This study was conducted to examine the sequelae of cardiovascular conditioning on locus of control, short-term mood, and psychological well-being. A pre-post test design, with control group, was used to measure the effects of a one month program of aerobic conditioning on adult volunteers. This study also sought to examine ways in which fitness changes covaried with psychological changes, and to describe patterns of change taking place during aerobic conditioning.

Many dieters and compulsive overeaters report that sugar and chocolate are the most commonly craved foods. Further, many individuals have proclaimed themselves to be "addicted" to sugar or chocolate. It remains unclear, however, what factors lead to report of specific food addictions. A number of researchers have suggested that highly repetitive consumption of sugar and chocolate may result from various physiological processes (e.g., neurochemical imbalances, glucose/insulin malfunctioning). However, there is also considerable evidence that psychosocial factors (i.e., expectancies, classical, and operant conditioning) play the major role in the development and maintenance of excessive sugar,chocolate intake. Empirical studies examining factors that underlie this behavior are almost nonexistent. Therefore, it is useful for researchers to explore perspectives about the causes of addictive or compulsive behavior. This study addressed the question, "Are adverse eating symptoms/outcomes for women who believe they are addicted to sugar or chocolate explained primarily by learning factors or by the key chemical constituents in these foods?" This study involved procedures that influenced subjects' perceptions and expectations about the sugar/chocolate content of a beverage (i.e., real chocolate, sugar versus synthetic substitute [placebo]) in a laboratory taste test situation. In an ABAB experimental design, self-avowed addict and control subjects were tested on four consecutive days receiving two chocolate/sugar (A) and two placebo (B) beverages. Changes in mood and food cravings were measured, as was an index of perceived eating dyscontrol following the consumption of beverages. In addition to establishing a baseline measure each day, subjects' mood and cravings were assessed immediately after consumption of chocolate or placebo as well as 45 minutes later. The responses (mood, food cravings, food intake) that occurred after exposure to drinks containing placebo or sugar/chocolate suggested that subjects do not always respond in the manner they purport to (e.g., increased cravings, mood improvement, subsequent overeating of treats). Other factors such as learning and conditioning may play a key role in accounting for their report of excessive behavior. Specifically, individuals who believe they are addicted to sugar or chocolate evidence similar responses and symptoms irrespective of wether they consumed a placebo versus sugar or chocolate.

