<p>Transition metals have played an important role in synthetic organic chemistry for more than a century, and offer catalytic transformations that would have been impossible with classical chemistry. One of the most useful and versatile of the transition metals is palladium, which over the years has catalyzed many important carbon-carbon forming reactions. Popular cross-coupling reactions such as the Suzuki, Stille and the Heck reaction are all catalyzed by palladium, or more correctly, by palladium in its ground state, Pd(0). </p><p>Recently, interest in palladium(II)-catalyzed transformations has started to grow, partly due to the development of the vinylic substitution reaction, commonly called the oxidative Heck reaction, presented in this thesis. This Pd(II)-catalyzed, ligand-modulated reaction occurs under air at room temperature, and for the first time a general protocol employing a wide range of olefins and arylboronic acids was obtained. Ligand screening showed that the bidentate nitrogen ligand, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmphen), was the most suitable ligand. Dmphen is believed to facilitate regeneration of active Pd(II), increase catalytic stability and improve the regioselectivity in the reaction. A mechanistic investigation was conducted using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), making it possible to observe cationic intermediates in a productive oxidative Heck arylation. The results obtained are in agreement with the previously proposed catalytic cycle.</p><p>The emerging discipline of high-speed synthesis is making contributions to society’s growing demand for new chemical entities. This inspired the development of two ultrafast, microwave-accelerated carbonylation reactions with dicobalt octacarbonyl acting both as an in situ carbon monoxide supplier and reaction mediator. A wide range of symmetrical benzophenones was produced in only 6 to 10 s, using aryl iodides as the substrate. The second carbonylation reaction provided symmetrical and unsymmetrical ureas in process times ranging from 10 s to 40 minutes using primary and secondary amines.</p>

Transition metals have played an important role in synthetic organic chemistry for more than a century, and offer catalytic transformations that would have been impossible with classical chemistry. One of the most useful and versatile of the transition metals is palladium, which over the years has catalyzed many important carbon-carbon forming reactions. Popular cross-coupling reactions such as the Suzuki, Stille and the Heck reaction are all catalyzed by palladium, or more correctly, by palladium in its ground state, Pd(0). Recently, interest in palladium(II)-catalyzed transformations has started to grow, partly due to the development of the vinylic substitution reaction, commonly called the oxidative Heck reaction, presented in this thesis. This Pd(II)-catalyzed, ligand-modulated reaction occurs under air at room temperature, and for the first time a general protocol employing a wide range of olefins and arylboronic acids was obtained. Ligand screening showed that the bidentate nitrogen ligand, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmphen), was the most suitable ligand. Dmphen is believed to facilitate regeneration of active Pd(II), increase catalytic stability and improve the regioselectivity in the reaction. A mechanistic investigation was conducted using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), making it possible to observe cationic intermediates in a productive oxidative Heck arylation. The results obtained are in agreement with the previously proposed catalytic cycle. The emerging discipline of high-speed synthesis is making contributions to society’s growing demand for new chemical entities. This inspired the development of two ultrafast, microwave-accelerated carbonylation reactions with dicobalt octacarbonyl acting both as an in situ carbon monoxide supplier and reaction mediator. A wide range of symmetrical benzophenones was produced in only 6 to 10 s, using aryl iodides as the substrate. The second carbonylation reaction provided symmetrical and unsymmetrical ureas in process times ranging from 10 s to 40 minutes using primary and secondary amines.

