and is the main topic of this work. Initially we present the telecommunications services may be offered through the "BPL" networks to consumers / subscribers, but also to the same providers and network administrators. A new generation of intelligent networks is born and is promising in various fields. Then we will study these networks in terms of their implementation topology indicating three ways in which this can be feasible. We also present the basics of the equipment, the specifications of these networks as well as the interference that can occur with the electromagnetic compatibility of these systems. Continuing we will study in more detail the implementation of "BPL" networks, indicating the signal modulation techniques, management errors, the function of "BPL" "MAC" layer, but the family configuration wireless telecommunications signals 802.11x. Because the technology "BPL" intended for use on electrical networks worldwide in this paper will also present the international standards and criteria EMC this type of telecommunication networks. Moving shows the behavior of the main provisions of a power distribution network when operating at high frequencies. Discuss basic provisions of electric motors, inverters, capacitors, earthing grid devices and power transformers. This reference is necessary as the "BPL" networks that we study operate at such high frequencies. In "Chapter 6" will see the "BPL" network in the future by presenting statistical data confirm the ever growing need of modern people to access the internet, but the fact that the use of existing electrical networks is perhaps the most advantageous solution . Finishing the job will present the implementation "GPON-BPL" to data and equipment from the company "Corinex" and will present the theoretical implementation of the three topologies "BPL" network we have mentioned in the previous chapter. The implementation is based on the station high / medium voltage Kokkinotrimithia of Nicosia in Cyprus and compares the three architectures in terms of implementation cost and speed network provided to its subscribers. Finally a comparison of our results with similar work done for the county of Laconia in Greece