Edward Bouverie Pusey once towered over nineteenth-century British theology, but he has now fallen into almost entire insignificance. However, analysis of this decline (Chapter 1) leads to a reassessment. His development—especially his complicated relationship with pre-Tractarian High Church Anglicanism—shows a deep criticism of post-Enlightenment intellectual trends, from his early years through his association with the Oxford Movement and the Tracts for the Times, to the end of his life (Chapter 2). This criticism led him to the patristic use of allegory, both as a biblical hermeneutic and as a creative, complex, image-based approach to theology (Chapter 3). His development of High Church theology (seen especially through comparison with Waterland) and his use of allegory can be traced throughout his theology. His understanding of union with Christ and theosis reveals both: the sacraments have a strong symbolic dimension, while his positions on baptismal regeneration and the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist show a development rather than a rejection of earlier High Church theology (Chapters 4 and 5). His understanding of the atonement blends High Church reliance on sacrificial types with his unitive theology to reconfigure traditional satisfaction theory as restoration of love for God, rather than redemption from punishment—a position which marks Pusey as an important transitional figure in 19th c. theology (Chapter 6). The flexibility of Pusey's allegorical approach also allows him to blend a High Church tradition of spiritual sacrifice with sacramental participation in Christ's self-offering, so that sacrifice becomes an aspect of union with Christ (Chapter 7). Pusey's use of allegory shows similarities to postmodern theology, while his development of High Church theology shows his originality (Chapter 8).

This thesis outlines the development of the doctrine of Purgatory in the theology of the nineteenth century theologian John Henry Newman (1801-1890). I trace the beginning of this development from 1816-1828 by identifying key theological themes from Newman’s early Evangelical writings on holiness, purification and conversion. After rejecting the Evangelicalism of his youth, Newman moved progressively towards High-Church Anglicanism from 1828 onward, and adopted the Anglican teaching of the 'intermediate state'. From 1830 he began to preach on this teaching by presenting it as an alternative to the 'depressing prospect' to the 'Romish' doctrine of Purgatory. However from 1837-1845 his views on Purgatory shifted considerably after studying the Tridentine decrees. In 1841 he claimed in Tract XC of Tracts for the Times that significant changes in the formulation of Article XXII of the XXXIX Articles meant that the Church of England did not reject the doctrine of Purgatory in its primitive form, but rather only the 'Romish' extremes of mediaeval theology which had corrupted her teaching. His claim that there was no disparity between what Trent taught on Purgatory and what the Church of England held in Article XXII caused widespread controversy among his contemporaries. In his early Roman Catholic years, from 1845-1853, he initially adopted the commonly held punitive model of Purgatory, but leaned increasingly towards an ameliorative understanding of the doctrine. By 1865 Newman had adumbrated a theology of Purgatory in The Dream of Gerontius, in which he showed how rather than being purged by material fire, the soul was purified by a singular and instantaneous experience of the holiness of God. I demonstrate how his theology of Purgatory in the Dream represents a significant contribution to a renewed understanding of the doctrine in Roman Catholic theology.

