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Intense training for prolonged periods of time without adequate recovery can result in psychological problems and increased susceptibility to illness and injury in collegiate athletes. The Cognitive-Affective Model of Athletic Burnout (Smith, 1986), a framework for understanding the relationships among stressors, identifies cognitive appraisal as the mediating factor between negative or positive health outcomes, and therefore could be a target of interventions to reduce overtraining, burnout, injury, and illness. Mental toughness, the ability to perform at one’s best regardless of the circumstances, is a modifiable psychological construct that may influence cognitive appraisal. Altering an athlete’s interpretation of stressful situations through mental toughness training could change how the athlete evaluates his/her ability to handle the stressors of training and competition, and may attenuate negative psychological outcomes associated with increased illness and injury risk. The purpose of this study was to establish cross-sectional relationships among mental toughness and psychological and physical variables, implement an online Mental Toughness Training Program, and evaluate the impact of the training on changes in mental toughness, mood disturbances, athlete burnout, coping ability, depression, physical symptoms, and perceived stress before, during, and after the intervention program. Female student athletes from a private Division III institution on the varsity Field Hockey (N=19) and Soccer (N=28) teams participated in this study. All participants (N=47) provided cross-sectional data demonstrating that mental toughness was significantly correlated with total mood disturbance (ρ=-0.51, p≤.01), depression (ρ=-0.49, p≤.01), perceived stress (ρ=-0.53, p≤.01), and athlete burnout (ρ=-.46, p≤.01). Thirty-seven athletes (N= 16 Field Hockey, N=21 Soccer) were randomly assigned by team to the six-week Mental Toughness Training Program, involving psychological skills training, or control condition, and had longitudinal data available for analysis. Mental toughness levels were significantly increased in the intervention group from pre- to post-training. The training led to significant attenuations in levels of athlete burnout, depression, physical symptoms, and perceived stress. These findings show that mental toughness is associated with psychological variables, and mental toughness training had a positive impact on variables that have been associated with increased risk of injury in collegiate athletes.

O nível de treinamento desportivo e de desempenho no futebol expõe os atletas a uma elevada exigência física, fisiológica e psicológica. Assim, as preocupações pela interferência desses aspectos no desempenho do jogador se tornaram constantes. Inúmeros estudos foram realizados para verificar os estados emocionais de jogadores, correlacionando estes estados com o desempenho, o que proporciona mais subsídios para uma preparação completa do atleta. Entretanto, vê-se a necessidade de novos estudos que relacionem os estados de ânimo com o desempenho em jogadores de futebol de campo, em função da posição que o jogador atua, analisando não apenas os estados negativos, comumente encontrados na literatura, mas também os positivos. O presente estudo analisou a relação entre os estados de ânimo presentes no jogador de futebol e seu desempenho durante uma partida, em função da posição que atua em campo. Em um primeiro experimento, foram analisadas as gravações de quatro partidas de futebol de campo, nas quais foram descritos os comportamentos de 45 atletas e elaborado um Sistema de Categorias Comportamentais (SCC). Em um segundo experimento, 18 atletas de uma equipe de futebol foram submetidos, no período pré-competição, à Lista de Estados de Ânimo Presentes (LEAP), em três partidas. Durante estas partidas, três jogadores de diferentes posições foram observados. A partir dos vídeos, as subcategorias que se apresentaram, por meio das ações dos jogadores, foram descritas a cada 15 segundos numa folha de registros, permitindo a organização da frequência das categorias comportamentais. Foram analisadas as possíveis relações entre os dados obtidos com a LEAP e com o SCC. Os resultados mostraram um perfil comum de estados de ânimo presentes para todos os jogadores e um perfil específico para as posições, além da presença de posições que compartilharam estados de ânimo presentes. Os três grupos apresentaram um desempenho com altas frequências de categorias características à função exercida por sua posição e baixas frequências de categorias não relacionadas à suas funções. Os dados sugerem uma relação entre o estado de ânimo específico das posições e seu desempenho, uma vez que houve uma relação entre os dados de estados de ânimo presentes, obtidos com a LEAP, e o desempenho dos jogadores, obtido com o SCC. Conclui-se que esta pesquisa, no seu nível descritivo, permitiu identificar relações entre os estados de ânimo pré-competição e o desempenho do atleta, nas funções específicas de posição, o que evidencia