The thesis Handling In Adults Physiotherapy summarizes the knowledge of respiratory handling in application on adult patients. Part of the thesis also covers the relationship between body position and respiratory motor control. Experimental part consists of a clinical study with 10 COPD patients. The patients were treated in 3 positions by respiratory handling therapy. The result demonstrates a significant change in blood saturation after the therapy in position on a side. It also proves appropriateness of the side position in comparison with sitting. Keywords respiratory handling, contact-stimulating physiotherapy, respiratory physiotherapy, oxymetry, NIRS

O banho do paciente em estado crítico constitui uma atividade que exige ordenamento das diversas etapas, dadas as características e peculiaridades. O aparato tecnológico peculiar das unidades de alta complexidade permite a monitoração, mas dificulta o acesso e mobilização do paciente. As repercussões oxi-hemodinâmicas do banho no paciente adulto internado em estado crítico no contexto relativo à etiologia/dano foram investigadas por meio dessa revisão sistemática de literatura, que objetivou identificar a existência de evidências científicas sobre as referidas repercussões naquela população e; verificar a possibilidade de estabelecimento de critérios para indicação do banho em diferentes situações clínicas. Foram considerados estudos primários e secundários com metodologia explícita, sem recorte temporal ou idiomas predeterminados. Os critérios de inclusão envolveram a mensuração de variável hemodinâmica ou oximétrica no decurso do banho de adultos críticos internados em meio hospitalar. Foi utilizada uma adaptação da estratégia PICO, o PIO, donde: P (pacientes, problema) = \"Intensive Care Units\" e variações; I (intervenção) = banho e variações; O (desfecho) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption\" e variações. Foram pesquisadas: as bases eletrônicas CINAHL, DEDALUS; EMBASE, COCHRANE, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE; manualmente as bibliotecas das Escolas de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal Fluminense e Federal do Rio de Janeiro; referências cruzadas das publicações e; artigos relacionados do Pubmed e ISI. Os 44597 resultados iniciais das bases eletrônicas foram exportados para um programa de gerenciamento de referências, submetidos a filtros sucessivos, resultando em 23 publicações que, somadas a duas monografias obtidas em bibliotecas convencionais, perfez 25 referências. Após leitura na íntegra e reuniões de consenso foram descartadas 19, totalizando uma amostra de 6 publicações. Resultados explicitaram a baixa publicação sobre a temática, com predomínio de estudos nacionais. Dada a heterogeneidade e fragilidade dos estudos não foi possível um mapeamento consistente de todas as respostas oximéricas e hemodimâmicas importantes para os pacientes em questão. Os desfechos mais abordados foram a saturação venosa mista de oxigênio e o índice cardíaco, representantes respectivos dos segmentos. À exceção da saturação, não se identificaram diferenças importantes quando comparadas aos baselines. A saturação declinou durante o banho e se restabeleceu 30 minutos ao término. Conclui-se que medidas operacionais parecem atuar como fatores de risco: banho em menos de 4 h após a cirurgia cardíaca, posicionamento prolongado em decúbito lateral e tempo de banho superior a 20 minutos ou; fator de proteção: manutenção da temperatura da água em 40°C. Quanto à evidência dos achados, por derivarem de quase-experimentos, foram qualificados em nível C por Oxford e pontuados entre 11 e 18 pelo check list de Downs & Black que, mostrou associação entre maiores pontuações e melhores controles de validades internas. Sugere-se a utilização de estratégias que maximizem os indícios de proteção e de outras que minimizem os indícios de risco / The bath of the patient in critical state is an activity that requires several stages of planning, because of the characteristics and peculiarities. The peculiar technological apparatus of high complexity units allow for monitoring, but difficult access and mobilization of the patient. The oxy-hemodynamic effects of bath in adult patients hospitalized in critical condition in context on etiology / damage were investigated by this systematic review of literature, which aimed to identify the existence of scientific evidence about these impacts on that population and; to verify the possibility of establishment of criteria for baths indication in different clinical situations. Primary and secondary studies with explicit methodology, without clipping on languages or predetermined time were considered. The inclusion criteria involved the measurement of hemodynamic or oxymetric variable during the bath of adults hospitalized in critical care units. It was used an adaptation of the PICO strategy, the PIO, where: P (patients, problem) = \"Intensive Care Units\" and variations, I (intervention) = bath and variations, O (outcome) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption \"and variations. Were investigated: the electronic databases CINAHL, DEDALUS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed / MEDLINE; manually the libraries of the Nursing Schools of Universidade Federal Fluminense and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; cross references of publications and; related articles of Pubmed and ISI. The 44,597 initial results of the electronic databases were exported to a program for managing references, submitted to successive filters, resulting in 23 publications which, added to two monographs obtained in conventional libraries, totalize 25 references. After reading full publications and having consensus meetings, 19 studies were discarded, totalizing a sample of 6 publications. Results explained the low publication on the subject, with a predominance of national studies. In view of the fragility and heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to do a consistent mapping of all the important oximetric and hemodynamic answers for these patients. The further discussed outcomes were the mixed venous oxygen saturation and heart rate, representatives of the respective segments. With the exception of saturation, it was not identified important differences when compared to the baselines. The saturation declined during the bath and was restored 30 minutes at the end. It is concluded that operational measures seem act as risk factors: bath in less than 4 hours after cardiac surgery, prolonged positioning in lateral decubitus and showers time over 20 minutes or; a protective factor: maintenance of water temperature at 40 ° C. As the findings were derived from quasi-experiments, their evidences were qualified to level C for Oxford and scored between 11 and 18 by the check list of Downs & Black, that showed an association between higher scores and better control of internal validity. It is suggested the use of strategies that maximize the indications of protection and other that minimize the indications of risk

O banho do paciente em estado crítico constitui uma atividade que exige ordenamento das diversas etapas, dadas as características e peculiaridades. O aparato tecnológico peculiar das unidades de alta complexidade permite a monitoração, mas dificulta o acesso e mobilização do paciente. As repercussões oxi-hemodinâmicas do banho no paciente adulto internado em estado crítico no contexto relativo à etiologia/dano foram investigadas por meio dessa revisão sistemática de literatura, que objetivou identificar a existência de evidências científicas sobre as referidas repercussões naquela população e; verificar a possibilidade de estabelecimento de critérios para indicação do banho em diferentes situações clínicas. Foram considerados estudos primários e secundários com metodologia explícita, sem recorte temporal ou idiomas predeterminados. Os critérios de inclusão envolveram a mensuração de variável hemodinâmica ou oximétrica no decurso do banho de adultos críticos internados em meio hospitalar. Foi utilizada uma adaptação da estratégia PICO, o PIO, donde: P (pacientes, problema) = \"Intensive Care Units\" e variações; I (intervenção) = banho e variações; O (desfecho) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption\" e variações. Foram pesquisadas: as bases eletrônicas CINAHL, DEDALUS; EMBASE, COCHRANE, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE; manualmente as bibliotecas das Escolas de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal Fluminense e Federal do Rio de Janeiro; referências cruzadas das publicações e; artigos relacionados do Pubmed e ISI. Os 44597 resultados iniciais das bases eletrônicas foram exportados para um programa de gerenciamento de referências, submetidos a filtros sucessivos, resultando em 23 publicações que, somadas a duas monografias obtidas em bibliotecas convencionais, perfez 25 referências. Após leitura na íntegra e reuniões de consenso foram descartadas 19, totalizando uma amostra de 6 publicações. Resultados explicitaram a baixa publicação sobre a temática, com predomínio de estudos nacionais. Dada a heterogeneidade e fragilidade dos estudos não foi possível um mapeamento consistente de todas as respostas oximéricas e hemodimâmicas importantes para os pacientes em questão. Os desfechos mais abordados foram a saturação venosa mista de oxigênio e o índice cardíaco, representantes respectivos dos segmentos. À exceção da saturação, não se identificaram diferenças importantes quando comparadas aos baselines. A saturação declinou durante o banho e se restabeleceu 30 minutos ao término. Conclui-se que medidas operacionais parecem atuar como fatores de risco: banho em menos de 4 h após a cirurgia cardíaca, posicionamento prolongado em decúbito lateral e tempo de banho superior a 20 minutos ou; fator de proteção: manutenção da temperatura da água em 40°C. Quanto à evidência dos achados, por derivarem de quase-experimentos, foram qualificados em nível C por Oxford e pontuados entre 11 e 18 pelo check list de Downs & Black que, mostrou associação entre maiores pontuações e melhores controles de validades internas. Sugere-se a utilização de estratégias que maximizem os indícios de proteção e de outras que minimizem os indícios de risco / The bath of the patient in critical state is an activity that requires several stages of planning, because of the characteristics and peculiarities. The peculiar technological apparatus of high complexity units allow for monitoring, but difficult access and mobilization of the patient. The oxy-hemodynamic effects of bath in adult patients hospitalized in critical condition in context on etiology / damage were investigated by this systematic review of literature, which aimed to identify the existence of scientific evidence about these impacts on that population and; to verify the possibility of establishment of criteria for baths indication in different clinical situations. Primary and secondary studies with explicit methodology, without clipping on languages or predetermined time were considered. The inclusion criteria involved the measurement of hemodynamic or oxymetric variable during the bath of adults hospitalized in critical care units. It was used an adaptation of the PICO strategy, the PIO, where: P (patients, problem) = \"Intensive Care Units\" and variations, I (intervention) = bath and variations, O (outcome) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption \"and variations. Were investigated: the electronic databases CINAHL, DEDALUS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed / MEDLINE; manually the libraries of the Nursing Schools of Universidade Federal Fluminense and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; cross references of publications and; related articles of Pubmed and ISI. The 44,597 initial results of the electronic databases were exported