nÃo hà / O elevado crescimento industrial, alavancado pelo alto consumo em virtude do crescimento populacional e de melhores condiÃÃes de renda, tem como indicador um tipo de indÃstria, a de embalagens. Os efluentes das fÃbricas de embalagens que realizam impressÃo possuem forte coloraÃÃo. Uma vez descartados no meio ambiente alÃm de causar problemas estÃticos causam tambÃm sÃrios impactos ambientais por prejudicarem os processos de fotossÃntese nos corpos receptores. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a remoÃÃo de cor de um efluente industrial de uma fÃbrica de embalagens utilizando POA (H2O2/UV) apÃs ser tratado por um processo fÃsico-quÃmico. As amostras do efluente foram submetidas ao tratamento proposto atravÃs de um fotoreator de 0,5 L de volume Ãtil com uma potÃncia de 210 W. A amostras (10 L cada) foram recirculadas durante 8 h onde foram retiradas amostras no perÃodo de 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h e 8 h. Em uma primeira fase buscou-se o melhor ajuste operacional variando a vazÃo de recirculaÃÃo (4,0 L/min e 1,0 L/min) como tambÃm a dosagem do H2O2 (1,0%, 0,5% e 0,25%). A remoÃÃo de cor foi conseguida em todas as variaÃÃes de aplicaÃÃo sendo que o teste com 1,0% de perÃxido com uma vazÃo de 1,0 L/ min apresentou uma remoÃÃo de cor em um tempo curto de recirculaÃÃo e apresentou uma elevada remoÃÃo de DQO. Na segunda fase do trabalho otimizou-se o melhor resultado encontrado na primeira fase (1,0% de H2O2 e 1,0 L/min) fazendo o efluente passar por uma coluna de carvÃo ativado granular onde obteve-se um aumento na eficiÃncia da remoÃÃo de DQO em apenas 4 h de recirculaÃÃo. Os resultados obtidos revelam que o POA (H2O2/UV) à eficiente na remoÃÃo da cor de efluentes de indÃstria de embalagens que realizam impressÃo. Entretanto devem-se realizar estudos para diminuir custos de implantaÃÃo para um sistema em escala real. / The high industrial growth, driven by high consumption due to population growth and better income, is an indicator of industry type, the packaging industry. Effluents produced from packing manufacture in the print works industry carry strong color. If the effluent is disposed in the environment, it can cause esthetical problems besides significant environmental impacts causing serious damage to the photosynthesis process in the water sources. The objective of this study is to remove the color of an industrial effluent from a packing plant using an advanced oxidation process (AOP), after it has been treated by a physic-chemical process. He effluent samples were subjected to the treatment proposed by a photoreactor of 0,5L, with power of 210W. The samples (10,0L each sample) were circulated during 8 hours, when samples were taken within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8h. In a first stage was established to a best operational adjustment, by varying of the flow (4,0L/min e 1,0L/min) as also as the dosage of H2O2 (1,0%, 0,5% and 0,25%). The removal of the color was achieved in all variations of dosages applied, but the test with 1,0% H2O2 using the flow of 1,0L/min showed a removal of color quickly (short time of circulation) and a significant removal of DQO in just four hours of circulation. The results reveal that the POA (H2O2/UV) is effective in removing color from effluents from the packaging industry that perform printing. However studies should be performed to reduce deployment costs for a full-scale system.

Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados complexos de cobre e ferro, com ligantes imínicos, obtidos a partir de 2-acetilpiridina e 2-(2-aminoetilpiridina) (apyepy), ou 2-acetilpiridina e 2-(aminometil)benzimidazol (apyambi), e com ligantes comerciais (ácido nitrilotriacético ou picolínico), capazes de catalisar a oxidação de poluentes, como benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX). Foi utilizado o tolueno como composto-modelo destes poluentes, que foi degradado com o uso de peróxido de hidrogênio, persulfato de sódio, ácido peracético ou peróxidos de metais alcalinos como agentes oxidantes. Os ligantes imínicos foram obtidos a partir de precursores carbonílicos e amínicos adequados, através de reações de condensação, e os correspondentes complexos metálicos de cobre(II), ferro(II) ou ferro(III) foram isolados utilizando métodos usuais de nosso laboratório. A caracterização dos compostos foi feita através de diversas técnicas analíticas e espectroscópicas: UV/Vis, infravermelho (IV) e de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR). Posteriormente, foi feita a inserção desses complexos de ferro e de cobre sintetizados em matrizes inorgânicas de niobatos e a verificação de sua reatividade em comparação com as mesmas espécies em solução. Monitorou-se a degradação do tolueno pelo peróxido de hidrogênio por cromatografia gasosa e os resultados obtidos indicaram boa atividade catalítica dos complexos, tanto em solução como inseridos em matrizes de niobato. Em solução, os complexos imínicos foram mais ativos que os de ligantes comerciais. Os compostos de ferro com ambos os ligantes imínicos mostraram-se melhores catalisadores que os correspondentes de cobre e um dos ligantes testados foi o mais eficiente (apyepy) com ambos os metais. A inserção em niobatos, aparentemente, preserva o catalisador e mantém sua atividade por mais tempo, mostrando que a inserção em niobatos beneficia o processo / In this work, iron and copper complexes were synthesized, with imine ligands obtained from 2-acetylpyridine and 2-(2-aminethylpiridine) (apyepy), or 2- acetylpyridine and 2- (aminomethyl)benzimidazole (apyambi) and commercial ligands (nitriletriacetic and picolinic acids) that are able to catalyze the oxidation of pollutant compounds as benzene, , ethylbenzene and xilenes (BTEX). Toluene was used as model compound of those pollutants, and its degradation was verified by using hydrogen peroxide, alkaline peroxide, sodium persulfate, or peracetic acid as oxidant agent. The imine ligands were obtained from adequate carbonyl and amine precursors, in condensation reactions, and the corresponding copper(II), iron(II) and iron(III) complexes were isolated by usual methods developed in our laboratory. Their characterization was carried out by analytical and spectroscopic techniques (UV/Vis, IR and EPR). Those complexes were then inserted in inorganic matrices (niobates) e its reactivity were compared to that of the analogous species in solution. Toluene degradation by hydrogen peroxide was monitored by gas chromatography, and the results showed good catalytic activity of all the complexes, both in solution and inserted into niobate matrices. In solution, the imine complexes were more efficient than the species with commercial ligands. The iron compounds with both imine ligands acted as better catalysts than the corresponding copper species, and for both metals those with the ligand apyepy were the most efficient in both cases. The insertion in niobates apparently preserves the catalyst and maintains its activity for longer, attesting that the insertion ameliorated the process.

Le principal objectif de la thèse est l'optimisation d'un procédé d'oxydation avancée par la mise en œuvre des outils de l'automatique moderne.Le procédé considéré concerne l'ozonation catalytique utilisé pour traiter les eaux résiduaires industrielles. L'optimisation de ce procédé consiste à contrôler l'abattement des polluants tout en minimisant le coût de fonctionnement du procédé. La mesure en ligne de la concentration en polluant est fournie par l'absorbance, grandeur corrélée à la DCO. Le procédé est alors considéré comme un système à une entrée, la puissance du générateur d'ozone, et deux sorties, l'ozone dans les évents et l'absorbance.L'identification du procédé a mené à l'estimation d'un modèle linéaire pour construire les lois de commande et d'un modèle non-linéaire, de type modèle de Wiener, pour tester les correcteurs en simulation avant les essais expérimentaux.Les trois commandes testées, la commande par modèle interne, la commande optimale et la commande H∞, permettent de rejeter des perturbations sur la concentration en polluant dans les effluents à traiter. Des analyses de stabilité du système bouclé, vis-à-vis de retards sur la commande, ont été menées.Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont permis de conclure sur les gains significatifs apportés par ces développements.La méthodologie développée pour cette application peut être étendue à d'autres procédés afin de faciliter le développement industriel des procédés d'oxydation avancée. / The main goal of the PhD thesis focuses on the optimization of an advanced oxidation process by implementing the modern control tools.The considered process is a lab-scale pilot of industrial wastewater treatment by catalytic ozonation. The optimization of this process is achieved by controlling the pollutant abatement while minimizing the high operating costs. The online measurement of the pollutant concentration is provided by the absorbance which is correlated with COD. Therefore, the process is considered as a system with one input, the ozone generator power, and two outputs, the ozone gas concentration at the top of the reactor and the absorbance.A linear model of the process was identified. It allowed calculating the control laws. And a nonlinear model, with a so-called Wiener model structure, was also identified to test the controllers in simulation before the experiments.The three control methods applied, the internal model control, the optimal control and the H∞ control, allow rejecting disturbance on the pollutant concentration of the effluent to be treated.The stability of closed-loop system with delayed control input was analyzed.The experimental results show the significant benefits provided by this closed-loop system.The methodology developed for this application can be extended to other processes to facilitate the industrial development of advanced oxidation processes.

