<p>Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the process of overtraining syndrome as a part of development in sports and careers. It is based on theories about overtraining syndrome and athlete career transitions. The intention was to find patterns that illustrate critical factors in the athlete career for overtraining syndrome to occur, but also for preventing overtraining syndrome to emerge and for rehabilitation.</p><p>The Informant was a 19 years old man who had completed his studies at a Swedish sports-“gymnasium”. Two semi structured interviews were made, the second as a following up interview. The material was analysed by a qualitative content analysis including a constant comparing method. </p><p>The result showed that the Informant developed an overtraining syndrome during his first year as an elite junior athlete at the sports-“gymnasium”. It took one year from the occurrence of the first symptoms until initiating interventions and a second year of rehabilitation before the Informant was totally recovered. Imbalance in the stress-recovery process because physiological and psychological sports demands as well as lack of cognitive skills was possible factors for the beginning of the overtraining syndrome. Factors for preventing origination were the Informants motivation, cognitive skills along with social support.</p><p>In summary it is proposed to focus on interaction between models and theories about overtraining syndrome and athletic career transitions, in purpose to prevent overtraining syndrome to occur when young athletes transcend to high achievement junior sports, including its structure.</p><p>Sammanfattning: Syftet med studien var att studera processen för överträningssyndrom som en del i idrotts- och karriärutvecklingen utifrån teorier om överträningssyndrom och idrottskarriärövergångar. Avsikten var att finna mönster som belyste faktorer och kritiska skeden i idrottskarriären för att överträningssyndrom ska uppstå samt för att förhindra detta och underlätta rehabilitering.</p><p>Informant var en 19 årig man som avslutat tre års studier på idrottsgymnasium. </p><p>Två semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, den senare intervjun som uppföljningsintervju. Materialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en konstant jämförande metod. Resultaten visade att under det första året som elitidrottande junior på idrottsgymnasium utvecklade Informanten ett överträningssyndrom. Det tog ett år från att första symtomen uppmärksammades till att intervention påbörjades och ytterligare ett års rehabilitering innan Informanten var helt återställd. Tänkbara orsaker till uppkomsten var obalans i stress-återhämtningsprocessen, framförallt beroende på idrottsliga fysiska och psykologiska krav och brist på kognitiva förmågor. Faktorer för att förhindra uppkomst och i rehabilitering antas vara Informantens motivation och kognitiva förmågor samt socialt stöd. </p><p>Sammantaget antas att interaktion mellan modeller och teorier om överträningssyndrom och idrottskarriärövergångar ska ses som en helhet i syfte att förhindra uppkomst av överträningssyndrom då unga idrottare övergår till högpresterande junioridrott och dess struktur.</p>

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the process of overtraining syndrome as a part of development in sports and careers. It is based on theories about overtraining syndrome and athlete career transitions. The intention was to find patterns that illustrate critical factors in the athlete career for overtraining syndrome to occur, but also for preventing overtraining syndrome to emerge and for rehabilitation. The Informant was a 19 years old man who had completed his studies at a Swedish sports-“gymnasium”. Two semi structured interviews were made, the second as a following up interview. The material was analysed by a qualitative content analysis including a constant comparing method. The result showed that the Informant developed an overtraining syndrome during his first year as an elite junior athlete at the sports-“gymnasium”. It took one year from the occurrence of the first symptoms until initiating interventions and a second year of rehabilitation before the Informant was totally recovered. Imbalance in the stress-recovery process because physiological and psychological sports demands as well as lack of cognitive skills was possible factors for the beginning of the overtraining syndrome. Factors for preventing origination were the Informants motivation, cognitive skills along with social support. In summary it is proposed to focus on interaction between models and theories about overtraining syndrome and athletic career transitions, in purpose to prevent overtraining syndrome to occur when young athletes transcend to high achievement junior sports, including its structure. Sammanfattning: Syftet med studien var att studera processen för överträningssyndrom som en del i idrotts- och karriärutvecklingen utifrån teorier om överträningssyndrom och idrottskarriärövergångar. Avsikten var att finna mönster som belyste faktorer och kritiska skeden i idrottskarriären för att överträningssyndrom ska uppstå samt för att förhindra detta och underlätta rehabilitering. Informant var en 19 årig man som avslutat tre års studier på idrottsgymnasium. Två semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, den senare intervjun som uppföljningsintervju. Materialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en konstant jämförande metod. Resultaten visade att under det första året som elitidrottande junior på idrottsgymnasium utvecklade Informanten ett överträningssyndrom. Det tog ett år från att första symtomen uppmärksammades till att intervention påbörjades och ytterligare ett års rehabilitering innan Informanten var helt återställd. Tänkbara orsaker till uppkomsten var obalans i stress-återhämtningsprocessen, framförallt beroende på idrottsliga fysiska och psykologiska krav och brist på kognitiva förmågor. Faktorer för att förhindra uppkomst och i rehabilitering antas vara Informantens motivation och kognitiva förmågor samt socialt stöd. Sammantaget antas att interaktion mellan modeller och teorier om överträningssyndrom och idrottskarriärövergångar ska ses som en helhet i syfte att förhindra uppkomst av överträningssyndrom då unga idrottare övergår till högpresterande junioridrott och dess struktur.