The general purpose of this research was to investigate physical activity levels as a correlate of selected aspects of psychological health among pregnant women. Specifically, the aims of the study were (1) to provide a cross-sectional description of changes in physical self-concept, mood, and perceived stress during pregnancy; (2) to evaluate physical activity patterns of pregnant women over time during pregnancy; and (3) to determine if there is a difference between physical activity and physical self-concept, mood, perceived stress and/or burnout symptoms during pregnancy. Participants were pregnant women from various antenatal clinics at King Edward Memorial Hospital. The women completed a questionnaire package containing questions on physical activity levels and measures of physical self-concept, social physique anxiety, perceived stress, mood and burnout symptoms. A series of ANOVAs was used to provide a descriptive profile of how these psychological variables change during the course of pregnancy. Significant time-related differences were found for the perceived health subscale of the PSDQ and the tension subscale for the BRUMS. Findings also suggested a significant association between physical activity, and physical self-perceptions, most importantly self-esteem. Higher levels of physical activity were also found to be closely related to positive mood states, lower levels of perceived stress and fewer burnout symptoms. No significant association was found between physical activity and social physique anxiety.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO BRUMS.pdf: 775019 bytes, checksum: 748b480fb903374de74c5cc307bedd03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The overtraining syndrome has relevance throughout the scope of sports, mainly in relation to elite athletes whom search to transcend their limits and to those whom submit to the practical physical activity without specialized orientation. The Brunel Mood Scale, BRUMS, was validated in 2003 for Peter Terry and collaborators in adolescent and adult athletes and non-athletes and was considered an appropriate instrument for evaluation of mood profiles eventually related to the overtraining syndrome. The use of this instrument contributes to the organization and planning of load training and in the stress control in individuals who participate in physical exercises programs. The objective of the present study was to investigate the validity of the Brazilian version of BRUMS in the detection of modified mood states in Brazilian adolescents and adults athletes and non-athletes. The population was composed of adolescent and adult students (aged >18 years) and adolescent and adult athletes (aged 12-17 years), masculine and feminine gender. The sample consisted of 298 persons from both genders (173 males - 58,6% - e 125 females - 41,9%; age: M=18,3, SD=5,1) divided into 4 groups: adult students, adult athletes, adolescent students and adolescent athletes. The instrument was submitted to the translation-back translation method. The BRUMS application was effected before and after following situations: training with moderate loads, competition, normal class, and assessment. The internal consistency of the scale was verified using Cronbach s Alpha Coefficient for each mood state in different situations. Factorial analysis was used for the confirmation of the theoretical factors. The Pearson s Linear Correlation test, controlled by age, was used for verification of the correlation between mood states before and after different situations. The data was interpreted with support to SPSS program - version 11.0. The results showed satisfactory coefficients of reliability. The EFA got 68% of total variance explained for the pretest results and 72% for the post-test results, evidencing that the dimensions in the practical confirmed the theoretical dimensions. The results found for the CFA indicated that the BRUMS is suitable for mood alteration detection. The correlations between the mood states support the conclusion that the BRUMS detects mood states in a different way. Therefore, the results of this study allow for considering that the Brazilian version of the BRUMS presents satisfactory pointers of validity as measure of mood in athletes and non athletes, adolescents and adults. / A síndrome do excesso de treinamento tem relevância no âmbito esportivo, principalmente em relação a atletas de elite que buscam superar seus limites e àqueles que se submetem à prática de atividade física sem orientação especializada. A Escala de Humor de Brunel, BRUMS, foi validada em 2003 por Peter Terry e seus colaboradores em atletas e não atletas adolescentes e adultos e foi considerada apropriada para avaliação de perfis de humor eventualmente relacionados à síndrome do excesso de treinamento. A utilização deste instrumento contribui para a organização e planificação de cargas de treinamento e no controle do estresse em indivíduos participantes de programas de exercícios físicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a validade da versão brasileira do instrumento BRUMS na detecção de estados alterados de humor em atletas e não atletas brasileiros adolescentes e adultos. A população foi composta por estudantes e atletas adultos (_ 18 anos de idade) e estudantes e atletas adolescentes (12 a 17 anos), gênero masculino e feminino. A amostra se constituiu de 298 sujeitos de ambos os sexos (173 homens - 58,6% - e 125 mulheres - 41,9%; idade média de 18,3 anos e DP=5,1) divididos em 4 grupos: estudantes adultos, atletas adultos, estudantes adolescentes e atletas adolescentes O instrumento foi submetido ao método tradução-tradução reversa. A aplicação do BRUMS foi feita antes e depois das seguintes situações: treino moderado, competição, aula normal e avaliação. A consistência interna da escala foi verificada utilizando o coeficiente Alfa de Chronbach, para cada estado de humor em diferentes situações. Para a confirmação dos fatores teóricos foi utilizada a análise fatorial. A análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC), aplicada por meio do programa EQS 5.5, averiguou a adequação do modelo encontrado na análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) à organização dos conteúdos dos estados de humor do instrumento BRUMS. Para verificar as correlações entre os estados de humor antes e após as diferentes situações foi aplicado o teste de correlação linear de Pearson, controlado pela idade. Os dados foram tratados com recurso ao programa SPSS - versão 11.0. Os resultados mostraram coeficientes de fidelidade satisfatórios. A AFE obteve 68% de variância total explicada para os resultados pré-teste e 72% para os resultados pós-teste, constatando que as dimensões na prática confirmaram as dimensões teóricas. Os resultados encontrados pela AFC indicaram que o BRUMS é adequado para detecção de alteração de humor. As correlações entre os estados de humor permitiram concluir que o BRUMS detecta os estados de humor de forma diferenciada. Portanto, os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a versão brasileira do instrumento BRUMS apresenta indicadores satisfatórios de validade como medida de humor em atletas e não atletas, adolescentes e adultos.

Titrating training volume to optimize physical readiness and avoid training distress in swimmers is a difficult challenge for coaches. The purpose of this study was to examine alterations in mood state in collegiate swimmers throughout an entire season and determine if there were differences across time, between training groups, gender, and year in school. A swim test was also employed to determine if alterations in swim times were associated with mood disturbance. Mood state and the swim test times were measured every three weeks. The results showed significant alterations in total mood disturbance (TMD) across time; and between genders, year in school and training group. When training volume was the highest, TMD in the swimmers had the greatest perturbations. These time periods were also associated with small but significant increases in the swim test times. These results indicate that use of the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire and a physiological swim test may be useful for detecting training distress in swimmers. Swim coaches may benefit from employing either or both of these tools for designing and tailoring training sessions and tapering for optimal performance.