to a program for managing references, submitted to successive filters, resulting in 23 publications which, added to two monographs obtained in conventional libraries, totalize 25 references. After reading full publications and having consensus meetings, 19 studies were discarded, totalizing a sample of 6 publications. Results explained the low publication on the subject, with a predominance of national studies. In view of the fragility and heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to do a consistent mapping of all the important oximetric and hemodynamic answers for these patients. The further discussed outcomes were the mixed venous oxygen saturation and heart rate, representatives of the respective segments. With the exception of saturation, it was not identified important differences when compared to the baselines. The saturation declined during the bath and was restored 30 minutes at the end. It is concluded that operational measures seem act as risk factors: bath in less than 4 hours after cardiac surgery, prolonged positioning in lateral decubitus and showers time over 20 minutes or; a protective factor: maintenance of water temperature at 40 ° C. As the findings were derived from quasi-experiments, their evidences were qualified to level C for Oxford and scored between 11 and 18 by the check list of Downs & Black, that showed an association between higher scores and better control of internal validity. It is suggested the use of strategies that maximize the indications of protection and other that minimize the indications of risk

Il est généralement accepté que les lits vasculaires oculaires auraient la faculté d’autoréguler leur apport sanguin afin de contrebalancer les variations de pression de perfusion oculaire (PPO). Plusieurs études ont tenté d’évaluer ce mécanisme en mesurant les effets d’une variation de la PPO - induite par un exercice ou par une augmentation de la pression intra-oculaire (PIO) à l’aide d’une suction sclérale - sur le débit sanguin oculaire (DSO). Or, les méthodes de mesure du DSO utilisées jusqu'à maintenant présentent de nombreux désavantages et limites, ce qui rend difficile leur usage clinique. De récents développements dans le domaine des investigations non-invasives des paramètres sanguins oculaires proposent un modèle capable de mesurer en temps réel la concentration en oxygène, un autre paramètre important du métabolisme rétinien. Dans le cadre de la présente étude, ce nouveau modèle est utilisé afin de mesurer les effets d’un effort physique dynamique sur la concentration d’oxygène dans les capillaires de la tête du nerf optique (COTNO) de sujets jeunes et en santé. Six jeunes hommes non fumeurs ont participé à l’étude. L’effort physique dynamique consistait en une séance de bicyclette stationnaire de 15 minutes menant à une augmentation du pouls à 160 battements par minute. La COTNO était mesurée avant et immédiatement après la séance d’exercice. La pression artérielle (PA) et la PIO étaient mesurées ponctuellement alors que le pouls et la saturation sanguine en oxygène (SpO2) au niveau digital étaient mesurés tout au long de l’expérience. L’effort physique a entrainé une réduction de la PIO chez tous les sujets, une réduction de la COTNO chez tous les sujets sauf un tandis que la SpO2 demeura constante chez tous les sujets. Une corrélation quadratique entre les variations de la PIO et de la COTNO a pu être notée. Ces résultats suggèrent une corrélation directe entre les variations de la COTNO et celles de la PPO et de la PA. Les résultats de la présente étude suggèrent que les variations de la COTNO chez un sujet en santé suite à un effort physique dynamique pourraient représenter sa capacité à compenser un tel effort. De plus, les changements métaboliques sanguins induits par l’effort physique dynamique pourraient représenter une cause commune aux variations de la PIO et de la COTNO. / It is generally accepted that ocular vascular beds have the ability to autoregulate their blood flow to counter balance the variations in the ocular perfusion pressure (OPP). Many studies have tried to evaluate this mechanism by quantifying the effects of a variation in OPP on the ocular blood flow (OBF). This was induced by either exercise or scleral suction which increases intra-ocular pressure (IOP). However, the methods used for these measurements have many disadvantages and limitations, which deters their clinical use. Recent developments in the field of non-invasive investigation of ocular blood parameters propose a model for the measurement, in real-time, of oxygen concentration in the blood streams, another important parameter of the retinal metabolism. In the present study, this new model is used to evaluate the effects of dynamic physical efforts on the blood oxygenation in the optic nerve head capillary structures (BOONH) in young healthy subjects. Six non-smoking young men participated in the study. 15-minute sessions of stationary bicycle leading to a heart rate of 160bpm were performed as dynamic physical effort. The BOONH was measured before and immediately after the exercise. The blood pressure (BP) and the IOP were measured periodically while the heart rate and the oxygen saturation in blood (SpO2) were measured in a finger throughout the exercise. The physical effort led to a reduction of the IOP in all subjects, a decrease in the BOONH in all but one subjects and a constant SpO2 in all subjects. A quadratic correlation was observed between the variations in IOP and in BOONH. These results suggest a direct correlation between the variations in BOONH and those of the OPP and the BP. The results of the present study suggest that the variations in BOONH in a healthy subject following a physical dynamic effort could indicate his/her capacity to compensate for such an effort. Moreover, the metabolic changes in the blood due to physical dynamic efforts could be a common cause of the variations in IOP and BOONH.

