O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo para reconhecer e reproduzir padrões de viagens encadeadas a pé. O processo de modelagem foi conduzido através da aplicação das técnicas das Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs), utilizando-se de uma rede estática MLP e de rede dinâmica Elman. A análise do desempenho do modelo foi baseada nos dados de uma pesquisa de Origem-Destino realizada, em 1987, pelo METRÔ-SP na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Na modelagem foi fixado o modo de viagem a pé, e, na abordagem seqüencial, padrões de viagens individuais foram representados em termos de dois componentes: duração da viagem e tipo de atividades. A análise foi realizada partindo da classificação geral e específica para cada segmento do encadeamento de viagens, o que permitiu a comparação dos resultados entre padrões de viagens observados e os reproduzidos pelas redes. Na classificação geral, cinco dos padrões previstos com maior freqüência pelas RNAs representaram em média 58,9% dos indivíduos no conjunto de dados usado para testar o desempenho do modelo. Para o vetor de duas e quatro viagens, as redes neurais reproduziram 50% das durações de viagem e 90% das atividades, tais como Trabalho e Escola. Embora esses resultados não pareçam muito robustos, não significa que eles estejam errados. As porcentagens acima representam a probabilidade de uma pessoa realizar viagens com aquelas durações ou tipo de atividades. / The main objective of this work was to develop a model for recognizing and reproduzing trip-chaining patterns by walk. The process of modeling was conducted applying the techniques of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), by using one of the static networks MLP and the Elman dynamic network. The analysis of the performance of the model was based on the origin-destination home-interview survey carried out by METRÔ-SP in São Paulo Metropolitan Area in 1987. The mode of trip by walk was fixed in the model, and, in the sequential approach, individual travel patterns were represented in terms of two components: trip duration and activity type. The analysis was accomplished starting from the general and specific classifications for each segment of the chained trips, which allowed the comparison of the results between the observed travel patterns and reproduced ones through ANNs. In general classification, 5 of the patterns most frequently predicted by the ANNs represented 58.9% of the individuals in the dataset used for testing the model performance. For the vectors of two and four trips, the neural networks reproduced 50% of trip durations and 90% of the activities, such as work and school. Although those results seem not so robust, it does not mean that they are wrong. The percentages above represent the probability of a person making trips with those durations or type of activities.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T18:57:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HELEN LIRA HENRIQUES TORRES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2003..pdf: 11290763 bytes, checksum: 200e011460ce948739e83b910908e71b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T18:57:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HELEN LIRA HENRIQUES TORRES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2003..pdf: 11290763 bytes, checksum: 200e011460ce948739e83b910908e71b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-15 / O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) determinar as características físicas (tamanho, forma, volume, massa especifica, porosidade, esfericidade e área projetada) dos grãos de feijão variedade "carioquinha", milho variedade "pé-de-boi" e soja variedade "Foscarini" e 2) determinar os parâmetros aerodinâmicos: velocidade terminal, coeficiente de arraste e efeito de parede dos grãos quando submetidos à queda em coluna vertical de secção cilíndrica com diâmetros de 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 mm e também de secção quadrada com lados de iguais dimensões. Para determinação das características físicas foram utilizados os métodos descritos por MOHSENIN (1978) e para determinação dos parâmetros aerodinâmicos foi construído um equipamento composto por ventilador de ciclo contínuo, com potência de 1 hp; 3.600 rpm e um terminal para substituição das colunas de queda verticais, todas com lm de altura em que a velocidade terminal era medida com o auxílio de um anemómetro. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: a) nenhuma das equações citadas na literatura oferece boa aproximação aos dados experimentais da velocidade terminal obtidas para feijão e milho; b) a equação citada por Mohsenin oferece uma boa aproximação dos dados experimentais de velocidade terminal para soja; c) a equação dada por Massarani é a que mais se aproxima dos valores experimentais de feijão e milho, mas reduz muito as diferenças relativas entre as velocidades dos diferentes tipos de grãos e por isto seu uso é inadequado para fins de seleção e demais fases de processamento que solicitem precisão; d) a velocidade terminal em queda livre foi conseguida apenas na coluna de secção quadrada de 60 mm de diâmetro para feijão e soja; e) para os parâmetros estudados não se pode afirmar que tenha se obtido velocidade terminal do milho em queda livre sendo evidenciado o efeito de parede, inclusive para a determinação da velocidade terminal na coluna de secção quadrada de 60 mm; f) entre todas as colunas testadas, para