La dépollution des sols contaminés par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs) est un enjeu important de société, à la fois environnemental, économique et technologique, du fait du grand nombre de sites contaminés par ces composés toxiques et persistants. Les entreprises d’ingénierie de l’environnement utilisant des procédés conventionnels de bioremédiation font souvent face à des rendements trop faibles d’élimination des HAPs dans les sols historiquement contaminés. Il y a donc un besoin réel de développer des solutions innovantes.Dans cette étude, 6 sols historiquement contaminés par des huiles de goudron ont notamment été caractérisés par la présence de 42 à 86% des HAPs dans la fraction sableuse, adsorbés sur diverses particules de charbon/coke/bois ou intégrés à l’intérieur de particules d’huile de goudron résinifiées et altérées. Ainsi, en fonction du niveau de séquestration des HAPs, la séparation sélective de la fraction la plus contaminée ou l’utilisation de procédés de lavage de sol (LS) utilisant des surfactants apparaissent comme des alternatives prometteuses aux procédés de bioremédiation. Une attention particulière a ensuite été portée sur le procédé de LS utilisant des surfactants, qui est basé sur l’optimisation du transfert des HAPs du sol vers la solution de lavage. Ce procédé génère des solutions de LS contenant de grandes quantités de surfactants et de polluants. Celles-ci doivent être traitées dans le but d’éviter la contamination de l’environnement et d’améliorer le rapport coût-efficacité du procédé.L’oxydation anodique (OA) a été identifiée comme un procédé adéquat et prometteur pour le traitement de solutions de lavage de sol contenant des HAPs et du Tween® 80 comme agent d’extraction. La compréhension détaillée des mécanismes impliqués dans l’élimination des composés organiques présents dans les solutions de LS a permis de mettre en place deux stratégies de traitement différentes :• Tout d’abord, il a été mis en évidence que l’utilisation de l’OA à des courants faibles et pendant des temps de traitement longs (23 h) permet la dégradation sélective des polluants ciblés (les HAPs) et la réutilisation de la solution de LS pour des étapes supplémentaires de LS. La grande quantité de Tween® 80 ainsi économisée améliore fortement le rapport coût-efficacité et l’empreinte écologique des procédés de LS, en particulier lorsque la séquestration des polluants dans le sol requiert plusieurs étapes de LS et l’utilisation de fortes concentrations en surfactant.• En revanche, des rendements élevés d’élimination des composés organiques et la production de sous-produits plus biodégradables a été observée lors de l’utilisation de l’OA à faible intensité et pendant des temps de traitement court (3 h). Ainsi, des effets synergétiques ont été observés lors de la combinaison de l’OA avec un post-traitement biologique. D’importants rendements d’élimination avec des coûts opératoires optimisés peuvent être atteints. De plus, l’OA peut aussi être utilisée comme post-traitement pour l’élimination des composés faiblement biodégradables. Cette stratégie de traitement a pour but d’éviter toute contamination environnementale par les solutions de LS.Ces deux stratégies de traitement doivent être prises en considération pour une gestion optimale et appropriée des solutions de LS. Au vu des résultats prometteurs obtenus, les défis scientifiques reliés au changement d’échelle de ce procédé ont été discutés / Remediation of soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an important societal, environmental, economical and technological challenge, due to the high number of sites contaminated by these persistent and toxic compounds. Environmental engineering companies using conventional bioremediation processes often fails to reach sufficient PAH removal rates from historically contaminated soils. Therefore, there is a real need for the development of innovative solutions.In the present work, the characterization of 6 historically tar oil-contaminated soils showed that 42 to 86% of PAH are located in the sand fraction, either adsorbed on various coal/coke/wood particles or integrated in resinified and weathered tar oil particles. Thus, either selective separation of the most contaminated fraction or surfactant-enhanced soil washing (SW) appears to be promising alternatives to bioremediation, according to the level of sequestration of PAHs. Further investigations were performed on the surfactant-enhanced SW process, which is based on the transfer of PAHs from the soil-sorbed fraction to the washing solution. This process generates SW solutions containing a large amount of surfactant and pollutant. They have to be treated in order to avoid environmental contamination and ensure the cost-effectiveness of the whole process.Anodic oxidation (AO) was identified as a suitable and promising process for the treatment of SW solutions containing PAHs and Tween® 80 as extracting agent. The detailed understanding of mechanisms involved in the removal of organic compounds from SW solutions during AO allowed the implementation of two different treatment strategies:• First, it was emphasized that the use of AO at low current intensity during long treatment times (23 h) allows the selective degradation of target pollutants (PAHs) and the reuse of the SW solution for additional SW steps. Thus, the large amount of Tween® 80 saved strongly improves the cost-effectiveness and ecological footprint of SW processes, particularly when the high sequestration of pollutants requires several SW steps using high surfactant concentrations.