Il est généralement accepté que les lits vasculaires oculaires auraient la faculté d’autoréguler leur apport sanguin afin de contrebalancer les variations de pression de perfusion oculaire (PPO). Plusieurs études ont tenté d’évaluer ce mécanisme en mesurant les effets d’une variation de la PPO - induite par un exercice ou par une augmentation de la pression intra-oculaire (PIO) à l’aide d’une suction sclérale - sur le débit sanguin oculaire (DSO). Or, les méthodes de mesure du DSO utilisées jusqu'à maintenant présentent de nombreux désavantages et limites, ce qui rend difficile leur usage clinique. De récents développements dans le domaine des investigations non-invasives des paramètres sanguins oculaires proposent un modèle capable de mesurer en temps réel la concentration en oxygène, un autre paramètre important du métabolisme rétinien. Dans le cadre de la présente étude, ce nouveau modèle est utilisé afin de mesurer les effets d’un effort physique dynamique sur la concentration d’oxygène dans les capillaires de la tête du nerf optique (COTNO) de sujets jeunes et en santé. Six jeunes hommes non fumeurs ont participé à l’étude. L’effort physique dynamique consistait en une séance de bicyclette stationnaire de 15 minutes menant à une augmentation du pouls à 160 battements par minute. La COTNO était mesurée avant et immédiatement après la séance d’exercice. La pression artérielle (PA) et la PIO étaient mesurées ponctuellement alors que le pouls et la saturation sanguine en oxygène (SpO2) au niveau digital étaient mesurés tout au long de l’expérience. L’effort physique a entrainé une réduction de la PIO chez tous les sujets, une réduction de la COTNO chez tous les sujets sauf un tandis que la SpO2 demeura constante chez tous les sujets. Une corrélation quadratique entre les variations de la PIO et de la COTNO a pu être notée. Ces résultats suggèrent une corrélation directe entre les variations de la COTNO et celles de la PPO et de la PA. Les résultats de la présente étude suggèrent que les variations de la COTNO chez un sujet en santé suite à un effort physique dynamique pourraient représenter sa capacité à compenser un tel effort. De plus, les changements métaboliques sanguins induits par l’effort physique dynamique pourraient représenter une cause commune aux variations de la PIO et de la COTNO. / It is generally accepted that ocular vascular beds have the ability to autoregulate their blood flow to counter balance the variations in the ocular perfusion pressure (OPP). Many studies have tried to evaluate this mechanism by quantifying the effects of a variation in OPP on the ocular blood flow (OBF). This was induced by either exercise or scleral suction which increases intra-ocular pressure (IOP). However, the methods used for these measurements have many disadvantages and limitations, which deters their clinical use. Recent developments in the field of non-invasive investigation of ocular blood parameters propose a model for the measurement, in real-time, of oxygen concentration in the blood streams, another important parameter of the retinal metabolism. In the present study, this new model is used to evaluate the effects of dynamic physical efforts on the blood oxygenation in the optic nerve head capillary structures (BOONH) in young healthy subjects. Six non-smoking young men participated in the study. 15-minute sessions of stationary bicycle leading to a heart rate of 160bpm were performed as dynamic physical effort. The BOONH was measured before and immediately after the exercise. The blood pressure (BP) and the IOP were measured periodically while the heart rate and the oxygen saturation in blood (SpO2) were measured in a finger throughout the exercise. The physical effort led to a reduction of the IOP in all subjects, a decrease in the BOONH in all but one subjects and a constant SpO2 in all subjects. A quadratic correlation was observed between the variations in IOP and in BOONH. These results suggest a direct correlation between the variations in BOONH and those of the OPP and the BP. The results of the present study suggest that the variations in BOONH in a healthy subject following a physical dynamic effort could indicate his/her capacity to compensate for such an effort. Moreover, the metabolic changes in the blood due to physical dynamic efforts could be a common cause of the variations in IOP and BOONH.