<p>Recombination occurs during meiosis to produce new allelic combinations in natural populations, and thus strongly affects evolutionary processes. The model system Drosophila has been crucial for understanding the mechanics underlying recombination and assessing the association between recombination rate and several evolutionary parameters. Drosophila was the first system in which genetic maps were developed using recombination frequencies between genes. Further, Drosophila has been used to determine genetic and environmental conditions that cause variation in recombination rate. Finally, Drosophila has been instrumental in elucidating associations between local recombination rate and nucleotide diversity, divergence and codon bias, as well as helping determine the causes of these associations.</p><p>Here I present a fine-scale map of recombination rates across two major chromosomes in Drosophila persimilis using 181 SNP markers spanning two of five major chromosome arms. Using this map, I report significant fine-scale heterogeneity of local recombination rates. However, I also observed "recombinational neighborhoods", where adjacent intervals had similar recombination rates after excluding regions near the centromere and telomere. I further found significant positive associations of fine-scale recombination rate with repetitive element abundance and a 13-bp sequence motif known to associate with human recombination rates. I noted strong crossover interference extending 5-7 Mb from the initial crossover event. Further, I observed that fine-scale recombination rates in D. persimilis are strongly correlated with those obtained from a comparable study of its sister species, D. pseudoobscura. I documented a significant relationship between recombination rates and intron nucleotide sequence diversity within species, but no relationship between recombination rate and intron divergence between species. These results are consistent with selection models (hitchhiking and background selection) rather than mutagenic recombination models for explaining the relationship of recombination with nucleotide diversity within species. Finally, I found significant correlations between recombination rate and GC content, supporting both GC-biased gene conversion (BGC) models and selection-driven codon bias models. </p><p>Next, I looked at the role of chromosomal inversions in species maintenance by examining the impact of inversions distinguishing species to disrupt recombination rates within inverted regions, at inversion boundaries and throughout the remainder of the genome. By screening nearly 10,000 offspring from females heterozygous for 3 major inversions, I observed recombination rates within an inverted region in hybrids between Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis to be ~10-4 (similar to rates of exchange for inversion heterozygotes within species). However, despite the apparent potential for exchange, I do not find empirical evidence of ongoing gene exchange within the largest of 3 major inversions in DNA sequence analyses of strains isolated from natural populations. Finally, I observe a strong 'interchromosomal effect' with up to 9-fold higher (>800% different) recombination rates along collinear segments of chromosome 2 in hybrids, revealing a significantly negative association between interchromosomal effect and recombination rate in homokaryotypes, and I show that interspecies nucleotide divergence is lower in regions with larger changes in recombination rates in hybrids, potentially resulting from greater interspecies exchange. This last result suggests an effect of chromosomal inversions on interspecies gene exchange not considered previously.</p><p>Finally, I experimentally tested for a novel male-mediated effect on female recombination rates by crossing males that differed by either induced treatment variation or standing genetic variation to genetically identical females. After assaying recombination frequency in the offspring of these genetic crosses, I fitted these data to a statistical model where I showed no effect of male temperature treatment or male genetic background on offspring recombination rate. However, I did observe a difference of recombination rates of offspring laid 5-8 days post-mating between males treated with Juvenile Hormone relative to control males. Environmental variation in male ability to affect recombination rate in their mates suggests the potential for sexual conflict on optimal proportion of recombinant offspring, perhaps leading to changes in population-level recombination rates with varying levels of sexual selection.</p><p>Overall, my map of fine-scale recombination rates allowed me to confirm findings of broader-scale studies and identify multiple novel features that merit further investigation. Furthermore, I have identified several similarities and differences between inversions segregating within vs. between species in their effects on recombination and divergence, and I have identified possible effects of inversions on interspecies gene exchange that had not been considered previously. Finally, I have provided some evidence that males may impact female recombination rates, although future work should attempt to explore the range of male differences that impact this trait and the mechanism through which males impact the outcome of female meiosis.</p> / Dissertation