compatibilidade dos estados de ânimo pré-competição e das funções do atleta com os fundamentos reconhecidos pela estrutura envolvida numa competição esportiva. / The level of sports training and performance in soccer exposes athletes to very high physical demands, either physiological and psychological. Thus, by interference of these aspects concerns the performance of the player became constant. Numerous studies have been conducted to ascertain the emotional states of players, these states correlating with the performance, which provides more support for a thorough preparation of the athlete. However, we see the need for new studies that relate mood states with performance in soccer players, depending on the position that the player acts, analyzing not only the negative states, commonly found in the literature, but also positive. The present study examined the relationship between present moods states in soccer players and their performance during a game, depending on the position that works in the field. In a first phase, we analyzed the recordings of four soccer matches, in which were described the behaviors of 45 athletes and developed a System of Behavioral Categories (SCC). In a second phase, 18 athletes from a soccer team underwent, at the pre-competition, the List Present Mood States (LEAP) in three games. During these matches, three players from different positions were observed. From the videos, the subcategories showed, through the actions of the players were described every 15 seconds on a sheet of records, allowing the organization of the frequency of behavioral categories. We analyzed possible relationships between the data obtained with the LEAP and the SCC. The results showed a common profile of present mood states for all players and a specific profile for the positions, and the presence of positions that share present mood states. The three groups showed similar performance with high-frequency characteristics of the categories function performed by its position and low frequency of categories not related to their duties. The data suggested a link between specific mood states from own positions and their performance, since there was a relationship between data from present mood states, obtained with LEAP, and the performance of the players, obtained with the SCC. We conclude that this research, in its descriptive level, leads to identify relationships between mood states pre-competition and athlete\'s performance, in the specific functions of position, which shows compatibility of mood states pre-competition and functions of the athlete on the grounds recognized by the structure involved in a sports competition.

Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar os tipos psicológicos mais recorrentes no grupo de atletas analisados e verificar a influência do treinamento psicológico nos estados de humor e desempenho técnico. A amostra foi composta por 17 atletas de basquetebol de alto rendimento, componentes de duas equipes que disputaram os Jogos Regionais de São Paulo, em 2007. Cada equipe realizou seis jogos no referido campeonato.As equipes foram divididas em grupo experimental (equipe A com treinamento psicológico n=9) e grupo controle (equipe B sem treinamento psicológico n=8). Ambas as equipes responderam aos seguintes instrumentos: QUATI (para identificação dos tipos psicológicos), aplicado uma única vez um mês antes da competição e BRAMS (versão brasileira do POMS), que foi aplicado em quatro momentos diferentes (um mês e uma semana antes da competição, e 1º. e 3º. jogos). A essas equipes também foi aplicado o Índice de Eficiência Técnica (adotado pela Confederação Brasileira de Basketball) nos jogos da referida competição. Para o tratamento dos dados foram utilizadas ANOVA e Coeficiente de Correlação de Postos de Spearman.A equipe A foi submetida ao treinamento psicológico baseado no programa desenvolvido por SUINN (1988). Os resultados apontaram que houve uma predominância do tipo psicológico voltado ao pensamento na equipe A, enquanto que na equipe B os tipos predominantes foram sensação e intuição. Houve um equilíbrio entre as atitudes de introversão e extroversão nas duas equipes. Em relação aos estados de humor, a equipe A apresentou os estados negativos (tensão, depressão, raiva, fadiga e confusão) abaixo do percentil 50 nos momentos 3 e 4 e acima desse percentil nos momentos 1 e 2. Já o estado de humor positivo (vigor) esteve acima do percentil 50 durante todo o período competitivo. Na equipe B, os estados de humor negativos estiveram acima do percentil 50 durante toda a competição, exceto a tensão nos momentos 2, 3 e 4. O estado de humor positivo (vigor) obteve os mesmos índices apresentados pela equipe A. Ao correlacionar-se os estados de humor com os índices de eficiência técnica não foram observados resultados significantes para a equipe A, enquanto que a equipe B apresentou uma forte correlação negativa entre o estado de humor confusão e o índice de eficiência do terceiro jogo (-0,90). Apesar da curta duração do trabalho realizado pode-se considerar que o treinamento psicológico teve sua