The syllabus in natural philosophy and mathematics was radically changed in the course of the sixteenth century with new subjects, textbooks and methods introduced. Education became more practical and less dependent on medieval antecedents. Printing technology improved textbooks and made it possible to replace them with newer versions. Following sweeping syllabus reform around 1500, the Cambridge Master of Arts course was heavily slanted towards humanism. The old scholastic textbooks were rejected and replaced with modern authors. The purpose of natural philosophy was explicitly to illuminate the providential work of the creator, especially through natural history (a newly developing subject in the sixteenth century thanks to newly translated and promulgated Greek texts) where examples of God's work were there for all to see. Oxford remained wedded to scholastic texts although the trivium was reformed along humanistic lines. Cromwell's visitors in 1535 outlawed scholasticism by decree but gave little indication of the alternative (their white list stipulating only Aristotle). The solution adopted by the Oxford masters was to import the Cambridge syllabus and textbooks wholesale. When the evangelical regime of Edward VI reformed the universities in 1549, the humanist natural philosophy syllabus was adjudged appropriate, especially those parts promoted by Philip Melanchthon at the University of Wittenberg. However, the visitors' background at court meant they valued ethics and politics more highly. The Reformation itself left natural philosophy largely unaffected although the barrier preventing Catholics from entering clerical careers after 1558 appears to have encouraged some to remain philosophers. In mathematics, the 1549 visitation was highly significant. Cambridge University's initiative in 1500 in employing a university lecturer in the subject was in danger of stagnating due to inappropriate appointments. However, John Cheke's statutes in 1549 promoted the use of modern textbooks of practical arithmetic, finance and surveying useful to the centralised Tudor state. He also introduced the new subject of geography as a result of his contacts at court with merchants and explorers. The thesis concludes that during the second half of the sixteenth century,English students could expect a mathematical and philosophical education comparable to that of their Italian peers. This was sufficient to provide graduates with the knowledge they needed to carry these subjects forward in the seventeenth century.

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These (Ph.D.)--University of Waterloo, 2007. / Title from PDF title page. Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-131). Also issued in print.

A new IAM is used to calculate the optimal tradeoff between, on the one hand,locking up fossil fuel and curbing global warming, and, on the other hand,sacrificing consumption now and in the near future. This IAM uses the Oxford carbon cycle, which differs from DICE, FUND and PAGE in that cumulative emissions are the key driving force of changes in temperature. We highlight how time impatience, intergenerational inequality aversion and expected trend growth affect the time paths of the optimal global carbon tax and the optimal amount of fossil fuel reserves to leave untapped. We also compare these with the adverse and deleterious global warming trajectories that occur if no policy actions are taken. (authors' abstract) / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