ウコン利用の一形態であるウコン熱水エキスの抗炎症作用について検証することを目的として本研究を行った。内皮細胞もしくはマクロファージを使用した細胞試験を実施し、ウコン熱水エキスの抗炎症作用を実証した。また、その作用機序を一部明らかにし、その作用に寄与する成分を一部明らかにした。さらに、臨床試験を実施し、ウコン熱水エキスが健常者の気分状態に対する作用を評価し、その摂取が疲労を改善する可能性があることが示唆された。 / 博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

This study conducted the first nationwide epidemiological survey to investigate the effects of dietary fat, fruit, and vegetable intake on the health of student musicians in the United States. Despite the recognized importance of nutrition in other performance fields, such as athletics, the relationship between diet and health in musicians has not been rigorously explored until now. The survey assessed dietary intake, body mass index (BMI), mood states via the DASS-21, engagement with healthcare, nutritional knowledge, and mental health history among 641 music majors. Key findings include higher fat intake and BMI predicted higher DASS-21 total scores as well as each separate sub-score for depression, anxiety, and stress; a significantly lower mean BMI in the study group compared to the general U.S. college student population; and mixed results regarding healthcare engagement and its relation to diet and BMI, suggesting the need for a more suitable model for analysis. Notably, sources of nutritional knowledge and barriers to healthy eating significantly influenced diet quality, indicating potential misinformation about fat consumption and the positive impact of accessible healthy foods on diet quality. Additionally, mental health diagnoses were associated with lower fat and fruit/vegetable scores but not BMI. These results underscore the potential negative impact of dietary habits on mental health among music majors and highlight a widespread misunderstanding of what constitutes a healthy diet. Future research should refine dietary assessments and incorporate biometric data, while music education institutions are urged to include nutrition education in their curricula, emphasizing the role of diet in overall musician wellness.

This research was executed as three separate studies. Study 1 focused on the perception of pain and the semantic aspects of pain. Study 2 focused on the measurement of acute pain and mood states. Study 3 focused on the psychological treatment of cancer pain. In Study 1 a group of 66 Setswana-speaking adults were required to describe what they saw, what happened, and what would be the outcome with respect to three visually presented pain scenes using The Pain Apperception Test (PAT) A qualitative analysis of their responses shows that pain is experienced as an all encompassing experience affecting all aspects of their lives, such as the physical, emotional, social, and economic. This was found to be true, irrespective of gender and age with the exception of economic issues. A qualitative analysis of their responses to the Pain Eliciting Incidents Questionnaire (PEIQ) reveals that the Setswana pain descriptors are classifiable according to the three dimensions of pain namely, the sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative. Sludy 2 applied the Profile of Mood States (POMS) preoperatively to a group of 58 female laparotomy (gynaecological) patients. These patients were also tested post-operatively with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire (WBPQ) as pain measures. The pain measures were taken at no medication and at the peak of medication. Factor analysis could not confirm the validity of the six POMS scales. These scales also did not show correlations with post-operative pain. Correlations between the pain measures showed acceptable reliability and validity of the VAS and the WBPQ. In Study 3 three groups of 15 cancer patients each, suffering from chronic pain, were treated over a period of two weeks with either cognitive behavioural therapy plus medication, reassurance therapy plus medication, or medication only. Comparison of before and after treatment pain measures showed that both cognitive behavioural therapy and reassurance therapy had a beneficial effect. Follow-up results three months later showed that the beneficial effect of reassurance therapy did not persist. Patients treated with cognitive behavioral therapy still showed the beneficial effects thereof. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

