Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-14T20:02:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MoacirFernandesDeQueirozNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 2451986 bytes, checksum: 86a4ed116bac73f635a0765a8cdd98c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-18T21:50:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MoacirFernandesDeQueirozNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 2451986 bytes, checksum: 86a4ed116bac73f635a0765a8cdd98c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-18T21:50:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoacirFernandesDeQueirozNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 2451986 bytes, checksum: 86a4ed116bac73f635a0765a8cdd98c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Quitina ? segundo polissacar?deo mais abundante na natureza e seu derivado quitosana tem sido amplamento estudado, devido a suas propriedades qu?micas e farmacol?gicas singulares. Contudo, estudos mostram que essa mol?cula quando no organismo, tende a se acumular no tecido renal e tamb?m promove um aumento na excre??o de c?lcio. Apesar disso, o efeito da quitosana sobre a forma??o de cristais de oxalato de c?lcio (OxCa) nunca foi avaliado. A forma??o de c?lculos renais (urolit?ase) ? a enfermidade que mais comumente afeta os rins e o sistema urin?rio, al?m de ser uma doen?a que possui altas preval?ncia e recorr?ncia. Muitas mol?culas com capacidade antioxidante tem demonstrado potencial para diminuir a forma??o de cristais de OxCa in vitro. Diante do exposto o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antioxidante e de interfer?ncia na forma??o de cristais de uma quitosana de baixo peso molecular e seus derivados conjugados com ?cido g?lico (AG). As analises f?sico-qu?micas confirmaram a identidade da quitosana. Esta foi submetida a 5 testes antioxidantes e apresentou uma excelente atividade quelante de cobre, por?m nenhuma outra atividade antioxidante expressiva foi detectada. J? quando submetida aos testes de forma??o de cristais in vitro, a quitosana aumentou o n?mero de cristais de OxCa monohidratados formados, modificou a morfologia desses cristais, modificou as propor??es entre popula??es de cristais em solu??o e aumentou o potencial zeta desses cristais formados. Foram obtidas quatro mol?culas de quitosana conjugadas com AG. As an?lises f?sico-qu?micas confirmaram que houve liga??o covalente entre quitosana e AG, por?m, n?o se observou uma conjuga??o de AG de forma dose-dependente. Quando estes derivados foram submetidas a testes antioxidantes, todas as quitosanas conjugadas apresentaram potencial antioxidante maior que seus percussores. Contudo, houve diferen?a de atividade entre as diferentes quitosanas conjugadas, indicando que a posi??o onde o AG est? conjugado ? um fator importante para determina??o da atividade. Quando as quitosanas conjugadas foram submetidas aos testes de forma??o de cristais in vitro, houve uma redu??o na quantidade de cristais observados quando comparados com aqueles formados na presen?a da quitosana n?o-conjugada. A quitosana possui uma forte capacidade indutora de forma??o de cristais de OxCa monohidratados, bem como modifica sua morfologia e potencial zeta. O processo de conjuga??o de AG ? quitosana levou a um aumento no potencial antioxidante dessa mol?cula e tamb?m foi capaz de diminuir sua capacidade de induzir ? forma??o de cristais in vitro / Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature and its derivative chitosan has been widely studied due to its unique chemical and pharmacological properties. However, studies show that when this molecule is used as food, drug, etc. it tends to accumulate in renal tissue and promotes an increase in calcium excretion. Nevertheless, the effect of chitosan on the formation of calcium oxalate (OxCa) crystals has never been evaluated. The formation of kidney stones (urolithiasis) is the disease that most often affects the kidneys and the urinary system. In addition, this is a disease with high prevalence and recurrence. Many molecules with antioxidant activity have been shown to decrease the potential for in vitro OxCa crystals formation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low molecular weight chitosan and its derivatives conjugated to gallic acid (AG) as antioxidant and inhibitor of OxCa crystals formation. The physico-chemical analysis confirmed the identity of chitosan. This molecule was subjected to five antioxidant tests and showed an excellent copper chelating activity. However, chitosan did not show other significant antioxidant activity. When chitosan was subjected to in vitro crystal formation tests, it increased the number of OxCa monohydrate crystals, modified the morphology of the crystals, modified the proportions between populations of crystals in solution and increased the zeta potential of these crystals formed. Four molecules of chitosan conjugated with GA were obtained. The physico-chemical analysis confirmed that chitosan and AG were covalently bonded. However, the amount of GA liked to chitosan did not increase even when 10 times more GA was used in experiment. When these derivatives were subjected to antioxidant tests, all chitosan conjugates showed higher antioxidant potential than their precursors. However, they showed different activity between them, which indicating that the position where AG is conjugated is an important factor for chitosan-GA activity. When conjugated chitosans were submitted to in vitro crystal formation tests, a reduction in the crystals number was observed when compared with those formed in the presence of unconjugated chitosan. Chitosan has a strong capacity for inducing OxCa monohydrate crystal formation, as well as modify their morphology and zeta potential. Over all, the process of conjugating AG to chitosan led to an increase in antioxidant potential of this molecule and was also able to decrease its capacity of inducing in vitro crystal formation

