This thesis comprises an introduction and four distinct chapters. Its central theme is the role played by the allocation of asset ownership rights in motivating asset-specific investment, when contracts are incomplete. Chapter 1 considers the debt financing of an entrepreneurial project. To encourage asset-specific investment and loan repayment, debt structure should minimise both (voluntary) strategic default and liquidation following (unavoidable) liquidity default. Liquidation incentives are critical and shown to depend crucially on creditor characteristics. In general, borrowing from multiple creditors with contrasting attributes is found optimal. The benefits of borrowing from a creditor also undertaking project trade are explored. In Chapter 2 the relationship between asset ownership and investment specificity is examined. Asset control encourages efficient, asset-specific investment by owners. However, lock-in fears lead non-owners to choose widely applicable but less effective investment. The interactions between asset ownership, firms' technology choices and workers' investments are considered. In particular, it is found that the costs and benefits of individual integration decisions are sensitive to overall industry structure. The specificity framework is extended in Chapter 3 to model a retailer's product choice. Vertical merger encourages investment in integrated supply and foreclosure of non-integrated manufacturers. An anti-competitive as opposed to an efficiency interpretation depends delicately on the trade-off between the benefits of supplier-specific investment and multi-product retailing. Where retailers compete, it is shown that vertical integration implements effective competition-reducing differentiation strategies. In Chapter 4 vertical integration, through the incentive effects of asset ownership, is shown to amount to a specialisation decision. The attractions of encouraging investment in input as opposed to final good production depend on the effectiveness of investment at each manufacturing stage, and the scale benefits of input sales to generally rivalrous downstream firms. These benefits are sensitive to downstream competitive pressures, yielding a potentially non-monotonic relationship between competition and integration.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat, Saarbrücken, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 295-312).

The thesis deals with the protection of land ownership rights against unlawful interference. The aim of the thesis is to present and analyze interference with land ownership and outline means of protection against unlawful interference. This thesis pays attention to new Civil Code and comparison with current regulation. Thesis also includes relevant decisions issued by the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic with regard to protection of land ownership. The thesis is composed of three main parts. The first part is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis. This part describes land ownership and its specific features. The following part describes and anylyzes what is meant by interference with land ownership. This part ilustrates interference allowed or recognized by law and unlawful interference. The interference with land ownership can be caused by public authority or by other people. This part also explores interference with land ownership within neighbour relations. Special attention is given to interference with ownership regarding entry to land, on the basis of selected legal regulations that are related to land ownership and environmental law. The third part is subdivided into two subparts and provides overview...