contribuição na melhora dos níveis de estados de humor dos atletas e não houve correlação significante entre os estados de humor e o índice de eficiência técnica para a equipe A. / The purposes of this study were to identify the most frequent psychological types among a group of high level athletes and to verify the influence of psychological training in mood states and technical performance of those athletes. The sample were composed by 17 high level basketball players, competing for two teams at Regional Championship in the State of São Paulo, in 2007. Each team played six games at this tournament. The teams were divided in two groups: Team A (experimental group with psychological training program n=9) and Team B (control group without psychological training program n=8). Both teams answered the following inventories: QUATI (for the identification the psychological types - just one month before competition); BRAMS (Brazilian version of POMS in four different moments: one month and one week before competition and before first and third games during competition). The teams were also assessed by a Technical Efficienfy Index (EFI - adopted by Brazilian Basketball Confederation) during all games. Data analysis were made using ANOVA and Spearman Rank Correlation. The Psychological Trainning Program was based on SUINN (1988). The results showed a predominance of psychological type thought in team A, while psychological types sensation and intuition were predominant in team B. In both teams the functions introversion and extroversion were present at the same level. Concerning mood states, team A presented all negative factors (tension, depression, anger, confusion and fatigue) bellow percentile 50 in moments 3 and 4 and above this percentile in moments 1 and 2. The positive factor vigor was above percentile 50 all time long. In team B, the negative mood states were above percentile 50 all over the competition, except factor tension in moments 2, 3 and 4. The factor vigor presented the same level as team A. There wasn´t significative correlation between each mood state and technical performance index for both teams during the games, except for team B for the factor confusion and EFI at third game. Despite of brief duration of realized work it is possible to consider that the psychological training had your contribution in levels of mood states improvement the athletes and there wasn´t significative correlation between each mood state and technical performance index for team A

O nível de treinamento desportivo e de desempenho no futebol expõe os atletas a uma elevada exigência física, fisiológica e psicológica. Assim, as preocupações pela interferência desses aspectos no desempenho do jogador se tornaram constantes. Inúmeros estudos foram realizados para verificar os estados emocionais de jogadores, correlacionando estes estados com o desempenho, o que proporciona mais subsídios para uma preparação completa do atleta. Entretanto, vê-se a necessidade de novos estudos que relacionem os estados de ânimo com o desempenho em jogadores de futebol de campo, em função da posição que o jogador atua, analisando não apenas os estados negativos, comumente encontrados na literatura, mas também os positivos. O presente estudo analisou a relação entre os estados de ânimo presentes no jogador de futebol e seu desempenho durante uma partida, em função da posição que atua em campo. Em um primeiro experimento, foram analisadas as gravações de quatro partidas de futebol de campo, nas quais foram descritos os comportamentos de 45 atletas e elaborado um Sistema de Categorias Comportamentais (SCC). Em um segundo experimento, 18 atletas de uma equipe de futebol foram submetidos, no período pré-competição, à Lista de Estados de Ânimo Presentes (LEAP), em três partidas. Durante estas partidas, três jogadores de diferentes posições foram observados. A partir dos vídeos, as subcategorias que se apresentaram, por meio das ações dos jogadores, foram descritas a cada 15 segundos numa folha de registros, permitindo a organização da frequência das categorias comportamentais. Foram analisadas as possíveis relações entre os dados obtidos com a LEAP e com o SCC. Os resultados mostraram um perfil comum de estados de ânimo presentes para todos os jogadores e um perfil específico para as posições, além da presença de posições que compartilharam estados de ânimo presentes. Os três grupos apresentaram um desempenho com altas frequências de categorias características à função exercida por sua posição e baixas frequências de categorias não relacionadas à suas funções. Os dados sugerem uma relação entre o estado de ânimo específico das posições e seu desempenho, uma vez que houve uma relação entre os dados de estados de ânimo presentes, obtidos com a LEAP, e o desempenho dos jogadores, obtido com o SCC. Conclui-se que esta pesquisa, no seu nível descritivo, permitiu identificar relações entre os estados de ânimo pré-competição e o desempenho do atleta, nas funções específicas de posição, o que evidencia compatibilidade dos estados de ânimo pré-competição e das funções do atleta com os