[EN] The present thesis studies the typological evolution of the university residence hall, considering its function as an active element of urban configuration, furthermore relating it with the Architecture itself, through the observation of technical progresses, formal, structural and functional changes in the programme and also about the expressive resources. Time frame covers a period from the Middle Ages until the second half of the twentieth century, but with special emphasis on the last stage. A four-section structuring is organized, side by side likely to be divided in a location-based way, in each appearing the university residence as a loyal reflection of the contemporary architecture to date. Its index collects: Architectural Precedents (Block I) ; The University Residence Hall in History (Block II); The University Residence in Spain (Block III); Halls of the "Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid" and Modern Architecture, (Block IV). Research is carried out in each block, setting the typologies under study. These so called types are what determine a model to be maintained over time, what is more being value-transmitter for the development of these models. The process sees through a general insight, located in the origins of these models, to a more limited range where it is particularized, and materializes the end of the developmental process. And so, pioneering models in their category are beheld, pondering their trend through multiple innovations that are evolved over the study period, establishing early twentieth century as the most remarkable. To obtain the evolutionary upshots of these foregoing historical case studies of University Residence Hall, the analysis is carried out in three different scales. In the first one, -from urban-wide scope-, it is reflected on how to implement the site of residence halls as residential elements within the university complex masterplanning. The mosaic of selected works reveals a transfer of urban-architectural styles that beset the international scene of this period co-occuring with the last time stage of the current investigated subject. As well, it deepens, in a second level -this time building-layout-based- , the plausible influence of several European and American streams that had been transmitted directly by the most prominent architects during their tours to Spain and especially the "Residencia de Estudiantes" in Madrid by the first decades of 20th Century. A third level, -aimed on the social focus-, addresses how the residential spaces in "UniversidadesLaborales" case-studies, and the new concept of Residence Hall named "Colegio Mayor" develops into a double duality. On the one hand, the individual achieves both individually and collectively upbringing and on the other hand, the "Colegio Mayor" unfolds in both its educational and residential areas. As a conclusion, the selected examples show an evolutionary process that, from the (historical) germinal synergy between university and city, passes through an intermediate stage of campus master planning and developing, to reach a final phase marked by social affairs, in where the constituent University Residence Hall building has turned into an architectural piece integrated in such Campus/University Town, and linked to the programmatic principles of the Architectural Modern Movement. / [ES] En la tesis se estudia la evolución tipológica de la residencia universitaria, planteando su función como elemento activo de la configuración urbana, además de relacionarla con la arquitectura en sí misma, a través de la observación de los avances técnicos, cambios formales, estructurales y funcionales, cambios en el programa y también respecto a los recursos expresivos. El marco cronológico abarca un periodo desde la edad media hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XX, aunque con un énfasis especial en la última etapa. Se organiza una estructuración en cuatro bloques diferentes, a su vez susceptibles de dividirse según geografías, apareciendo, en cada uno de ellos, la residencia universitaria como fiel reflejo arquitectónico del tiempo en el que se desarrolla. El índice recoge: Precedentes Arquitectónicos, (Bloque I); La Residencia Universitaria en la Historia, (Bloque II); La Residencia Universitaria en España, (Bloque III); Colegios Mayores de la Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid y la Arquitectura Moderna, (Bloque IV). La investigación se realiza, en cada uno de los bloques, estableciendo las tipologías que van a ser objeto de estudio. Éstas son las que determinan un modelo que sea perdurable en el tiempo y también transmisor de valores para el desarrollo de los siguientes modelos. El proceso va desde una óptica general amplia y situada en los orígenes de dichos modelos, hasta un rango más acotado donde se particulariza y concreta el final del proceso evolutivo. Por tanto, se observan unos modelos pioneros en su tipo, estudiando posteriormente su evolución a través de distintas innovaciones que se van desarrollando a lo largo de los periodos estudiados, estableciéndose como punto más destacable los inicios del siglo XX. Para obtener las conclusiones evolutivas de los citados modelos históricos de residencia universitaria, el análisis se lleva a cabo a partir de tres escalas diferentes. En la primera, de alcance urbano, se reflexiona sobre el modo de implantación de los colegios mayores como elemento residencial único dentro del conjunto universitario. En la muestra de obras seleccionadas se pone de manifiesto un trasvase de las tipologías urbano-arquitectónicas que caracterizan el escenario internacional del periodo que coincide con la última etapa de la materia investigada. Asimismo se reflexiona, en una segunda escala, ésta edilicia, la posible influencia de distintas corrientes europeas y americanas que habían sido transmitidas de forma directa por los arquitectos más destacados durante sus visitas