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilviaRS_TESE.pdf: 1377136 bytes, checksum: 8255e0cbf50a79a12b6f6b0f3965241e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-08 / Lithiasis is considered a public health issue due to its high prevalence and rates of recurrence. Objective: To identify risk factors for lithiasis in kidney stone patients from Fortaleza, Brazil. In the first stage of the study, the medical records of 197 patients with urinary lithiasis covering the period 1996 2006 were analyzed with regard to clinical and metabolic data. In the second stage, 340 kidney stones were submitted to morphological examination under 10x magnification. According to the external morphology and the cut surface, the stones were classified as pure or mixed, and major and minor components were identified. In addition, the stone fragments of 25 patients treated with lithotripsy were submitted to morphological analysis. In the third stage, a subsample of 50 stones was used in a double-blind comparison of morphological and chemical findings. Results were expressed as concordant, partly concordant (discordant for minor components) or discordant (discordant for major components). The average age of first symptoms was 35.8?13.3 years, with no significant difference between the genders. The male/female ratio was 1:1.7. Recurrence was reported in 53.3% of cases. The main metabolic changes observed were hypernatriuria (80.7%), hypercalciuria (48.7%), low urine volume (43.7%), hyperoxaluria (30.5%) and hyperuricosuria (17.3%). Pure stones represented 34.7% of the total sample of 340 stones. The most common route of elimination was spontaneous for pure stones (49.1%) and surgical for mixed stones (50.5%). Pure stones consisted most frequently of calcium oxalate (OxCa) (59.3%) and uric acid (UA) (23.7%), the former prevalent in women, the latter prevalent in men. The most frequently observed component in mixed stones was OxCa (67.1%), followed by carbapatite (11.2%) and struvite (7.9%). The main components were OxCa and UA for men, and carbapatite and struvite for women. Nearly half (48%) the 25 analyzed fragments were pure, consisting of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) (56%), calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) (48%), phosphate (32%) and UA (20%). Four patients (16%) had infectious stones. In the chemical analysis of the subsample of 50 stones, the most 64 frequently observed major components were calcium (70%), oxalate (66%), ammonium (56%), urate (28%) and carbonate (24%). In the morphological analysis, the main components were calcium and magnesium phosphate (32%), COM (24%), UA (20%), COD (18%) and cystine (6%). Morphological and chemical findings were totally concordant for 38% of the stones, partly concordant in 52% and discordant in 10%. Conclusion: The risk factors for lithiasis in kidney stone patients from Fortaleza (Brazil) were hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria with or without hypernatriuria, hyperuricosuria and low urine volume / A lit?ase urin?ria ? um problema de sa?de p?blica pela elevada preval?ncia e recorr?ncia. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os fatores litog?nicos em pacientes com lit?ase urin?ria de Fortaleza, Cear?. O estudo foi dividido em tr?s fases: na primeira, realizouse estudo documental de prontu?rios de 197 pacientes com lit?ase urin?ria atendidos entre 1996 e 2006, para a an?lise de dados cl?nicos e avalia??o metab?lica. Na segunda fase foi realizada uma avalia??o morfol?gica de 340 c?lculos urin?rios, classificando-os como puro ou misto e os componentes em majorit?rios ou minorit?rios. Foi tamb?m avaliado fragmentos de c?lculos de 25 pacientes tratados com litotripsia. Na terceira fase utilizou-se uma amostra de 50 c?lculos para um estudo duplo-cego comparando a an?lise morfol?gica e a an?lise qu?mica. Os resultados foram considerados como concordantes, parcialmente concordantes (componentes minorit?rios discordantes) ou discordantes (componentes majorit?rios discordantes). A m?dia de idade dos 197 pacientes no primeiro sintoma foi 35,8 ? 13,3 anos, n?o houve diferen?a entre os g?neros. A rela??o homem:mulher foi de 1:1,7, 53,3% eram recorrentes. As principais altera??es metab?licas foram hipernatri?ria (80,7%), hipercalci?ria (48,7%), volume urin?rio baixo (43,7%), hiperoxal?ria (30,5%) e hiperuricos?ria (17,3%). Entre os 340 c?lculos analisados, 34,7% foram puros. A via de elimina??o mais comum dos c?lculos puros foi a espont?nea (49,1%) e a dos mistos foi a cir?rgica (50,5%). Os c?lculos mais freq?entes foram o oxalato de c?lcio (OxCa=59,3%) e ?cido ?rico (AU=23,7%), sendo o primeiro mais comum nas mulheres e o segundo nos homens. Entre os c?lculos mistos, o OxCa foi o principal componente (67,1%), seguido da carbapatita (11,2%) e estruvita (7,9%). Os principais componentes nos homens foram o OxCa e AU, enquanto que nas mulheres foram a carbapatita e estruvita. Entre os 25 fragmentos de c?lculos analisados, 48% foram puros. Os componentes encontrados foram: OxCa dihidratado-COD (56%), OxCa monohidratado-COM (48%), fosfato (32%), AU (20%). Quatro pacientes (16%) apresentaram c?lculo de infec??o. Na an?lise qu?mica dos 50 c?lculos urin?rios os principais componentes majorit?rios foram c?lcio (70%), xvi oxalato (66%), am?nio (56%), urato (28%) e carbonato (24%), enquanto que na morfol?gica foram fosfato de c?lcio e magnesiano (32%), COM (24%), AU (20%), COD (18%) e cistina (6%). Concord?ncia total foi observada em 38%, parcial em 52% e discord?ncia em 10%. Conclus?o: Os fatores de risco litog?nicos na regi?o de Fortaleza foram hiperoxal?ria, hipercalci?ria com ou sem hipernatri?ria, hiperuricos?ria e volume urin?rio reduzido