Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compact (SNpc) with consequent depletion of dopamine in the striatum, which gives rise to characteristic motor symptoms of PD. Although its etiology of is unknown, several studies have been suggested that oxidative stress and inflammation play a critical function in the physiopathology of PD and antioxidant and ani-inflammatory agents could be helpful to slown down the dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Thus, many studies have evaluated the potential neuroprotective effect of these agentes, including Carvacrol (CA). CA is a phenolic monoterpene found in essential oils of many aromatic plants and it has a variety of pharmacological effects on Central Nervous System, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate a possible neuroprotective effect of CA in two rat models of PD. Two experiments were performed: in the experiment I, male Wistar rats were submitted to repeated administration of a low dose (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.) of reserpine (RES) or vehicle of reserpine (VR) and concomitantly treated with CA at doses of 12.5 or 25 mg/kg (i.p.) or vehicle of carvacrol (VC). Across the treatment, the animal motor behavior was evaluated by catalepsy test, open field test and assessment of oral movements. In the experiment II, male Long-Evans rats were pretreated for seven days with CA at doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg (i.p.) or VC, and were then submitted to unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or vehicle of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The animals were treated with CA or VC for three weeks after injection. Thereafter, they were assessed for motor behavioral function by open field, cylinder test, rotarod and amphetamine-induced circling test. In both experiments, upon completion behavioral tests, rats were perfused and theirs brains were subjected for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemical analysis. In the experiment I, the results showed that the CA treatment, in both doses 12.5 e 25 mg/kg, was able to prevent the catalepsy behavior and the development of vacuous chewing movements induced by RES, however, CA failed to revert the decreased locomotor activity induced by RES in the open field test. In addition, CA in both doses prevented the depletion of TH immunostaining induced by RES in the SNpc and dorsal striatum. In the experiment II, the treatment with CA at dose of 50 mg/kg prevented the motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA injection in the open field test, cylinder test and rotarod, and increased the number of rotations induced by amphetamine. Moreover, CA attenuated the dopaminergic neurons damage in the SNpc and dorsal striatum induced by 6-OHDA injection. Taken together, our results suggest that CA shows neuroprotective effect, preventing or attenuating motor and neurochemical impairments induced by RES and 6-OHDA, so it may be regarded a promising therapeutic candidate for the prevention or treatment of PD. / A Doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma doença neurodegenerativa caracterizada por uma degeneração progressiva de neurônios dopaminérgicos da Substância Negra parte compacta (SNpc), o que resulta nas alterações motoras características desta patologia. Embora sua etiologia ainda permaneça desconhecida, vários estudos indicam que o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação exercem uma função crítica na fisiopatologia da DP e agentes antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios poderiam desacelerar a neurodegeneração dopaminérgica. Assim, tem sido crescente o número de pesquisas relacionadas a investigação do potencial neuroprotetor destes agentes, entre eles, o Carvacrol (CA). O CA é um monoterpeno fenólico encontrado nos óleos essenciais de diversas plantas aromáticas e apresenta uma variedade de atividades farmacológicas sobre o Sistema Nervoso Central, incluindo atividades antioxidante e anti-inflamatória. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar um possível efeito neuroprotetor do CA em ratos submetidos a dois modelos de DP. Foram realizados dois experimentos: no experimento I, ratos Wistar foram submetidos a administração repetida de uma dose baixa (0,1 mg/kg, s.c.) de reserpina (RES) ou veículo da reserpina (VR) e tratados concomitantemente com CA nas doses de 12,5 ou 25 mg/kg (i.p.) ou com o veículo do carvacrol (VC). Ao longo do experimento, os animais tiveram seu comportamento motor avaliado através dos testes de catalepsia, campo aberto e avaliação dos movimentos orais. No experimento II, ratos Long-Evans foram pré-tratados por sete dias com CA nas doses de 50 ou 100 mg/kg (i.p.) ou VC, e então foram submetidos a uma injeção unilateral de 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) ou veículo no feixe prosencefálico medial (medial forebrain bundle -MFB). Os animais foram tratados com CA ou VC por três semanas após a injeção de 6-OHDA e após este período tiveram seu comportamento motor avaliado através dos testes do campo aberto, cilindro, rotarod e rotações induzidas por anfetamina. Em ambos os experimentos, ao fim dos testes comportamentais, os animais foram perfundidos e seus cérebros foram processados para imunohistoquímica para tirosina hidroxilase (TH). No experimento I, os resultados mostraram que o CA em ambas as doses (12,5 e 25 mg/kg) preveniu o comportamento de catalepsia e o desenvolvimento de movimentos de mastigação no vácuo induzidos pela RES, porém não reverteu a redução da atividade locomotora causada pela RES no teste do campo aberto. O CA em ambas as doses preveniu a redução da marcação de TH induzida pela RES na SNpc e no estriado dorsal. No experimento II, os resultados mostraram que o CA na dose de 50 mg/kg preveniu os déficits motores induzidos pela injeção de 6-OHDA nos testes do campo aberto, cilindro e rotarod, e aumentou o número de rotações induzidas por anfetamina. Além disso, o CA atenuou o dano provocado pela injeção de 6-OHDA nos neurônios dopaminérgicos da SNpc e estriado dorsal. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo sugerem que o CA apresenta um efeito neuroprotetor, prevenindo ou atenuando as alterações motoras e neuroquímicas induzidas pela RES e 6-OHDA. Desta forma, o CA pode ser considerado um candidato terapêutico promissor para a prevenção ou tratamento da DP.

The process of receptor supersensitivity (RSS) has a long history and is an epiphenomenon of neuronal denervation. Dopamine (DA) RSS (DARSS) similarly occurs after DA denervation, and this process is invoked in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. From studies largely over the past 25 years, much has been learned regarding DARSS. For example, overt D1 DARSS occurs after perinatal destruction of nigrostriatal DA fibers. However, following perinatal destruction of DA innervation, the most-prominent behavioral effects of a D1 agonist are observed after a series of D1 agonist treatments--a process known as priming of D1 DA receptors. Moreover, perinatal lesioning of DA fibers produces prominent serotonin (5-HT) RSS, and in fact 5-HT RSS appears to modulate D1 DA RSS. In rodents, receptor supersensitization by these means appears to be irreversible. In contrast to the observed D1 DARSS, D2 DARSS apparently does not occur after perinatal DA denervation. Also, while repeated D1 agonist treatment of intact rats has no observable effect, repeated D2 agonist treatments, during or after the ontogenetic phase, produces prominent life-long D2 RSS. The process may have an association with substance abuse. Therefore, production of D1 and D2 DARSS occurs by different means and under different circumstances, and in association with perhaps different neuronal phenotypes, and with greater incidence in either intact (D2) or DA-lesioned counterparts (D1). The physiological consequence of RSS are multiple.