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Studiens syfte var att utifrån Nils Christies teori om det ideala offret, i kombination med ettgenusteoretiskt perspektiv analysera hur offer och gärningspersoner framställdes i TV-serien I Am a Killer. Den valda analysmetoden var tematisk analys. Studien visade att Christies idealtyper inte var vanligt förekommande, och att Christies icke-idealtyper var dominerande. Vidare visade studien att offer såväl som förövare inte framställdes olika utifrån deras könstillhörighet. Slutsatserna som gjordes var att Christies teori om idealtyper inte gick att applicera fullt ut på riktiga människor. I stället visade sig termen rollblandning vara mer tillämplig på verkliga människor och fall. Vidare var stereotypa idéer och föreställningar om män respektive kvinnor till viss del förekommande i materialet. Tidigare forskning gällande framställningen av kvinnliga offer och gärningspersoner samt manliga offer och gärningspersoner bekräftades till viss del men inte fullt ut. / The purpose of the study was to analyze how victims and offenders were portrayed in the Netflix series I Am a Killer, through Nils Christie’s theory of the ideal victim in combination with a gender theoretical perspective. The chosen method of analysis was a thematic content analysis. The study showed that Christie’s ideal types were not common and that non-ideal victims and offenders dominated. Furthermore, the study did not show that victims and offenders were portrayed differently based on their gender. The conclusions made were that Christie’s ideal types were not applicable in the realm of reality, the roles ”victim” and” offender” were generally intertwined which made the term victim-offender overlap more useful and accurate. Furthermore, stereotypical ideas regarding men and women were somewhat present in the material. To a certain extent that confirmed previous research regarding the portrayal of gender in media as well as in victimization and perpetratorship.

Plasmonic nanostructures can enhance light-matter interactions in the subwavelength domain, which is useful for photodetection, light emission, optical biosensing, and spectroscopy. However, conventional plasmonic devices are optimized to operate in a single wavelength band, which is not efficient for wavelength-multiplexed operations and quantum optical applications involving multi-photon nonlinear processes at multiple wavelength bands. Overcoming the limitations of single-resonant plasmonics requires development of plasmonic devices that can enhance the optical interactions at the same locations but at different resonance wavelengths. This dissertation comprehensively studies the theory, design, and applications of such devices, called "multiresonant plasmonic systems with spatial mode overlap". We start by a literature review to elucidate the importance of this topic as well as its current and potential applications. Then, we briefly discuss the fundamentals of plasmonic resonances and mode hybridization to thoroughly explore, classify, and compare the different architectures of the multiresonant plasmonic systems with spatial mode overlap. Also, we establish the black-box coupled mode theory to quantify the coupling of optical modes and analyze the complicated dynamics of optical interactions in multiresonant plasmonic systems. Next, we introduce the nanolaminate plasmonic crystals (NPCs), wafer-scale metamaterials structures that support many (>10) highly-excitable plasmonic modes with spatial overlap across the visible and near-infrared optical bands. The enabling factors behind the NPC's superior performance as multiresonant systems are also theoretically and experimentally investigated. After that, we experimentally demonstrate the NPCs application in simultaneous second harmonic generation and anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) with controllable nonlinear emission properties. By designing specific non-linear optical experiments and developing advanced ASPL models, this work addresses some important but previously unresolved questions on the ASPL mechanism as well. Finally, we conclude the dissertation by discussing the potential applications of out-of-plane plasmonic systems with spatial mode overlap in wavelength-multiplexed devices and presenting some preliminary results. / Doctor of Philosophy / Emergence of electronic devices such as cellphones and computers has revolutionized our lifestyles over the past century. By manipulating the flow/storage of electrons at the nanometer scale, electronic components can be very compact, but their speed and energy performance is ultimately limited due to ohmic losses and finite velocity of the electrons. In parallel, photonic devices and circuits have been proposed that by molding the flow of light can overcome the mentioned limitations but are not as integrable as their electronic counterparts. Plasmonics is an emerging research field that combines electronics and photonics using nanostructures that can couple the light waves to the free electrons in metals. By confining the light at deep subwavelength scales, plasmonic devices can highly enhance the light-matter interactions, with applications in ultrafast optical communications, energy-harvesting, optical sensing, and biodetection. Conventionally, plasmonic devices are optimized to operate with a single light color, which limits their performance in wavelength-multiplexed operations and ultrafast non-linear optics. For such applications, it is far more efficient to use the more advanced "multiresonant plasmonic systems with spatial mode overlap" that can enhance the optical interactions at the same locations but for multiple light colors. This dissertation comprehensively studies these systems in terms of the fundamental concepts, design ideas, and applications. Our work advances the plasmonic field from both science and technology perspectives. In particular, we explore and classify the strategies of building multiresonant plasmonic systems with spatial mode overlap for the first time. Also, we establish the black-box coupled mode theory, a novel framework for analysis and design of complicated plasmonic structures with optimized performance. Furthermore, we introduce the "nanolaminate plasmonic crystals" (NPCs), large area and cost-effective devices that can enhance the optical processes for both visible and near-infrared lights. Finally, we demonstrate NPCs ability in simultaneous frequency-doubling and broadband emission of light and come up with advanced theoretical models that can explain the light generation and color conversion in plasmonic devices.