• In contrast, high removal rates of organic compounds and production of more biodegradable by-products was observed during short treatment times (3 h) by AO at high current intensity. Thus, synergistic effects were observed for the combination of AO with a biological post-treatment. High removal rates with optimized operating costs can be achieved. Moreover, AO can also be used as a post-treatment (polishing step) for the removal of hardly-biodegradable compounds. This treatment strategy aims at avoiding environmental contamination by SW solutions.Both treatment strategies have to be considered for a suitable management of SW solutions. In view of promising results obtained, scientific challenges related to the scale-up of this process were discussed

Algal infestation in water bodies causes the release of soluble organic compounds that impact negatively on the taste and odour of the water. With increasing pollution in water bodies and increasing nutrient loading from agricultural activities, most water reservoirs in South Africa and around the world have become affected by this problem. In this study, an advanced oxidation process (AOP), namely, photocatalysis was evaluated for its potential to degrade aromatic compounds; and taste and odour causing bi-cyclic compounds originating from algae. Semiconductor photocatalysis is an environmentally friendly technology requiring no chemical inputs which is capable of completely mineralising organic pollutants to CO2 and H2O thereby eliminating production of unwanted by-products. Although processes involved in the photo-degradation have been reported for a wide range of pollutants, the degradative pathway in this process has not been fully established. In this study, compounds including phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and nitrophenol were successfully eliminated from simulated wastewater. Degradation of geosmin at an environmentally significant initial concentration of 220 ng/L to levels below the lowest detectable concentration was achieved with an optimum catalyst concentration of 60 mg/L at a rate of 14.78 ng/L/min. Higher catalysts loading above 60 mg/L resulted in a decrease in degradation rates. An increase in initial geosmin concentration resulted in a decrease in rates. Ionic species commonly found in surface waters (HCO3 -, and SO4 2-) significantly reduced the efficiency of geosmin degradation. Degradation of geosmin produced acyclic intermediates from ring fission tentatively identified as 3,5-dimethylhex-1-ene, 2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one, 2-methylethylpropanoate and 2-heptanal. The results obtained indicate that the degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution is as a result of synergic action from hydroxyl radicals, positive holes and direct photolysis by UV radiation, though the predominant pathway of degradation is via hydroxyl radicals in solution. Major aromatic intermediates of phenol degradation include catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone produced in the order catechol > resorcinol > hydroquinone. All three are produced within 2 minutes of photocatalytic reaction of phenol and remain in solution until all phenol is degraded in aerated systems. Production of resorcinol in non-aerated systems is transient, further supporting the hydroxyl radical dominant reaction pathway. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

O oxigênio molecular eletronicamente excitado ao estado singlete 1Δg (1O2) é bastante reativo frente a moléculas orgânicas com alta densidade eletrônica. As reações do 1O2 com o ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) têm sido estudadas extensivamente, uma vez que, provocam lesões que têm sido relacionadas com diversos processos citotóxicos e patológicos. Esse trabalho visou estudar os mecanismos pelos quais ocorrem os processos de oxidação de bases do DNA por 1O2. Para isso, um parâmetro essencial foi a identificação dos produtos de oxidação gerados na reação dessa biomolécula com 1O2. Foi desenvolvida uma fonte de 1O2, com caráter não-iônico, preparada com oxigênio-18 molecular e a N,N\'-di(2,3-dihidroxipropil)-3,3\'-(1 ,4-naftilideno) dipropanamida (DHPN18O2 ). A fonte é capaz de gerar 1O2 isotopicamente marcado (18[1O2]). A incubação de DNA de timo de bezerro e células de fibroblastos com os endoperóxidos hidrofílicos do 3,3\'-(1 ,4-naftilideno)dipropanoato de sódio (NDPO2) e da N, N\'-di(2,3-dihidroxipropil)-3,3\' -( 1,4-naftilideno )dipropanamida (DHPNO2), como fontes puras de 1O2, mostrou que a 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2\'-desoxiguanosina (8-oxodGuo) é a lesão majoritária. Quando o DHPNO2 foi usado, níveis mais altos de 8-oxodGuo foram detectados devido ao seu maior rendimento de formação de 1O2 e por ser capaz de penetrar em células. O uso do DHPN 18O2 na incubação de células demonstrou que o 1O2 lesa diretamente o DNA nuclear e forma 8-oxodGuo com oxigênio-18 incorporado. A identificação dos principais produtos de oxidação da 8-oxodGuo por 1O2 ou 18[1O2] foi feita usando análises de HPLC e espectrometria de massas em tandem com ionização por electrospray. Dessa forma, a imidazolona, oxazolona e os diastereoisômeros da espiroiminodihidantoína marcados com oxigênio-18 foram detectados. Além disso, foi