todos o tamanhos e tipos de grãos, obteve-se maior velocidade terminal com a colima de secção quadrada; g) existe uma tendência à estabilização do coeficiente de arraste de todos os produtos a partir da dimensão de 50 mm, principalmente na secção quadrada e mais particularmente para a soja; h) apenas para soja obteve-se coeficiente de arraste (0,42) típico do regime de Newton, muito próximo do Cu para esfera (0,44) nessa região de transporte; i) o grão de milho, quando submetido a fluxo de ar em colunas cuja relação P (Dp /Dc) > 0,3520, muda sua orientação, passando a adotar uma posição cuja menor área projetada permanece perpendicular à direção do fluxo; j) para se obter a velocidade terminal em queda livre de produtos com fator de esfericidade na faixa estudada (0,60 a 0,9) o valor de P deve ser menor do que 0,1173; k) as cartas existentes na literatura para o cálculo do coeficiente de arraste feito com base nas características físicas, atribuem coeficientes de arraste típicos da região transiente com alguns deles na região de Stokes. Porém, tem-se para esses produtos valores de velocidades bem superiores a lm s"; 1) as equações e cartas existentes na literatura para expressar o transporte de partículas não são adequadas ao estudo de transporte e seleção de grãos. / The present work had as objectives: 1) to determine the physical characteristics (size, form, volume, density, porosity, sphericity and projected area) of the grains of bean variety "carioquinha", corn variety "pe-de-boi" and soybean variety "Foscarini" and 2) to determine the aerodynamic parameters: terminal speed, drag coefficient and effect of wall of the grains submitted to the fall in vertical column of cylindrical section with diameter of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mm and also of square section with sides of same dimensions. For determination of the physical characteristics the methods described by MOHSENIN (1978) were used and for determination of the aerodynamic parameters an equipment was built composed by fan of continuous cycle, motor with 1 hp of potency;. 3600 rpm and a terminal for substitution of the vertical fall columns, all with 1m of height, where the terminal speed was measured with an anemometer. According the results obtained it was concluded that: a) none of the equations mentioned in the literature offers good approach to the experimental data of the terminal speed obtained for bean and com; b) the equation mentioned by Mohsenin offers a good approach of the experimental data of terminal speed for soybean; c) the equation given by Massarani is the one that more approaches of the experimental values of bean and corn, but it reduces the relative differences among the speeds of the different types of grains and for this reason to use it is inadequate for selection finality and other processing phases that request precision; d) the terminal speed in free fall was obtained in the column of square section of 60 mm of diameter for bean and soybean; e) for the studied parameters it cannot affirm that the terminal speed of the corn in free fall was reached, being evidenced the wall effect, including for the determination of the terminal speed in the column of square section of 60 mm; f) among all the tested columns, for all the sizes and types of grains, it was obtained larger terminal speed with the column of square section; g) there is a stabilization tendency of the drag coefficient of all the products starting from the dimensions of 50 mm, mainly in the square section and more particularly for the soybean; h) only for soybean it was obtained drag coefficient (0.42) typical of Newton's regime, very close of die Cn for sphere (0.44) in that transport area; i) the corn grain, when submitted to flow of air in columns whose relationship (Dp/Dc) > 0.3520, it changes your orientation, starting to adopt a position whose smaller projected area remains perpendicular to the direction of the flow; j) to obtain the terminal speed in fall free from products with spherecity factor in the studied range (0.60 to 0.90) the (3 value it should be smaller than 0.1173; k) the diagrams in the literature for the calculation of the drag coefficient done base on the physical characteristics, attribute coefficients typical of die transient region, some of them in the Stokes' region. However, for those products there are values very superior to 1 m s"'; 1) the equations and existent diagrams in the literature, to express the transport of particles are not appropriate to the transport and selection of grains studies.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-15T17:40:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO JONES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 1781652 bytes, checksum: 5ecbeafd5b48184bce3785273190c6dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T17:40:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO JONES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 1781652 bytes, checksum: 5ecbeafd5b48184bce3785273190c6dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / A Região Nordeste do Brasil é caracterizada por clima semiárido, sendo os volumes precipitados normalmente inferiores à evaporação e, tornando o uso da irrigação imprescindível para uma produção agrícola sustentável, entretanto, o manejo inadequado da irrigação atrelado às condições locais, tem favorecido os processos de salinização e sodificação de solos, promovendo a degradação e o abandono de extensas áreas anteriormente produtivas. Entre