A presente dissertação visou estudar o \"aluguel de chão\", condição de acesso à terra urbana bastante peculiar presente na cidade de Santos. Para tanto, buscou-se compreender os processos históricos relativos a duas vertentes que tratam de direitos: a propriedade da terra e a normativa urbana, e a partir dessa compreensão, analisou-se o descompasso nas transformações que ocorreram em uma e outra. A partir dessa análise, foi possível relacionar essas duas vertentes à condição de informalidade da ocupação na área da Vila Progresso, resultado da distância entre as legislações que dispõem sobre propriedade da terra e as normativas urbanísticas. Os avanços trazidos pela Constituição de 1988, que atribuiu à União a competência concorrente com Estados e Distrito Federal de legislar sobre direito urbanístico, e pelo Estatuto da Cidade - Lei Federal 10,257/2001 - possibilitaram pela primeira vez a integração do enfoque urbano municipal e o princípio da função social da propriedade. Aprofundando essa questão, explicitou-se o conceito de Regularização Fundiária e seus instrumentos passíveis de utilização em áreas públicas e particulares voltados para viabilizar o acesso à terra urbana. O histórico do povoamento de Santos e a expansão da ocupação de seu território insular, serviram como base para se compreender em que condições se deu a ocupação dos morros e da área da Vila Progresso, e complementarmente, a identificação da origem da propriedade através de pesquisa realizada junto ao Cartório de Registro de Imóveis para identificação da origem da propriedade da área. Em seguida, relacionou-se a maneira como as legislações urbanísticas de âmbito federal e municipal influenciaram negativamente não só no processo de ocupação e consolidação da Vila Progresso, mas também no modelo de gestão do solo, conhecido como \"aluguel de chão\". A participação do Poder Público municipal no processo de ocupação irregular da área também mereceu atenção especial, bem como as tentativas de regularização fundiária. O conjunto do estudo buscou demonstrar como o descompasso entre legislações sobre propriedade da terra e normativas urbanas influenciaram para a existência de situações jurídicas e urbanísticas como as encontradas na Vila Progresso. / This work aimed to study the \"ground rent\", a condition of access to urban land rather peculiar in this city of Santos. Therefore, we sought to understand the historical processes related to two aspects that deal with rights: land ownership and urban regulations, and from that understanding, analyzing the gap in the transformations that occurred over and over. From this analysis, it was possible to relate these two aspects of informality to the condition of the occupation in the area of Vila Progresso, result of the distance between the laws that deal with land ownership and urban planning regulations. The advances brought by the 1988 Constitution, which gave the Union a concurrent jurisdiction with the states and the Federal District to legislate on urban law, and the City Statute - Federal Law 10.257 / 2001 - for the first time enabled the integration of municipal urban focus and the principle of social function of property. Deepening this issue, was explained the concept of Land Regularization and its instruments that may be used in public and particular areas, aimed to enable private access to urban land. The history of the peopling of Santos and the expansion of its island territory occupation, served as a basis for understanding the conditions under which the occupation of the hills and the Vila Progresso area was gave, and in addition, the identification of the origin of the property through research conducted at the Registry of Property for identifying the origin of the property area. Then was related to the way how the urban laws at the federal and municipal scope, negatively influenced not only in the process of consolidating the occupation and settlement of Vila Progresso, but also in the management of teh land, known as \"ground rent\". The involvement of municipal government in the process of irregular occupation of the area also received special attention, as well as attempts to regularization. The entire study sought to demonstrate how the gap between laws on land ownership and urban normatives influenced for the existence of legal and urban situations such as those encountered in Vila Progresso.

My diploma thesis deals with the issue of owner occupied housing in the Czech Republic. Attention is paid to the general importance of the provision of housing with emphasis on the social, economic and especially the legal aspects with respect to the rights that are granted by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. It describes in brief the development of flat ownership since the 60's and the role of the state in the housing policy, particularly with the aim to bring attention to the existing legal regulation of this area -- the Flat Ownership Act. The main part of the thesis focuses on the legal regulation of flat ownership which draws on the dualistic concept of house co-ownership and the related ownership of a housing unit (apartment or non-residential area). Emphasis is put on the legal status of flat owners, the summary of rights and obligations that arise from ownership of a flat as a specific subject of property ownership. The ways in which flat ownership rights are formed are presented with regard to the consequences of the ownership rights being entered in the Land Registry. The creation, operation and the position of a Home Owners Association, a body corporate, which is established by law to manage dwelling houses, is presented particularly in relation to a specific flat owner. In this respect, as well as in other sections, the thesis follows the practice of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court that has considerable effect on the interpretation of law and the protection of rights and obligations pertaining to particular owners in exercising their property rights.

Univ., Diss.--Saarbrücken, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 295 - 312.