caracterizado um nucleosídeo modificado que exibe as características da guanidinohidantoína oxidada. O uso do EAS para captação de 1O2 em sistemas aquosos e detecção do produto EASO2 por HPLC e espectrometria de massas possibilitou mostrar que a decomposição espontânea de ONOO- não gerava 1O2. O trabalho desenvolvido contribuiu na elucidação de algumas propostas fundamentais para esclarecer os mecanismos que envolvem a geração do 1O2 e sua interação com o DNA. A compreensão desses processos é importante para desvendar fenômenos biológicos importantes como envelhecimento e câncer. / Singlet oxygen (1O2) exhibits a substantial reactivity towards electron-rich organic molecules. Since DNA damage has been related to aging, cancer and other cytotoxic effects, its reaction with 1O2 have been extensively studied. Although, the mechanism and products of these reactions are not yet completely elucidated. The aim of the present work was to study the mechanism of DNA oxidation by 1O2. Emphasis was placed on the identification of the main products generated by the reaction of 1O2 with DNA. For this purpose, we developed a water-soluble naphthalene endoperoxide, the DHPN18O2, whose thermodecomposition leads to the formation of isotopically labeled singlet oxygen (18[1O2]). Calf thymus DNA and fibroblast cells were incubated with the hydrophilic endoperoxides NDPO2 and DHPNO2, as chemical generators of pure 1O2. It was found that 8-oxodGuo is the major 1O2-mediated DNA damage product. In order to demonstrate that 1O2 is directly involved in the formation of 8-oxodGuo, the DHPN18O2 was used. Incubation of the cells with such a generator of 18[1O2] resulted in the formation of 18O-labeled 8-oxodGuo in the nuclear DNA, clearly demonstrating that 1O2, when released within cells, is able to directly oxidize cellular DNA. The qualitative identification of the 1O2-oxidation products of 8-oxodGuo was achieved using HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Thus, the [18O]-labeled and unlabeled imidazolone, oxazolone, together with the diastereoisomeric spiroiminodihydantoin nucleosides, were detected as the main degradation products. In addition, a modified nucleoside that exhibits similar features than those of the oxidized guanidinohydantoin molecule was also produced. In this way, we contributed in the elucidation of some proposals of great importance to clarify the mechanisms that are involved in the interaction of 1O2 with DNA.

PhD. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology. / Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) causes morbidity and mortality in infected patients. These epidemics are significantly reduced and treated globally with antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs). However, the eventual disposal of the ARVDs, either by excretion or otherwise, enables them to end up as emerging hazardous contaminants in our environment. Of all the available methods to remove ARVDs from our water bodies, electrochemical methods are reckoned to be one of the most effective. As a result, it is imperative to acknowledge the interactive behavior of these pharmaceuticals on the surface of the electrode. In this study, iron nano-particles were deposited on the carbon cloth electrode by electrodeposition using chronoamperometry techniques. The synthesized electrode was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) microanalysis. The electrochemical characterization of the material was also carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode's electrocatalytic activity toward the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction was assessed. Furtherance to this is the electrochemical degradation of nevirapine (NVP), lamivudine (LVD), and zidovudine (ZVD) in wastewater as a pharmaceutical model compound for organic pollutants in 50 mM K2SO4 electrolyte at a pH of 3. The SEM and EDX analysis showed the formation of iron nanoparticles within the matrix structure of the carbon cloth (CC) electrode. The XPS enlightened the presence of oxygen functional groups in the electrode's structure. EIS results are indicative that the modified electrode has a decreased charge transfer resistance (Rct)value as compared to the bare CC electrode. On the other hand, the CV result fosters good conductivity, enhanced current and large surface area of the modified electrode. More active and anchor sites were discovered on the iron-supported CC electrode which resulted in higher catalytic activity for the generation and accumulation of H2O2. The concentrations of “in-situ” generated H2O2 were found to be related to the current density supplied to the device after quantification. Although the accumulated H2O2 concentration appears to be low, it's possible that side reactions depleted the amount of H2O2 produced. As a result, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) through 2e- has a higher electrocatalytic activity with the improved iron assisted CC electrode than bare CC electrode. The electrochemical degradation studies conducted with the modified CC electrode by electro-Fenton process show a decrease in the initial ARVDs concentration (20 mg/L) as compared with the bare electrode. Their rate constants were 1.52 x 10-3 mol-1min-1 for ZVD, 1.20 x 10-3 mol-1min-1 for NVP and 1.18 x 10-3 mol-1min-1 for LVD. The obtained removal efficiencies indicate that the iron nanoparticle in the synthesised improves the degradation efficiency.