as áreas afetadas por sais nessa região, destaca-se o Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo - PB em situação de degradação de solos com problemas de sais, isso ensejou a propositura de estudar métodos e técnicas visando o melhoramento das características físicas e químicas do solo. O experimento foi instalado em área previamente identificada como possuidora de solo salino-sódico no Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo, e para a recuperação fez-se da aplicação dos métodos e da técnica da fitorremediação com Erva-Sal (Atriplex numulária L.), Capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica L.), Salsa - Brava (Ipomoea asarifolia L.) e Gesso agrícola. A pesquisa constou de oito tratamentos, com quatro repetições, os tratamentos foram submetidos a um delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), com os seguintes tratamentos: i) cultivo de atriplex; ii) cultivo de capim-pé-galinha, iii) cultivo de salsa, iv) solo com gesso; v)aplicação de gesso agrícola associado ao cultivo de atriplex; vi)aplicação de gesso agrícola associado ao cultivo de capim pé-de-galinha; vii)aplicação de gesso agrícola associado ao cultivo de salsa e viii) solo sem manejo (testemunha), numa área total de 62 m² conduzido em campo, em parcelas de 1,40 x 1,40 m. Com esse estudo pretende-se recuperar solo afetados por sais, utilizando um método alternativo, mais viável economicamente e sustentável através de plantas capazes de extrair os sais em excesso do solo. / Brazil's Northeast region is characterized by semi-arid climate, and the precipitated volumes usually lower than the evaporation and, making use of vital irrigation for sustainable agricultural production, however, inadequate irrigation management linked to local conditions, has favored processes salinization and sodification soils, promoting the degradation and abandonment of extensive formerly productive areas. Among the areas affected by salts in this region, we highlight the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo - PB in soil degradation situation with salt problems and this gave rise to the filing of study methods and techniques aimed at improving the physical and chemical characteristics ground. The experiment was installed in previously identified area as saline-sodic soil possessed in the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, and the recovery was made of the application of methods and phytoremediation technique with herb-salt (Atriplex moneywort L.), grass crow's foot bath (Eleusine indica L.), Salsa - Brava (Ipomoea asarifolia L.) and Agricultural Gypsum. The survey consisted of eight treatments, with four replications, the treatments were subjected to a randomized block design (RBD), with the following treatments: i) atriplex cultivation; ii) grass-foot-chicken farming, iii) salsa culture, iv) soil with gypsum; v) application of gypsum associated with atriplex cultivation; vi) application of gypsum associated with grass growing chicken's foot; vii) application of gypsum associated with the parsley cultivation and viii) soil without management (control), a total area of 62 m² conducted under field conditions in portions of 1.40 x 1.40 m. With this study we intend to recover salt affected soil, using an alternative method more economically viable and sustainable through plants capable of extracting soil excess salts.

A partir de 1948 la société palestinienne est déstabilisée suite à la guerre qui voit la perte de la Palestine historique. La grande majorité des Palestiniens se retrouve dispersée dans les pays de la région et au-delà de la Méditerranée. Aussi l'élite ancienne construite à partir de fondements religieux, familiaux ou de richesses foncières se retrouve elle aussi expulsée de ses terres. Elle perd donc ses positions de privilèges, désemparée et désorientée, elle ne reviendra plus jamais au devant de la scène nationale palestinienne. Ce sont les hommes qui dirigeront la lutte pour la récupération de la Palestine de 1948, ensuite et à partir de 1967 contre l'occupation de la Cisjordanie et de la bande de Gaza (partie de la Palestine historique) d'abord sous forme de lutte armée ensuite par la diplomatie et la politique de négociations, qui deviennent les nouvelles figures sur la scène politique palestinienne. Ils sont originaires non de l'ancienne bourgeoisie religieuse et familiale mais de la classe moyenne des villes et des zones rurales qui vont recruter dans les camps de réfugiés les futurs combattants. Ce sont les nouveaux dirigeants. C'est un processus qui a commencé dès la moitié des années 1960 pour se consolider avec la création de partis et mouvements palestiniens opérant dans les divers pays d'accueil de la région. Cette nouvelle élite se conforme aux changements et aléas de la diplomatie internationale et d'un rapport de force inégal face à Israël tout au long du conflit israélo-palestinien. Pour comprendre l'évolution des élites palestiniennes il fallait donc adopter l'approche historique des événements et faits marquants touchant le peuple palestinien depuis 1948 jusqu'à l'après-Oslo (1993) ; vingt ans d'Autorité Nationale Palestinienne caractérisée par une souveraineté limitée aux principales villes de la Cisjordanie et de la bande de Gaza, au contraire de ce qu'avaient stipulé les Accords de 1993 : ceux-ci devaient progresser vers le statut définitif des Territoires occupés en 1967. C'est dans ces territoires occupés depuis 1967, en Cisjordanie et dans la bande de Gaza, que se situe