fundamentos reconhecidos pela estrutura envolvida numa competição esportiva. / The level of sports training and performance in soccer exposes athletes to very high physical demands, either physiological and psychological. Thus, by interference of these aspects concerns the performance of the player became constant. Numerous studies have been conducted to ascertain the emotional states of players, these states correlating with the performance, which provides more support for a thorough preparation of the athlete. However, we see the need for new studies that relate mood states with performance in soccer players, depending on the position that the player acts, analyzing not only the negative states, commonly found in the literature, but also positive. The present study examined the relationship between present moods states in soccer players and their performance during a game, depending on the position that works in the field. In a first phase, we analyzed the recordings of four soccer matches, in which were described the behaviors of 45 athletes and developed a System of Behavioral Categories (SCC). In a second phase, 18 athletes from a soccer team underwent, at the pre-competition, the List Present Mood States (LEAP) in three games. During these matches, three players from different positions were observed. From the videos, the subcategories showed, through the actions of the players were described every 15 seconds on a sheet of records, allowing the organization of the frequency of behavioral categories. We analyzed possible relationships between the data obtained with the LEAP and the SCC. The results showed a common profile of present mood states for all players and a specific profile for the positions, and the presence of positions that share present mood states. The three groups showed similar performance with high-frequency characteristics of the categories function performed by its position and low frequency of categories not related to their duties. The data suggested a link between specific mood states from own positions and their performance, since there was a relationship between data from present mood states, obtained with LEAP, and the performance of the players, obtained with the SCC. We conclude that this research, in its descriptive level, leads to identify relationships between mood states pre-competition and athlete\'s performance, in the specific functions of position, which shows compatibility of mood states pre-competition and functions of the athlete on the grounds recognized by the structure involved in a sports competition.

In the extant literature, it is possible to find many studies focusing on antecedents of OCB, both cognitive factors and affective factors. However, previous research made limited contribution to the literature, since it did not focus on an integrative model covering both cognitive and affective factors. In this study it was aimed to search an integrative relationship among OCB, cognitive factors and affective factors. Following previous literature, justice perceptions and mood states of employees were taken as cognitive and affective factors respectively. Main purpose of this study is to see the individual influence of justice perceptions and positive mood states on OCB, while also testing a possible mediating role of justice perceptions between positive mood states and OCB. A Turkish public bank was chosen for conducting the survey. After missing value and outlier analysis 210 participants were left. Employees of the bank were asked to rate the items measuring OCB, justice perceptions and mood states. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to test suggested propositions. In line with literature, both aggregate variable of justice perceptions and positive mood states were found to be positively associated with OCB. However, justice perceptions

Pregnancy is a time of alternating states of inflammation. The establishment of pregnancy is marked by controlled inflammation and transition toward an anti-inflammatory state for much of the gestational period before returning to an inflammatory state at the onset of labor. Stress and depression trigger the HPA Axis to produce cortisol and levels are maintained in a state of elevation during pregnancy and continue to rise before parturition. The aim of this research was to explore the relationship of gestational age at delivery with mid-pregnancy levels of cytokines, stress and depression. Participant samples (N = 122) were collected between 16 and 26 weeks gestation and analyzed for 14 cytokines using a bead-based multiplex assay. Plasma cortisol was also measured along with demographic variables and measures of perceived stress and dysphoric mood. Results of Pearson's correlations showed that gestational age at delivery was significantly inversely correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-ã and anti-inflammatory IL-13. A significant positive correlation was noted with the number of pregnancies in the obstetric history and pregnancy length. Both cortisol and stress were not correlated with gestational age at delivery.