A presente dissertação visou estudar o \"aluguel de chão\", condição de acesso à terra urbana bastante peculiar presente na cidade de Santos. Para tanto, buscou-se compreender os processos históricos relativos a duas vertentes que tratam de direitos: a propriedade da terra e a normativa urbana, e a partir dessa compreensão, analisou-se o descompasso nas transformações que ocorreram em uma e outra. A partir dessa análise, foi possível relacionar essas duas vertentes à condição de informalidade da ocupação na área da Vila Progresso, resultado da distância entre as legislações que dispõem sobre propriedade da terra e as normativas urbanísticas. Os avanços trazidos pela Constituição de 1988, que atribuiu à União a competência concorrente com Estados e Distrito Federal de legislar sobre direito urbanístico, e pelo Estatuto da Cidade - Lei Federal 10,257/2001 - possibilitaram pela primeira vez a integração do enfoque urbano municipal e o princípio da função social da propriedade. Aprofundando essa questão, explicitou-se o conceito de Regularização Fundiária e seus instrumentos passíveis de utilização em áreas públicas e particulares voltados para viabilizar o acesso à terra urbana. O histórico do povoamento de Santos e a expansão da ocupação de seu território insular, serviram como base para se compreender em que condições se deu a ocupação dos morros e da área da Vila Progresso, e complementarmente, a identificação da origem da propriedade através de pesquisa realizada junto ao Cartório de Registro de Imóveis para identificação da origem da propriedade da área. Em seguida, relacionou-se a maneira como as legislações urbanísticas de âmbito federal e municipal influenciaram negativamente não só no processo de ocupação e consolidação da Vila Progresso, mas também no modelo de gestão do solo, conhecido como \"aluguel de chão\". A participação do Poder Público municipal no processo de ocupação irregular da área também mereceu atenção especial, bem como as tentativas de regularização fundiária. O conjunto do estudo buscou demonstrar como o descompasso entre legislações sobre propriedade da terra e normativas urbanas influenciaram para a existência de situações jurídicas e urbanísticas como as encontradas na Vila Progresso. / This work aimed to study the \"ground rent\", a condition of access to urban land rather peculiar in this city of Santos. Therefore, we sought to understand the historical processes related to two aspects that deal with rights: land ownership and urban regulations, and from that understanding, analyzing the gap in the transformations that occurred over and over. From this analysis, it was possible to relate these two aspects of informality to the condition of the occupation in the area of Vila Progresso, result of the distance between the laws that deal with land ownership and urban planning regulations. The advances brought by the 1988 Constitution, which gave the Union a concurrent jurisdiction with the states and the Federal District to legislate on urban law, and the City Statute - Federal Law 10.257 / 2001 - for the first time enabled the integration of municipal urban focus and the principle of social function of property. Deepening this issue, was explained the concept of Land Regularization and its instruments that may be used in public and particular areas, aimed to enable private access to urban land. The history of the peopling of Santos and the expansion of its island territory occupation, served as a basis for understanding the conditions under which the occupation of the hills and the Vila Progresso area was gave, and in addition, the identification of the origin of the property through research conducted at the Registry of Property for identifying the origin of the property area. Then was related to the way how the urban laws at the federal and municipal scope, negatively influenced not only in the process of consolidating the occupation and settlement of Vila Progresso, but also in the management of teh land, known as \"ground rent\". The involvement of municipal government in the process of irregular occupation of the area also received special attention, as well as attempts to regularization. The entire study sought to demonstrate how the gap between laws on land ownership and urban normatives influenced for the existence of legal and urban situations such as those encountered in Vila Progresso.

This thesis deals with the relationship between environmental protection and ownership rights. The thesis describes the concept of the environment in the Czech constitutional law. Furthermore, it concerns with international legal and constitutional enshrining of property rights and the right to a favorable environment in terms of constitutional case law. Then in the third part followed by the regulation of restriction of ownership rights, the legal conditions under which is expropriation possible and editing voluntary contractual ownership restrictions in order to protect the environment. The focus of the work, in the fourth part, is dealing with the legal regulation in current legislation, an effort to capture the most significant limitation of property rights from the perspective of the owner of the individual parts of the environment, as well as the analysis of selected provisions of environmental law. Finally, this thesis is the formulation of the specific locations of the main conflicts between the protection of the ownership rights and the general interest in environmental protection. A general effect of environmental awareness throughout the company is to decide which of these interests, whether environmental protection or the protection of property rights, in the particular case outweighs...