a España y, especialmente a la Residencia de Estudiantes de Madrid en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Una tercera escala enfocada hacia la dimensión social, contempla como los espacios residenciales de las Universidades Laborales y el nuevo concepto de Colegio Mayor evolucionan hacia una doble dualidad. De un lado, la persona se desarrolla tanto individual como colectivamente y del otro lado, el Colegio Mayor se desdobla en sus aspectos tanto formativos como residenciales. En síntesis, los ejemplos seleccionados nos muestran un proceso evolutivo que, desde la sinergia inicial (histórica) entre universidad y ciudad, se pasa por una fase intermedia de creación de recinto universitario, para llegar a una última etapa marcada por lo social, donde se observa que el edificio constituyente de la residencia universitaria se ha convertido en una pieza arquitectónica integrada en la ciudad universitaria y vinculada a los principios programáticos del Movimiento Moderno. / [CAT] En la tesi s'estudia l'evolució tipològica de la residència universitària, plantejant la seua funció com a element actiu de la configuració urbana, a més de relacionar-la amb l'arquitectura en si mateixa, a través de l'observació dels avanços tècnics, canvis formals, estructurals i funcionals, canvis en el programa i també respecte als recursos expressius. El marc cronològic comprén un període des de l'edat mitjana fins a la segona mitat del segle XX, encara que amb un èmfasi especial en l'última etapa. S'organitza una estructuració en quatre blocs diferents, al seu torn susceptibles de dividir-se segons geografies, apareixent, en cada un d'ells, la residència universitària com a fidel reflectisc arquitectònic del temps en què es desenrotlla. L'índex arreplega: Precedents Arquitectònics, (Bloc I) ; La Residència Universitària en la Història, (Bloc II) ; La Residència Universitària a Espanya, (Bloc III) ; Col¿legis Majors de la Ciutat Universitària de Madrid i l'Arquitectura Moderna, (Bloc IV). La investigació es realitza, en cada un dels blocs, establint les tipologies que seran objecte d'estudi. Estes són les que determinen un model que siga perdurable en el temps i també transmissor de valors per al desenrotllament dels següents models. El procés va des d'una òptica general àmplia i situada en els orígens dels dits models, fins a un rang més tancat on es particularitza i concreta el final del procés evolutiu. Per tant, s'observen uns models pioners en el seu tipus, estudiant posteriorment la seua evolució a través de distintes innovacions que es van desenrotllant al llarg dels períodes estudiats, establint-se com a punt més destacable els inicis del segle XX. Per a obtindre les conclusions evolutives dels esmentats models històrics de residència universitària, l'anàlisi es du a terme a partir de tres escales diferents. En la primera, d'abast urbà, es reflexiona sobre el mode d'implantació dels col¿legis majors com a element residencial únic dins del conjunt universitari. En la mostra d'obres seleccionades es posa de manifest un transvasament de les tipologies urbà- arquitectòniques que caracteritzen l'escenari internacional del període que coincidix amb l'última etapa de la matèria investigada. Així mateix es reflexiona, en una segona escala, esta edilícia, la possible influència de distints corrents europees i americanes que havien sigut transmeses de forma directa pels arquitectes més destacats durant les seues visites a Espanya i, especialment a la Residència d'Estudiants de Madrid en les primeres dècades del segle XX. Una tercera escala enfocada cap a la dimensió social, contempla com els espais residencials de les Universitats Laborals i el nou concepte de Col¿legi Major evolucionen cap a una doble dualitat. D'un costat, la persona es desenrotlla tant individualment com col¿lectivament i de l'altre costat, el Col¿legi Major es desplega en els seus aspectes tant formatius com residencials. En síntesi, els exemples seleccionats ens mostren un procés evolutiu que, des de la sinergia inicial (històrica) entre universitat i ciutat, es passa per una fase intermèdia de creació de recinte universitari, per a arribar a una última etapa marcada pel social, on s'observa que l'edifici constituent de la residència universitària s'ha convertit en una peça arquitectònica integrada en la ciutat universitària i vinculada als principis programàtics del Moviment Modern / Gil Campuzano, MÁ. (2015). Residencias universitarias: Historia, arquitectura y ciudad [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/54132 / TESIS

The use of the MinION sequencer (Oxford Nanopore) was tested on samples prepared to simulate infectious samples. The tested procedure is to simulate work with a sample with an unknown pathogen. Therefore, a metagenomic approach was chosen. Three kits were tested: Rapid Barcoding Sequencing, PCR Barcoding and Premium whole genome amplification. Each kit differed in duration, difficulty to prepare and in amplification of nucleic acids. In total it was chosen eight viruses with different genome lengths and with varying types of the genome (5,6 - 152 kb, ss/ds RNA, dsDNA). Ten samples were prepared to simulate different types of infection (respiratory, gastrointestinal tract and urine), and one sample contained pure water as a negative control. Before preparation of the library with Oxford Nanopore's kits, DNase/RNase treatment was used. The viral RNA was transcribed into DNA and in chosen samples were amplificated to reach a higher concentration of nucleic acids. Rapid barcoding sequencing kit detected all selected viruses with the highest number of viral reads (4403) with a length between 100 and 250 nt and quality coverage of viral genomes. PCR Barcoding kit detected five out of eight viruses, and the number of identified reads with a length of 100-200 nt distinctly decreased. Premium whole genome...

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