This research was executed as three separate studies. Study 1 focused on the perception of pain and the semantic aspects of pain. Study 2 focused on the measurement of acute pain and mood states. Study 3 focused on the psychological treatment of cancer pain. In Study 1 a group of 66 Setswana-speaking adults were required to describe what they saw, what happened, and what would be the outcome with respect to three visually presented pain scenes using The Pain Apperception Test (PAT) A qualitative analysis of their responses shows that pain is experienced as an all encompassing experience affecting all aspects of their lives, such as the physical, emotional, social, and economic. This was found to be true, irrespective of gender and age with the exception of economic issues. A qualitative analysis of their responses to the Pain Eliciting Incidents Questionnaire (PEIQ) reveals that the Setswana pain descriptors are classifiable according to the three dimensions of pain namely, the sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative. Sludy 2 applied the Profile of Mood States (POMS) preoperatively to a group of 58 female laparotomy (gynaecological) patients. These patients were also tested post-operatively with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire (WBPQ) as pain measures. The pain measures were taken at no medication and at the peak of medication. Factor analysis could not confirm the validity of the six POMS scales. These scales also did not show correlations with post-operative pain. Correlations between the pain measures showed acceptable reliability and validity of the VAS and the WBPQ. In Study 3 three groups of 15 cancer patients each, suffering from chronic pain, were treated over a period of two weeks with either cognitive behavioural therapy plus medication, reassurance therapy plus medication, or medication only. Comparison of before and after treatment pain measures showed that both cognitive behavioural therapy and reassurance therapy had a beneficial effect. Follow-up results three months later showed that the beneficial effect of reassurance therapy did not persist. Patients treated with cognitive behavioral therapy still showed the beneficial effects thereof. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CHAPTER 2: This study examined the variation in the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in relation to mood states and performance during professional swimming competition. Eleven athletes were examined during two consecutive days of competition. On each day salivary cortisol was determined upon awakening, 30 and 60 min post awakening, immediately before warming up for competition and 5, 20 and 60 min after competition. Psychometric instruments included the Profile of Mood States and self-reports of performance. CARs did not differ between competition and non-competition days and were not related to performance on any day. However, difference was observed in the concentration of cortisol prior to and after the contest between competition and non-competition days. Perceived demands of the day ahead might not reflect the same magnitude of variation in the CAR in well-trained men. Explanations for this include better coping mechanisms and response towards the phase and time of competition. CHAPTER 3: Objective: We investigated the response of salivary total protein (TP), alpha-amylase (sAA) and chromogranin A (CgA) to sporting competition and their relation with positive and negative affect. Methods: Eleven professional swimmers were examined during the first day of a national contest and on a recreated event that matched time-of-the-day and day-of-theweek assessments two weeks later. Total protein was determined by the Bradford method and sAA and CgA by western blotting upon awakening, 30 and 60 min post awakening, immediately before warming up for competition and 5, 20 and 60 min after competition. Psychometric instruments included the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule - X (PANAS-X). Results: The concentrations of TP, sAA and CgA differed from controls only prior to and 5 min after the event. We observed associations between higher negative affect scores with higher levels of TP, sAA and CgA prior to the event on the competition day. Areas under the curve did not differ from controls for TP, sAA or CgA. Conclusion: TP and CgA showed a similar reactivity to sporting competition than sAA, which may be attributed to the mechanisms responsible for protein secretion into saliva when collection is performed with no exogenous stimulation. Strong adverse psychological stimuli only seem to override the regular rhythm of salivary proteins moments before and after stressful situations. / CAPÍTULO 2: O presente estudo investigou a variação da resposta do cortisol ao acordar (CAR) em relação com estados de humor e desempenho durante uma competição de natação profissional. Onze atletas foram examinados durantes dois dias consecutivos de competição. Em cada dia, a concentração de cortisol salivar foi determinada ao acordar, 30 e 60 minutos após acordar, imediatamente antes de aquecer para a competição e 5, 20 e 40 minutos depois da competição. O Perfil de Estados de Humor e reportes próprios de desempenho foram incluídos como instrumentos psicométricos. A CAR não foi diferente entre os dias de competição e controle e não houve relação com o desempenho em nenhum dos dois dias. No entanto, houve diferença antes de e após o evento entre os dias de competição e controle. A percepção de um desafio que irá acontecer durante o dia não necessariamente reflete a mesma magnitude de variação na CAR em sujeitos bem treinados. Isto pode ser devido a melhores mecanismos para lidar com o estresse e a fase e hora da competição em que os sujeitos foram avaliados. CAPÍTULO 3: O presente estudo investigou a resposta de proteína total na saliva (TP) alfaamilase (sAA) e cromogranina A (CgA) à competição esportiva e sua relação com estados de humor. Onze atletas profissionais foram examinados durante o primeiro dia de um evento nacional em natação e durante um evento simulado num dia de treinamento no mesmo dia da semana e no mesmo horário que a competição real. A concentração de TP foi determinada pelo método de Bradford e a de sAA e CgA por western blotting ao acordar, 30 e 60 minutos depois, imediatamente antes de aquecer para o evento e 5, 20 e 40 minutos depois do mesmo. A escala de estado de humor PANAS-X (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule) foi incluída como instrumento psicométrico. A concentração de TP, sAA e CgA foi diferente dos dias de controle unicamente antes e 5 minutos após a competição. Não houve diferença na área sob a curva do perfil diurno de cada marcador entre os dias de competição e controle. TP e CgA tiveram uma resposta similar à competição do que sAA. Isto pode ser atribuído aos mecanismos de secreção de proteína na saliva quando a coleta da mesma é feita sem estimulação exógena. Estímulos psicológicos adversos parecem alterar o ritmo regular de secreção destes marcadores só momentos prévios e posteriores a situações estressantes. / Mestre em Genética e Bioquímica