abstract: The popularization of energy drink use as a supplement to exercise is steadily increasing, especially among young adult males. However, the effects of energy drinks on muscular performance in young adults have yet to be clearly elucidated. Eight male subjects (mean age: 23.3 ± 4.3 yrs, height: 181.0 ± 5.3 cm, fat percent 17.8 ± 5.2%, and weight 85.3 ± 12.6 kg) completed this randomized double-blinded cross over study. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in acute muscular strength and endurance and Profile of Mood States (POMS) scores between three treatments (RockStar, sugar-free RockStar, and sugar-free caffeine-free Placebo). It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in acute peak torque and endurance of the knee extensors and flexors or on fatigue and vigor subscores from the POMS questionnaire. Each man was tested randomly at least 1 week apart. Diet and time of day were held constant across trials. Peak torque of knee extensors and flexors at 60, 180, 240 degress/second and fatigue index and total work were calculated by performing 50 repetitions at 240 degrees/second. There were no significant differences in peak torque, fatigue index, or total work measures or in subjective measures of fatigue or vigor from the POMS between the treatments. This study indicates that RockStar energy drinks have no acute ergogenic effects in young men performing isokinetic strength or endurance testing. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Exercise and Wellness 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rebustini_f_me_rcla.pdf: 346678 bytes, checksum: 9dcb289b8a6b3d14867657c4560fee4d (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Nos últimos 30 anos, o estudo dos estados de humor tem sido um dos assuntos mais abordados pela psicometria esportiva. Contudo, um dos grandes desafios é conseguir identificar e mensurar a interferência dos fatores externos (família, amigos e escola) sobre os mesmos e seus reflexos sobre a estruturação do treinamento. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi tentar avaliar o impacto dos fatores externos sobre os estados de humor. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi realizada com uma equipe de voleibol feminina infantil (14 e 15 anos) que compete regularmente nos campeonatos organizados pela Federação Paulista de Voleibol. A mensuração dos estados de humor foi feita por meio do teste POMS (Profile of Mood States) que avalia 6 estados de humor: Tensão, Depressão, Raiva, Vigor, Fadiga e Confusão, ainda adotamos um 7° indicador denominado IEEA (índice de equilíbrio emocional atual), calculado a partir do Vigor subtraído da somatória das outras variáveis. Acrescentamos 4 questões a planilha do POMS para que pudéssemos relacionar os estados de humor ao objetivo de verificar os fatores externos, que foram: Como você está se sentindo em relação ao seu dia até agora? Como você está em relação a sua convivência em casa com seus pais, irmãos e familiares? Como está o relacionamento com suas amigas? e, Como você está na escola em relação a suas notas, tarefas e desempenho?. Foi utilizada uma escala de 1 a 5 (1 muito mal a 5 muito bem) para que a atleta pudesse intensificar sua percepção para cada um dos fatores. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da correlação de Pearson e a análise de variância Anova One Way, Scheffé post hoc test, em ambos os casos foi adotado o nível de significância de p<0.01. Os resultados apontaram haver diferenças significativas entre os níveis de intensidade... . / For over 30 years, the study of the mood states has been one of the subjects most studied in the sport s psychometric. However, one of the greatest challenges is to obtain to identify and to measure the interference of the external factors (family, friends and school) on the mood states and its consequences on the training planning. Therefore, the aim of this study was to try to evaluate the impact of the external factors on the mood states. So, the research was done with young volleyball female athlete participants (14 and 15 years old) that play regularly in the championships organized by the Sao Paulo State Volleyball Federation. To measure the mood states was used the POMS Test (Profile of Mood States) that it evaluates 6 mood states: Tension, Depression, Anger, Vigor, Fatigue and Confusion, still we adopt a 7th one indicator called IEEA (index of current emotional equilibrium), calculated from the Vigor deducted from the sum of negative factors. We add 4 questions in the POMS sheet to relate the mood states and external factors intensity, that had been: How are you feeling regarding your day? How are you feeling about your relationship with your parents and relatives? How are you feeling about your friends? And, How are you in the school in relation regarding your grade, tasks and performance. A scale of 5 points was applied, regarding 1 very bad, 2 bad, 3 normal, 4 well and 5 very well, for that athlete could intensify its perception for each one of the factors. It was used an analysis of variance Anova One Way and Scheffé post hoc test and the correlation of Pearson, the techniques had adopted as level of significance (p<0.01). The results had pointed out some significant differences between the levels of intensity in the external factors and the mood states. To Depression, Vigor... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Brandt.pdf: 781933 bytes, checksum: 509321a63f72caaf08d7623e963701f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Mood states in levels considered adjusted contribute excessively for the best sport income. The objective of the research was to characterize the athletes of the Brazilian National Sailing Team and to evaluate the mood states during the Panamerican Games. This is a descriptive correlacional research that used as instruments the "Questionnaire of characterization, auto-evaluation of the life style, faith spirituality" of Andrade (2001) and the "Brazilian Scale of Mood (BRAMS)" of Rohlfs (2004). The study was made during the Panamerican Games with athletes of the Brazilian National Sailing Team. The collections of the data was made in the Hotel where the athletes were lodged, before and after the regattas and in the place of the competition, after the regattas. Six athletes participated of the study (five men and a woman) by convenience or accessibility, between 19 and 39 years ( x =25 ±3,1) that had competed in different classrooms in the sail (Hob Cat 16, Snipe, feminine masculine Rs:X and, Sunfish and J-24). The results demonstrate that the majority of the athletes presents excellent health, good quality of sleep and rest. The majority of the athletes are Jewish and catholics and believe a little in the aid of a superior being in the solutions of problems, recovery of illness or injury as well as in the sport income. In general way the athletes had presented good mood condition during the competition and the main alterations had been in the levels of anger and tension that, from empirical evidences, is considered that these variable in raised levels, can contribute positively in the sport income and are evident that better quality of sleep has relation with more positive states of mood. We concluded that the mood profile of the athletes of the Brazilian National Sailing Team during the Panamerican Games consists in high levels of vigor and low of fatigue, associates to moderate levels of tension, depression, confusion and extremely raised of anger. To understand better the mood states it is necessary to know deeply the athlete all and the context that surrounds him. / Estados de humor em níveis considerados adequados contribuem sobremaneira para o melhor rendimento esportivo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi caracterizar os atletas da seleção brasileira de vela e avaliar os estados de humor durante os Jogos Pan-americanos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva do tipo correlacional que utilizou como instrumentos o Questionário de caracterização geral dos atletas de alto rendimento na vela adaptado de Andrade (2001) e a Escala Brasileira de Humor (BRAMS) de Rohlfs (2004). O estudo foi realizado durante os Jogos Pan-americanos com atletas da seleção brasileira de vela. As coletas de dados foram realizadas no Hotel onde os atletas estavam hospedados (pré-regatas) e no local da competição (pós-regatas). Participaram seis atletas (cinco homens e uma mulher) por conveniência ou acessibilidade, entre 19 e 39 anos ( x =25 ±3,1) que competiram em diferentes classes na vela (Hob Cat 16, Snipe, Rs:X masculino e feminina, Sunfish e J-24). Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos atletas apresenta excelente saúde, boa qualidade do sono, descanso e repouso. Em sua maioria os atletas são católicos e judaicos e crêem pouco na ajuda de um ser superior nas soluções de problemas, recuperação de doença ou lesão bem como no rendimento esportivo. De maneira geral os atletas apresentaram bom estados de humor durante a competição e as principais alterações foram nos níveis de raiva e tensão que a partir de evidências empíricas é considerado que essas variáveis em níveis elevados, podem contribuir positivamente no rendimento esportivo e fica evidente que melhor qualidade do sono tem relação com estados de humor mais positivos. Conclui-se que o perfil de humor dos atletas da seleção brasileira de vela durante os Jogos Pan-americanos constitui-se em níveis elevados de vigor e baixos de fadiga, associados a níveis moderados de tensão, depressão, confusão e extremamente elevados de raiva. Para melhor compreender os estados de humor é necessário conhecer profundamente o atleta e todo o contexto que o cercam.