[pt] A presença de ácidos húmicos (AHs), fração esta representativa da matéria orgânica natural (MON) presente em águas naturais, pode contribuir para a formação de subprodutos de desinfecção (SPDs), como os Trihalometanos (THMs), ao reagirem com o cloro durante a produção de água potável nas estações de tratamento de água (ETAs). Tais subprodutos têm sido amplamente investigados devido a seus efeitos no organismo humano, como por exemplo, o aumento do risco de câncer. Portanto, a remoção deste material orgânico antes da etapa de cloração é necessária para a minimização de tais riscos. O processo de oxidação avançada (POA) baseado em FZV (ferro zero valente) e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) aplicado como uma etapa pré-oxidativa em ETAs foi proposto e investigado quanto à degradação da matéria orgânica, incluindo sua fração relacionada aos AHs. Cortes de ferro metálico comercial (área superficial de 2,56 cm²) foram aplicados ao processo FZV/H2O2 como fonte de FZV de baixo custo de capital. Experimentos em escala de bancada foram conduzidos com água natural (amostras coletadas em lago do Regent’s Park e do Rio Tâmisa, localizados em Londres, Reino Unido) e em solução de AH preparada em laboratório. Alterações na absorbância de UV a 254 nm (UV254), na concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e na formação de Trihalometanos (THMs) foram analisadas para avaliar o desempenho do tratamento FZV/H2O2. Análises de caracterização do FZV e seus respectivos produtos de corrosão foram verificados pelas técnicas de OES (Espectroscopia de Emissão Ótica), MEV (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura), DRX (Difração de raios-X), XPS (Espectroscopia de Fotoelétrons Excitados por raios X). Concluiu-se que a remoção da matéria orgânica natural foi influenciada pela dosagem de H2O2, pH inicial e número de ciclos de reuso do FZV. A formação de uma camada passiva na superfície do metal FZV a partir de sua oxidação produziu espécies de óxidos/hidróxidos que podem contribuir para a redução na eficiência de reuso do FZV. A formação do THM clorofórmio foi maior quando o processo FZV/H2O2 foi aplicado sob pH inicial 6,5, indicando valores acima do limite máximo permissível pela legislação brasileira. Experimentos visando verificar a eficiência do POA investigado sobre diferentes corpos hídricos (Lago do Regents Park e Rio Tâmisa) mostraram semelhantes resultados de remoção de COD e UV254. Isto indica a viabilidade de aplicação deste processo oxidativo sobre diferentes águas naturais de superfície, possibilitando a mineralização parcial da MON e uma significativa redução de sua estrutura húmica. As melhores condições experimentais a nível do planejamento estatístico obtidas a partir do tratamento em água natural (Regent s Park) foram pH0= 4.5, FZV= 50 g/L e [H2O2]= 100 porcento de excesso da dosagem estequiométrica, alcançando remoções de 51 porcento e 74 porcento para COD e UV254, respectivamente. / [en] The presence of humic acids (HAs), a fraction that represents the natural organic matter (NOM) present in natural waters, can contribute to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as Trihalomethanes (THMs), when reacting with chlorine during the production of drinking water in water treatment plants (WTPs). Such byproducts have been widely investigated due to their effects on the human organism, such as the increased risk of cancer. Therefore, the removal of this organic material prior to the chlorination step is necessary to minimize such risks. The advanced oxidation process (AOP) based on ZVI (zero valent iron) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) applied as a pre-oxidative step in WTPs has been proposed and investigated for the degradation of organic matter, including its HA-related fraction. Commercial metallic iron cuts (surface area of 2.56 cm2) were applied to the FZV/H2O2 process as a source of low capital cost ZVI. Bench-scale experiments were conducted with natural water (samples collected from Regent s Park and Thames River lake, located in London, UK) and laboratory-prepared HA solution. Changes in UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), dissolved organic carbon (COD) concentration and THMs formation were analyzed to evaluate the performance of the ZVI/H2O2 treatment. Characterization analyzes of ZVI and their respective corrosion products