Introduction Wrestling is a competitive and intermittent combat sport characterised mainly by strength components. Few researchers have examined nonfunctional overreaching in strength-based athletes, such as wrestlers, despite being prevalent. To prevent the more severe condition of overtraining syndrome, it is important to detect early maladaptation, i.e., nonfunctional overreaching. Due to its complex nature, most studies have not managed to develop nonfunctional overreaching conditions in athletes. The purpose of this review is to broadly summarize previous research on functional overreaching, nonfunctional overreaching, and overtraining syndrome to examine useful methods to assess nonfuntional overreaching in wrestlers. Method Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science were used with various combinations of nonfuntional overreaching OR overreaching OR overtraining syndrome. Subjective and objective methods that could be useful to adapt to wrestling to assess nonfunctional overreaching were summarized and discussed. Studies conducted on athletes or physically active individuals in various sports engaging in seasonal training or a moderate to high-intensity training intervention of at least six days or are nonfunctionally overreached were included. Included studies are published original articles and reviews. Results There are few studies on wrestlers regarding nonfunctional overreaching. Biochemical and physiological factors have been inconsistent, a relation between nonfunctional overreaching and decrements in maximal muscular strength and vertical jump height have been reported. Profile of Mood States, Perceived Recovery Status, and Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes have been successfully used to detect nonfunctional overreaching, only the latter being a comprehensive enough monitoring tool. Conclusion To adequately assess nonfunctional overreaching in wrestlers, psychological tools together with performance testing with baseline and follow-up values are emphasised. As specific objective or subjective markers seem to be lacking, coaches should use an individual approach when monitoring wrestlers. Consequently, more studies are needed to determine the validity and reliability of these methods in assessing nonfunctional overreaching in wrestlers.

No description available.

Background: The number of women participating in sports has increased dramatically, though research in sports are often performed on men. Physical exercise is known to increase physical performance and improve well-being. Although exercise has beneficial health effects for most of the women, it is known that strenuous exercise may also have negative health consequences. Common are menstrual dysfunctions and the medical effects of a long-standing amenorrhea are serious. Moreover, strenuous exercise without adequate recovery may lead to overreaching (OR) /overtraining syndrome (OTS). An improved muscle strength are of great importance in many sports, hence an increased understanding on how to generate optimal strength training programs in women without negative side effects are essential. The aims of this thesis were to investigate the effects on strength and power of high frequency periodised leg resistance training to evaluate a training regime and moreover to investigate if the training was well accepted and without potential exercise-related negative consequences. Moreover, to provide normative data on oxytocin and cortisol to elucidate if these hormones could be one diagnostic marker in combination with others to monitor and diagnose female athletes that may be at risk to develop OR/OTS. Methods: Fifty-nine women, participated in the four month intervention study. Two groups performed high frequency leg resistance training for two weeks of each menstrual/oral contraceptive (OC) cycle. The remaining part of the cycle they performed the leg training once a week. Group 1, trained with high frequency (5 times·w-1) during the first two weeks of each cycle, and group 2, during the last two weeks of each cycle. A control group performed regular (3 times·w-1) leg resistance training. Another 33 women participated in the observational study. The OC users and non-users, were followed over a nine-month period with monthly blood sampling of oxytocin and cortisol, and the Profile of Mood State (POMS) as a subjective measure of OR/OTS. Results: The women who performed high frequency leg resistance training, 5 times·w-1, during the first two weeks of each cycle showed significant increase in jump height, peak torque values in hamstrings, increased lean body mass of the legs, and their experiences of the training were positive. These results were not found when the periodised training was performed during the last two weeks of each cycle. In the control group an increase in jump height, and peak torque (left hamstring) was observed. There were no evident differences in the training effects between women with or without OC use. Moreover, no exercise-related negative consequences were detected in any of the three groups. The women in the observational study showed seasonal variations in oxytocin and cortisol, with different pattern in OC users to non-users. No convincing relationships to POMS were found.  Conclusions: The high frequency periodised leg resistance training during the first two weeks of the cycle is more beneficial to optimize resistance training, than the last two weeks. The high frequency periodised leg resistance training was not associated with exercise-related negative consequences and was well accepted when performed during the first two weeks of each cycle. Due to seasonality and impact of OC use, oxytocin and cortisol are not suggested to be optimal, diagnostic markers alone/in combination with others, to detect OR/OTS in physically active women.

Titrating training volume to optimize physical readiness and avoid training distress in swimmers is a difficult challenge for coaches. The purpose of this study was to examine alterations in mood state in collegiate swimmers throughout an entire season and determine if there were differences across time, between training groups, gender, and year in school. A swim test was also employed to determine if alterations in swim times were associated with mood disturbance. Mood state and the swim test times were measured every three weeks. The results showed significant alterations in total mood disturbance (TMD) across time; and between genders, year in school and training group. When training volume was the highest, TMD in the swimmers had the greatest perturbations. These time periods were also associated with small but significant increases in the swim test times. These results indicate that use of the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire and a physiological swim test may be useful for detecting training distress in swimmers. Swim coaches may benefit from employing either or both of these tools for designing and tailoring training sessions and tapering for optimal performance.