Le cancer est l'une des principales causes de décès dans le monde et reste une maladie difficile à traiter du fait des difficultés de pronostic, du développement rapide de métastases et de la résistance aux médicaments. Il en résulte une forte demande en méthodologies d'imagerie innovantes pour le diagnostic précoce et précis ainsi qu’en nouveaux agents anticancéreux possédant de nouveaux mécanismes pour surmonter la résistance aux médicaments. Le but de mon projet de recherche de doctorat était donc de contribuer à cet objectif.La première partie de ma thèse de doctorat a porté sur la création de systèmes sensibles et précis d'imagerie pour la détection de tumeurs cancéreuses en utilisant une nanotechnologie novatrice permettant la délivrance des agents d'imagerie spécifiquement dans les lésions tumorales. Nous avons conçu de nouveaux dendrimères amphiphiles pour assurer le transport de différents agents d'imagerie pour les imageries PET/SPECT, par résonance magnétique et par fluorescence optique. Ces systèmes d'imagerie ont été préparés soit par encapsulation de petites sondes d'imagerie à l'intérieur de nanomicelles dendritiques ou par fonctionnalisation de la surface hydrophile ou de la queue hydrophobe du dendrimère. La deuxième partie a eu pour objectif de développer de nouveaux agents anticancéreux possédant nouveaux mécanismes d’action et une meilleure activité antitumorale. A cet effet, nous avons conçu une série de nucléosides arylvinyltriazoles par réaction oxydante de Heck, ce qui nous a permis d'obtenir les composés désirés pourtant difficiles à synthétiser avec un très large éventail de substrats et une stéréosélectivité unique. / Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, and remains a difficult disease to treat because of poor prognosis, rapid tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Therefore, innovative imaging modalities for early and precise diagnosis as well as new anticancer drug candidates with novel mechanisms to overcome drug resistance are in high demand. The aim of my PhD research project was to contribute to this goal.The first part of my PhD thesis was focused on establishing sensitive and precise imaging systems for cancer detection using innovative nanotechnology to deliver imaging agents specifically into tumor lesions. We designed and constructed novel amphiphilic dendrimers to carry different imaging agents for PET/SPECT imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and optical fluorescence imaging. These innovative imaging systems were prepared by either encapsulation of small imaging probes within the dendrimer nanomicelles, or functionalization of the dendrimer hydrophilic surface or hydrophobic tail. The second part of my PhD program aimed to develop new anticancer drug candidates with novel mechanisms for better anticancer activity. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a series of challenging arylvinyltriazole nucleosides via the oxidative Heck reaction, which allowed us to obtain the desired compounds with excellent substrate scope and unique stereoselectivity.

Since the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as the bacterial agent causing tuberculosis, the permanent eradication of this disease has proven challenging. Although a number of drugs exist for the treatment of tuberculosis, 1.7 million people still die every year from this infection. The current treatment regimen involves lengthy combination therapy with four different drugs in an effort to combat the development of resistance. However, multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains are emerging in all parts of the world. Therefore, new drugs effective in the treatment of tuberculosis are much-needed. The work presented in this thesis was focused on the early stages of drug discovery by applying different hit identification and hit expansion strategies in the exploration of two new potential drug targets, glutamine synthetase (GS) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). A literature survey was first carried out to identify new Mtb GS inhibitors from compounds known to inhibit GS in other species. Three compounds, structurally unrelated to the typical amino acid derivatives of previously known GS inhibitors, were then discovered by virtual screening and found to be Mtb GS inhibitors, exhibiting activities in the millimolar range. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine analogues were also investigated as Mtb GS inhibitors. The chemical functionality, size requirements and position of the substituents in the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine hit were investigated, and a chemical library was designed based on a focused hierarchical design of experiments approach. The X-ray structure of one of the inhibitors in complex with Mtb GS provided additional insight into the structure–activity relationships of this class of compounds. Finally, new α-arylated fosmidomycin analogues were synthesized as inhibitors of Mtb DXR, exhibiting IC50 values down to 0.8 µM. This work shows that a wide variety of aryl groups are tolerated by the enzyme. Cinnamaldehydes are important synthetic intermediates in the synthesis of fosmidomycin analogues. These were prepared by an oxidative Heck reaction from acrolein and various arylboronic acids. Electron-rich, electron-poor, heterocyclic and sterically hindered boronic acids could be employed, furnishing cinnamaldehydes in 43–92% yield.