were verified by OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), XPS (X-ray Excited Spectroscopy) techniques. It was concluded that the removal of natural organic matter was influenced by initial pH, H2O2 dosage, and number of ZVI reuse cycles. The formation of a passive layer on the surface of the ZVI metal from its oxidation has produced oxide/hydroxide species that may contribute to the reduction of ZVI reuse efficiency. The formation of chloroform (i.e. THM) was higher when the ZVI/H2O2 process was applied at initial pH 6.5, indicating values above the maximum limit allowed by the Brazilian legislation. Experiments to verify the efficiency of the investigated AOP on different water bodies (Regent s Park Lake and River Thames) showed similar DOC and UV254 removal results. This indicates the feasibility of applying this oxidative process over different natural surface waters, enabling the partial mineralization of NOM and a significant reduction of its humic structure. The best experimental conditions in the statistical planning obtained from natural water treatment (Regent s Park) were pH0 = 4.5, ZVI= 50 g/L and [H2O2] = 100 percent of stoichiometric excess dosage, reaching 51 percent and 74 percent removals for DOC and UV254, respectively.

[pt] Concentrações de manganês acima de 0.02 mg L(-1) são suficientes para promover alterações organolépticas na água. O impacto conhecido como água preta capaz de manchar roupas e utensílios é gerado pela oxidação espontânea do íon Mn(II) para Mn(IV) e sua consequente precipitação na forma de MnO2. Essa oxidação pode ocorrer por diferentes agentes oxidantes como cloro e o próprio oxigênio dissolvido. Nas estações de tratamento de água, a remoção desse contaminante se dá geralmente pela oxidação iniciando na etapa de pré oxidação e terminando na filtração. Os oxidantes mais utilizados são permanganato de potássio, cloro e ozônio. O presente trabalho visou estudar a eficiência na remoção de manganês com o agente oxidante peróxido de hidrogênio através do processo de adsorção e oxidação. A água utilizada para o trabalho foi preparada sinteticamente mimetizando propriedades da água natural. O sistema consiste do Fe(OH)3 sólido para promover a adsorção de manganês dissolvido e a ação de dois floculantes: FeSO4 e Fe2(SO4)3. Foram elaborados 4 grupos de experimentos de plano fatorial completo com 3 fatores e 2 níveis. Dois desses quatro grupos foram utilizando FeSO4 como floculante enquanto os outros dois grupos com o floculante Fe2(SO4)3. Para cada floculante, um grupo de plano fatorial completo possuiu concentrações iniciais de peróxido de hidrogênio iguais a 3.7 e 7.4 mg L(-1) enquanto o outro possuiu as concentrações iniciais iguais a 0 e 7.4 mg L(-1). O outro fator analisado foi o pH que em todos os quatro grupos apresentou os níveis 6 e 9. Foram obtidos dois tipos de resultados principais para cada experimento, sendo um deles a concentração de manganês através da técnica de ICP-OES e o outro a concentração residual de peróxido de hidrogênio pela técnica de reflectância. Todos os resultados passaram pela análise de variância para indicar quais fatores foram significativos seja para a remoção de manganês, seja para o consumo de peróxido de hidrogênio. O pH foi observado como fator significativo o que já era esperado pela revisão bibliográfica. O agente oxidante só foi observado como significativo no grupo com Fe(3+) e concentrações iniciais de H2O2 iguais a 0 e 7.4 mg L(-1) . Dos 30 experimentos elaborados, 8 terminaram com concentrações de Mn(2+) abaixo do limite legal 0.1 mg L(-1) (Portaria MS 888/2021). Desses 8 experimentos, 6 continham pelo menos um dos íons de ferro e todos apresentaram pH igual a 9. Um desses resultados foi sem a adição de agente oxidante ou de íons de ferro. Em pH 7.5 a [Mn] pode ser reduzida para 0.2 mg L(-1) com [H2O2] = 5.5 mg L(-1) e [Fe] = 7.5 mg L(-1) . Os íons de ferro aumentam o impacto gerado na remoção de manganês à medida em que o tempo de reação aumenta. / [en] Manganese concentrations above 0.02 mg L(-1) are sufficient to promote organoleptic changes in water. The impact known as black water is capable of staining clothes and utensils. It is generated by the spontaneous oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(IV) and its consequent precipitation in the form of MnO2. Thisoxidation occurs by different oxidizing agents such as