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T20:42:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 73060100002.pdf: 414188 bytes, checksum: 5879d589ea319ace2b50e0ba66d18e36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T20:43:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 73060100002.pdf: 414188 bytes, checksum: 5879d589ea319ace2b50e0ba66d18e36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T20:44:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 73060100002.pdf: 414188 bytes, checksum: 5879d589ea319ace2b50e0ba66d18e36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-02T21:05:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 73060100002.pdf: 414188 bytes, checksum: 5879d589ea319ace2b50e0ba66d18e36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-16 / According to the dominant view in economic theory, organizations characterized by diffuse ownership structure and complex structure such as agricultural cooperatives should promote the separation of ownership and management. This way these type of organizations increase their survive rate. In the developed countries these organizations adopted governance models that promote the separation of ownership and management. In other words, the owners delegate a formal rights of control to the board of directors and there is separation of the decision control from decision management. However, in Brazil, previous studies pointed out that the cooperative organization have not adopted the same organizational model, that is, they do not promote separation of the ownership from management. The present research is motivated by this, apparent misalingment between the theoretical predictions and the observed organizational models, and by the divergence between the organizational model in Brazilian cooperatives and the organization of American cooperatives. .The objectives of this study are twofold. First, to measure the separation between ownership and decision management in Brazilian agricultural cooperatives. Second, the identification of the determinats of this organizational choice. We surveyed 77 organizations in order to empirically verify, through an index, the level of separation between ownership and management decision. Using an index value, we were able to classify the separation in: separated de jure or de facto, partialy separated or concentrated. In addition, we used a logit and tobit model to investigate the determinants of delegation of formal authority and the separation between decision control and decision managment. The results showed that, in opposite to developed countries, different governance models coexist in Brazilian agricultural cooperatives. Although there are signficante amount of organizations that do not separate ownership from management, we also found some cooperatives applying governance models in which the owners do not have any role in management de facto. Moreover, the results pointed out that dispersed ownership, in opposite the theory, do not affect the decision to delegate the formal rights of controls. Nevertheless, this delegation are negatively affected by the presence of private benefits of control and positively affected by the reputation of the board to proceed in favor to the owners’ interest and the level of information regarding the cooperatives acitivities. Notwithstanding the complexity not affects the separation of decision system, it is important to note that the likelihood to separate decision control from decision management is incresead when the formal rights of control are delegated to the Board and in precesence of rules that limit the re-election of chairman. This study suggests futher research in this topic. In particular, it is important to assess whether the Brazilian agricultural cooperatives are using other contractual arrangements that differ from those used by economic developed countries. / A visão predominante na teoria econômica é de que organizações de propriedade difusa e complexas têm maior probabilidade de sobreviver se separarem os detentores dos direitos aos resíduos das decisões de gestão. Nos países de economia desenvolvida, os modelos de governança das cooperativas agropecuárias de propriedade difusa e complexas promovem a desvinculação dos cooperados da gestão da empresa. Isto é, naqueles países os cooperados delegam ao conselho de administração o direito de controle formal da organização e existe separação do processo decisório. Em contrapartida, trabalhos anteriores apontam que as organizações brasileiras similares concentram propriedade e gestão. O desalinhamento com os preceitos teóricos e a divergência entre os modelos de governança motivaram a investigação conduzida nessa tese, que objetivou mensurar se os modelos brasileiros separam ou concentram propriedade e gestão e seus possíveis determinantes dessa escolha. Inicialmente, foram coletados dados de 77 organizações e mensurado um índice para representar se suas estruturas de governança separam de jure e de facto, separam parcialmente ou concentram a propriedade e as decisões de gestão. Na sequência, foram utilizados os modelos logit e tobit para investigar possíveis fatores que determinam a delegação do direito de controle formal e a separação entre as decisões de controle e gestão. Os resultados apontam que existem diferentes modelos de governança coexistindo no Brasil. Embora exista uma expressiva parcela de cooperativas que não desvinculam os cooperados das decisões de gestão, há também um grupo de cooperativas que separam de facto os proprietários das decisões de gestão. Ainda, os resultados dos modelos permitiram apontar que a estrutura de propriedade difusa, ao contrário do que é estabelecido pela teoria, não afeta a probabilidade de delegação dos direitos de controle. Nas organizações estudadas, a possibilidade de os membros do conselho obterem benefícios privados ao controle afeta negativamente a probabilidade de delegação do direito de controle. Porém, a reputação e a eficácia do conselho em agir em prol dos interesses dos associados e o nível de informação dos sócios sobre as atividades desenvolvidas pela cooperativa têm efeito positivo sobre a transferência do controle. Não obstante a característica da complexidade não afetar a separação do processo decisório, a autonomia do conselho para nomear ou destituir o presidente do conselho de administração e a existência de cláusulas estatutárias que limitam a reeleição do presidente têm efeitos positivos sobre probabilidade de alocação das decisões de controle e gestão, respectivamente, ao conselho de administração e CEO. Os resultados instigam novas pesquisas e reflexões, pois fatores relacionados à estrutura de propriedade difusa e complexidade não foram corroborados, conforme aponta a teoria. Talvez, as cooperativas brasileiras utilizem relações contratuais ainda não observáveis e diferenciadas daquelas organizações localizadas, por exemplo, nos EUA.

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