This thesis delves into the complex dynamics of female involvement in criminal gang environments. These females can be divided into two groups: insiders, who are introduced to the environment through close acquaintances, and outsiders, who do not have close relationships within the environment. Through qualitative interviews with key informants from Danish law enforcement and municipalities, this thesis addresses the females’ motivation to engage with gang members as well as the potential consequences of these relationships. This thesis also examines the challenges field professionals face when engaging with these females, as well as which preventive initiatives could be implemented in Western Copenhagen. The findings from this thesis revealed that females are motivated to engage in relationships with criminals due to various factors, encompassing the desire for status, protection, and financial or material gain. A potential consequence of these relationships is the risk of becoming a victim of either psychological, physical, or sexual abuse. Conversely, another potential consequence of such relationships is the pressure or temptation to participate in crime, thereby becoming an offender themselves. In certain cases, there will thus be a victim-offender overlap.There is a notable lack of attention towards females involved in gang environments in the preventive work in Western Copenhagen. Additionally, there is currently no unified approach when working with these females. As a result, professionals encounter various challenges when working with females involved with gang members. It is thus important to increase awareness about this issue and implement early preventive strategies tailored to females in Western Copenhagen. Finally, this thesis finds that when field professionals engage with these females, it is crucial to maintain a holistic approach, considering the diverse motivations and consequences the females encounter.

One major challenge in representing the state of the atmosphere through weather forecast models, is the parametrization of sub-grid clouds. At every vertical column of grid cells within a weather forecast model, the fractional cloud cover is assumed to overlap according to a prescribed Cloud Overlap Assumption (COA). Since the total cloud cover is used in radiation schemes, the choice of COA affects e.g. radiative fluxes. High-quality weather forecasts is important for many aspects of the society, thus, the analysis of cloud parametrizations is significant. In this study, COAs for the HIRLAM ALADIN Research on mesoscale Modelling for NWP In Euromed (HARMONIE) - Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME) model were investigated for two time-periods. Moreover, validation methods of cloud cover for HARMONIE-AROME were analyzed due to uncertainties in cloud observations. Both satellite data derived from geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite and synoptic ground based observations were used to validate cloud cover in this project. It was found that HARMONIE-AROME underestimates the cloud cover during summer. Therefore, the random (RAN) COA is the preferred COA to use during time periods of mainly convective cloud processes. During the tested winter period, which is assumed to have most clouds of the stratiform type, the results regarding optimal COA were not certain. However, it was concluded that HARMONIE-AROME overestimates the cloud cover during winter, for in which case the maximum-random (MRN) COA is recommended to use. The comparative analysis of cloud cover as obtained from the COAs against observed cloud cover, was shown sensitive to the methods used to the observational data. Using a model grid of 25 km instead of 2.5 km when comparing synoptic observations to modelled cloud cover, the errors were reduced. When using binary satellite data, it was concluded that a 5x5 smoothing algorithm was the most appropriate to use since this averaging of several pixels are sufficient to represent sub-grid clouds.

Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of this thesis is on the optimal design, control and evaluation of 3-phase permanent magnet radial flux synchronous machines with non-overlapping, concentrated-coil, double layer stator windings for EV hub drive applications. A simple analytical method is developed that can be used as a first design tool. The method uses and predicts the MMF harmonic content for a certain pole-slot combination as well as the harmonic content for the air gap permeance function. These harmonics are then used to calculate the torque and torque ripple of machines with large stator slot openings and surface mounted permanent magnets. A different approach to calculate the iron, stator copper eddy current and magnet losses is presented. This method specifically looks at the machine during field weakening operation when the flux paths are changing in the machine. Flux density information throughout the machine is extracted from a series of static FE solutions, to calculate the losses and to combine this with an empirical formula. Some machine topology choices are compared for use as hub drives in small electric ve- hicles. The parameters that influence the machine design are discussed and evaluated after a multidimensional design optimization is done and an efficient control algorithm is imple- mented. The algorithm works through the entire operating speed range and make use of, automatically generated, 2D look up tables to determine the correct current reference. A stator lamination design is proposed, that combines the use of rectangular preformed coils and semi-closed stator slots. Two prototype machines, one with a good winding factor and the other with a low winding factor, are built and compared. The manufacturing and testing of the two prototype machines are described and shown in detail. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van hierdie tesis is op die optimale ontwerp, beheer en evaluasie van 3-fase per- manent magneet radiale vloed sinchroon masjiene met nie-oorvleuelende, gekonsentreerde, dubbel laag stator wikkelinge vir EV hub motor toepassings. ’n Eenvoudige analitiese metode is ontwikkel wat as ’n eerste ontwerp gereedskap stuk gebruik kan word. Die metode gebruik en voorspel die MMF se frekwensie inhoud vir ’n sekere pool-gleuf kombinasie sowel as die frekwensie inhoud vir die lug spleet permeansie funksie. Hierdie frekwensie inhoud word dan gebruik om die draaimoment en draaimoment riffel van masjiene met groot stator gleuf openinge en oppervlak magnete te voorspel. ’n Ander benadering om yster, stator koper werwel stroom en magneet verliese te bepaal word voorgestel. Hierdie metode kyk spesifiek na masjiene onder veld verswakking beheer wanneer die vloed paaie verander vanaf die normale. Die vloeddigtheid, regdeur die masjien, word verkry deur om van ’n reeks statiese eindige element oplossings gebruik te maak en dit te kombineer met ’n empiriese verliesberekening. Die parameters wat die masjienontwerp beïnvloed, word bespreek en geëvalueer na ’n mul- tidimensionele ontwerp optimering gedoen is en ’n effektiewe beheer algoritme geïmplimen- teer is. Die algoritme werk vir enige spoed en is gebaseer op die outomaties gegenereerde 2D opsoek tabelle wat die korrekte stroomverwysing gee. ’n Stator laminasie ontwerp word voorgestel wat die gebruik van vooraf vervaardigde spoele en gedeeltelik toe stator gleuwe moontlik maak. Twee prototipe masjiene, een met ’n goeie windingsfaktor en een met ’n swakker windingsfaktor is gebou en vergelyk. Die ver- vaardiging en toetsing van die twee prototipe masjiene word in detail beskryf en gewys.

引用文獻索引資料庫在Institute for Scientific Information(ISI)建置了Science Citation Index(SCI)與Social Science Citation Index(SSCI)以後，逐漸為學術界所重視，也帶動了傳統商業公司發展引用文獻索引資料庫之風潮，其中又以Science Citation Index-Expanded(SCIE)及後起之Scopus最為人稱道。但由於傳統商業公司對學者及圖書館收費過於高昂，引起學者及圖書館的反動，興起一陣由計畫及少數商業公司所發展，開放存取引用文獻索引資料庫之風潮，其中又以Google公司製作的Google Scholar，及NEC公司隨著計畫建置的CiteSeer最受人注目。 / 本研究採取實作法為研究方法，評比四個引用文獻索引資料庫的檢索介面及檢索細項之優劣。並以美國計算機械學會(ACM)頒發的杜林獎之50位得主為樣本，對SCIE、Scopus、CiteSeer及Google Scholar四個引用文獻索引資料庫進行作者檢索，逐一過濾檢索結果後，針對正確的檢索結果進行分析，比較四個引用文獻索引資料庫內部重複性與完整性，並交叉比對四個引用文獻索引資料庫兩兩比較之重複性、獨特性及完整性，並歸納造成此研究結果之原因。 / 研究結果發現SCIE與Scopus的檢索方式較容易，不會造成使用者太大的負擔，檢索方式也較為多元詳盡，其中又以Scopus的作者檢索使用最方便；而Google Scholar及CiteSeer皆主要利用一簡潔的檢索列，較難精準的檢索出所需資料。收錄資料完整度方面，Google Scholar收錄資料最多元，SCIE則涵蓋最完整之學術資源。交叉比對結果可得知，Google Scholar之資料獨特性最高；CiteSeer之收錄資料完整度最低。此外除了SCIE以外，其他三個引文索引資料庫皆收錄大量的網路資源。此外，美國計算機械學會的出版品則在四個引文索引資料庫中，皆扮演重要角色。 / 根據研究結果，對此四個引文索引資料庫提出建議，希望傳統商業引文索引資料庫能增加索引網路資源，並調整收費政策；開放存取引文索引資料庫應改正其書目著錄格式；希望圖書館能增加對引文索引資料庫使用之推廣，並教導使用者正確利用開放存取引文索引資料庫。 / 引文索引資料庫索引之文獻，已對學術評鑑造成很大的影響。圖書館應實地使用並引導使用者正確的利用引文索引資料庫，及使用網路資源的正確觀念。如此方可協助使用者不在浩瀚之網路資源中迷失。 / After Institute for Scientific Information(ISI) made Science Citation Index(SCI) and Social Science Citation Index(SSCI), Scholars progressively took notice of citation indexing databases. Commercial Companies also had begun to expand citation indexing database like the famous products are Science Citation Index-Expanded(SCIE). However, the commercial companies charged too much for using the database. So it excited the development of open access(OA) citation indexing database, instant of Google Scholar and CiteSeer. / OA means that people can use these citation indexing database for free. This paper aims to adopt comparison as four databases’ retrieval interface, and unique and overlap of documents of the subjects of computing machinery and electrical engineering. The research subjects are composed of OA and traditional commercial citation indexing database in the follow: SCIE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and CiteSeer. Moreover, this research retrieved all documents of Turing award winners in the four citation indexing databases, in order to examine these four citation indexing databases’ unique and overlap. / As a consequence, this study provides the findings as follows : Firstly, traditional commercial citation indexing databases (SCIE and Scopus) have the easier retrieval interface and various searching forms. The Google Scholar collects more multiform resources of retrieval results, and SCIE completed collects scholarly literatures. We make a comparison to find that Google Scholar has much more unique data, but CiteSeer is completely less in four citation indexing databases. Besides SCIE, another three citation indexing databases conclude a large number of internet data. Finally, publications of The Association of Computing Machinery(ACM) play an important role in the four citation indexing databases.

Cerebral autoregulation describes the clinically observed phenomenon that cerebral blood flow remains relatively constant in healthy human subjects despite large systemic changes in blood pressure, dissolved blood gas concentrations, heart rate and other systemic variables. Cerebral autoregulation is known to be impaired post ischaemic stroke, after severe head injury, in patients suffering from autonomic dysfunction and under the action of various drugs. Cerebral auto-regulation is a dynamic, multivariate phenomenon. Sensitive techniques are required to monitor cerebral auto-regulation in a clinical setting. This thesis presents 4 related signal processing studies of cerebral autoregulation. The first study shows how consideration of changes in blood gas concentrations simultaneously with changes in blood pressure can improve the accuracy of an existing frequency domain technique for monitoring cerebral autoregulation from spontaneous fluctuations in blood pressure and a transcranial doppler measure of cerebral blood flow velocity. The second study shows how the continuous wavelet transform can be used to investigate coupling between blood pressure and near infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral haemodynamics in patients with autonomic failure. This introduces time information into the frequency based assessment, however neglects the contribution of blood gas concentrations. The third study shows how this limitation can be resolved by introducing a new time-varying multivariate system identification algorithm based around the dual tree undecimated wavelet transform. All frequency and time-frequency domain methods of monitoring cerebral autoregulation assume linear coupling between the variables under consideration. The fourth study therefore considers nonlinear techniques of monitoring cerebral autoregulation, and illustrates some of the difficulties inherent in this form of analysis. The general approach taken in this thesis is to formulate a simple system model; usually in the form of an ODE or a stochastic process. The form of the model is adapted to encapsulate a hypothesis about features of cerebral autoregulation, particularly those features that may be difficult to recover using existing methods of analysis. The performance of the proposed method of analysis is then evaluated under these conditions. After this testing, the techniques are then applied to data provided by the Laboratory of Human Cerebrovascular Physiology in Alberta, Canada, and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in London, UK.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.