chlorine and dissolved oxygen. In water treatment plants, the removal of this contaminant generally occurs through oxidation, starting in the peroxidation stage and ending with filtration. The most used oxidants are potassium permanganate, chlorine, and ozone. The present work aims to study the efficiency in removing manganese withthe oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide through the process of adsorption and oxidation. Water used in the present work was prepared trying to mimic natural water. The system consists of solid Fe(OH)3 responsible for the adsorption of dissolved manganese and two flocculants: FeSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3. Four complete factorial groups were created with 3 factors 2 levels each. Two of these groups are using FeSO4 as flocculant while the other two groups use the flocculant Fe2(SO4)3. For each flocculant, one factorial group has initial hydrogen peroxide concentrations equal to 3.7 and 7.4 mg L(-1) while the other group has initial concentrations equal to 0 and 7.4 mg L(-1). The last factor analyzed was the pH, which in all four groups presented levels 6 and 9. Two types of main results were obtained for each experiment, one being the concentration of manganese through ICP-OES technique and the other is concentration of residual hydrogen peroxideby the reflectance technique. All results underwent analysis of variance to indicate which factors were significant for both manganese removal and hydrogen peroxide consumption. The pH was observed to be a significant factor, which was expected from the literature review. The oxidizing agent was only observed assignificant in the group with Fe(3+) ion and initial concentrations of H2O2 equal to 0and 7.4 mg L(-1). Out of the 30 experiments, 8 showed Mn(2+) concentrations belowthe legal limit of 0.1 mg L(-1)(Brazilian Drinking water standard MS 888/2021). Of the 8 experiments, 6 contained at least one of the iron ions and all had a pH of 9. One of these results had no oxidizing agent nor iron ions. In pH 7.5, the [Mn] canachieve 0.2 mg L(-1) as long as [H2O2] = 5.5 mg L(-1) and [Fe] = 7.5 mg L(-1). Iron ions have their effects increased in the removal of manganese as the reaction advancesin time.

A bench-scale tubular reactor with recirculation was built in order to study the efficiency of the photocatalytic oxidation of phenol on fluidized titanium oxide-coated silica gel beads. A UV-C lamp placed along the central vertical axes of the reactor was used as source of photons. A bed of silica gel beads was fluidized by means of fluid recirculation and forced to follow upward helical flow around the lamp. Anatase was successfully synthetized on silica gel particles of average diameters 224, 357 and 461 µm, as confirmed by scanning electron micrographs, through a sol-gel technique using a titanium (iv)isopropoxide / hydrochloric acid / ethanol precursor. Data was obtained from multiple 8-hours photocatalytic experiments using a determined mass of beads fluidized in an aqueous solution of known initial phenol concentration. Contaminant degradation with irradiation time was measured as COD. Beads that had been subjected to three consecutive coating procedures produced an 8-h removal efficiency 10% higher than beads with a single coat. 20 g L-1 of silica beads was found to be the optimum load for the experimental reactor configuration regardless of beads size, although efficiency increased with decreasing size of the latter. Experimental results confirmed that the efficiency of phenol photocatalytic degradation decreases with increasing pollutant concentration. Also, the highest removal was achieved with initial pH 3, and it decreased with increasing pH. When NaCl was added to the solution, COD removal increased with increasing salinity. Additionally, it was found that dissolved oxygen is indispensable for photocatalysis to proceed, and that saturation of the treated mixture with oxygen was effectively achieved by keeping the liquid surface in contact with pure oxygen at 1 atm. Finally, statistical analysis of the data showed that photocatalytic mineralization of phenol-derived COD under the experimental conditions follows exponential decay. Based on this finding, a correlation model was proposed for the accurate prediction (minimum R2 = 0.9840) of the COD removal efficiency of the reactor for any given initial COD.