In 2008,the financial Tsunami spreads through all of the world. In the view of behavior finance, this thesis wants to use the method which was created by Weber and Camerer(1998)to examine whether all kinds of investors will show disposition effect. The research of the time is from 19/5/2008 to 15/1/2010, and we separate the period into bull market and bear market. And we also study all kinds of investors¡¦trading volume. According to the research results, the findings are listed as below: 1. All kinds of investors showp disposition effect, and the private investors would show disposition effect. 2. All kinds of investors would show bigger disposition effect for the smaller companies than for the bigger companies. 3.The disposition effect of dealers are similar to the private investors, but our research can not find out whether the stocks of their holding and rate of return are different from private investors. Keywords: behavior finance, disposition effect, over confident, cognitive bias

Excess lubricant can be found as reservoirs on the sides of the rolling tracks when the oil flows through the Hertzian contact and the side leakage. Uniform lubricant layers adhered to both rolling surfaces can flow into the supply region by the action of surface tension. Uniform lubricant layers are separated by air so that they move with the surfaces the surface tension of the liquid-air interface and the velocity of the roller. Hence, it can be considered as the fixed flow rate conditions. Under the lubricant starvation and the fixed flow rate conditions, the meniscus in the film inlet is formed due to the action of the surface tension of the oil-air interface, where the fluid pressure in the oil layer is smaller than the ambient pressure. An empirical formula to predict the thickness of the oil layer is derived based on the theoretical analysis and the experimental results of Cann et al. [10]. Results show that this thickness increases the amount of oil in the track and the surface tension of the liquid-air interface, but it decreases with the surface velocity and the oil viscosity. Moreover, the starved, fully flooded, over-flooded regimes are established based on the theoretical analysis. Under the lubricant starvation and the fixed flow rate conditions, the central film thickness in the pressure region increases with increasing the supply flow rate, so that the location of the meniscus moves to upstream. When the supply flow rate is more than 98% flow rate of fully flooded condition, the central film thickness achieves a saturated value. Hence, when the supply flow rate is between 98% and 100% flow rate of fully flooded condition, it is called the fully flooded regime. When the supply flow rate is more than the flow rate of fully flooded condition, the central film thickness remains constant, and the excess oil accumulates in the inlet region, so that the film thickness in the inlet region increases with time. When the supply flow rate is larger than the flow rate of fully flooded condition, it is called the over-flooded region.

This research is based on neo-functionalism to analysis the extent of cooperation in Taiwan and Mainland China in the sector of automobile industry, and how it will affect the government policy between Cross-Strait relations. Since Mainland China to open up its market, there are more and more Taiwanese businessmen to invest in Mainland China. The relation between Taiwan and Mainland China is more closely, especially after accession in WTO. According to the discourse of neo-functionalism interest groups¡]industrial elites¡^and political elites will affect the government attitudes in decision-making. The elite of automobile industry from both sides of Taiwan Straits press both governments to put the policy of ¡§three direct links¡¨ into practice, is the case in point.

Since 1987, the interaction between the cross-strait turned into a varied pattern. The political interactions displayed an absent status in each of particular periods. However, on another side, the lower level of the economic, trade, social and cultural integration aspects between the strait has become more interdependent and animated. In reviewing theories of the cross-strait relationship, this paper will take the approach of the integration theories, and employ the viewpoint of Karl W. Deutsch of the Communications. The paper also attempts to examine the critical factors that have influenced the integration on the relations between China and the Taiwan in the integration system. And have a thorough understanding of the effect and development in the integration process. The conclusion is that the integration situation has been separated into two sides of pro-independence and pro-unification. The aspect of political integration is in the position to choose one side or the other while non-political aspects of economic, society, and culture have developed to closed relationship. In other words, this paper will explore how the two actors interact from lower politics to higher politics such as political integration and cooperation.

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Thesis (Master of Arts in Security Studies(Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009. / Thesis Advisor: Supinski, Stanley. Second Reader: Lynch, Dean. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 29, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed; AVA; BioThrax; Homeland Security; Strategic National Stockpile; biodefense; bioterrorism; biological warfare; Amerithrax; Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program; AVIP; Gulf War Illness; Gulf War Syndrome; Investigational New Drug, IND; Experimental; Civilian Control of the Military, Presidential Study Directive; PSD; Presidential Policy Directive; PPD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-237). Also available in print.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (February 17, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 21)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-144).

Thesis (M.A. in International Security and Civil-Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Harold Trinkunas, Jeanne Giraldo. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.