donc notre terrain de recherche. À partir de 1993 les dirigeants rapatriés de l'exil formant les membres dirigeants de l'Autorité nationale, vont favoriser les initiatives de palestiniens, en particulier, les figures proéminentes des villes, dans la création d'établissements universitaires. Ceci est entrepris non seulement pour répondre aux besoins d'éducation d'une population jeune dans un acte de résilience face à l'occupation, mais aussi pour répondre aux exigences du projet de construction des institutions du futur Etat à l'intérieur des Territoires de 1967. De nouvelles compétences, de nouveaux savoir-faire devenaient nécessaires dans cette nouvelle situation du post-Oslo où, en parallèle à la lutte politique, l'enseignement supérieur devenait un enjeu vital pour l'existence de la société palestinienne dont l'ambition est d'avoir une place à part entière parmi les nations modernes du monde. D'autres figures émergeront à partir de ces universités pour former une nouvelle et différente élite qui gouvernera dans un contexte de règles démocratiques où le pouvoir ne sera pas exclusivement dans la main de quelques dirigeants. L'OLP, dès 1990, va créer une Université pour tous, l'Université Ouverte Al-Quds (l'UOQ), se basant sur le mode ouvert et à distance. C'était un choix devenu urgent pour surmonter les difficultés et les entraves qu'imposait l'occupation. L'UOQ connaîtra un grand succès comme en témoigne le nombre grossissant de ses inscrits dans un contexte de tension. Plus tard et malgré son offre limitée dans les disciplines d'études, elle va attirer les jeunes à la recherche d'un métier, les adultes pour poursuivre des études inachevées, les femmes pour la proximité de ses centres d'études. / Starting from 1948 the Palestinian society is destabilized by the war which saw the loss of historic Palestine. The vast majority of Palestinians are scattered in the countries of the region and beyond the Mediterranean. The old elite originating from religious, family or land ownership backgrounds lost also all its possessions and, consequently, all its influential positions. Helpless and disoriented, this elite will never return to the forefront of the Palestinian national scene. It is the men who lead the struggle for the recovery of Palestine of 1948, and then, from 1967 onwards, against the occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (part of historic Palestine), first in an armed struggle then through diplomacy and political negotiations, who become the new figures of the Palestinian political scene under the umbrella of the Palestine Liberation Organization, the PLO. They come from outside the well-known religious families and the Palestinian bourgeoisie, but rather from the middle class of towns or from rural areas who will recruit in the refugee camps the future fighters. These are the new leaders. It is a process that began in the mid-1960s and was progressively consolidated through the creation of Palestinian parties and movements operating in various host countries in the region. This new elite adapts itself to the changes and vagaries of international diplomacy and to an imbalance of power against Israel throughout the years of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In order to understand the process of the forming of Palestinian elites it was necessary to adopt the approach of historical events and facts related to the Palestinian people since 1948 until the post-Oslo (1993). The last twenty years saw a Palestinian National Authority characterized by sovereignty limited to the main cities of the West Bank and Gaza strip, contrary to what had been stipulated in the Oslo Agreements of 1993 : these were to lead to a final settlement concerning the status of the Territories occupied in 1967. The focus of our research is therefore the society in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Starting from 1993, the leaders returning from exile and who formed the ruling members of the National Authority supported the initiatives of Palestinians, in particular, the prominent figures of the cities, in the creation and development of academic establishments and universities as a way not only to meet with the need of education of the young in a resiliency act to face occupation, but also to respond to the demands of building the future State institutions inside the 1967 lines. New skills, new competences were required in this new phase of the post-Oslo evolution where, along the political struggle, higher education became vital to the existence of the Palestinian society who ambitions to have a full-fledged position among the modern states of the world. Other new figures will arise from these universities to form a new, different elite in a context of democracy rules where power will not be exclusively in the hands of a few rulers. The PLO in 1990, had created a University for all, the al-Quds Open University (QOU), based on the mode of open and distance learning. This was a choice made urgent by the restrictions and the obstacles imposed by the occupying forces. QOU became particularly attractive as evidenced by the large numbers of its registered students and as the situation grew more tense. Later on and despite its limited offer of study disciplines it drew students needing to secure job, adults wanting to pursue unfinished studies, women who found it easy to access the University study centers.

Este estudo mostra como o rolamento do pé de pacientes com polineuropatia diabética pode ser melhorado com exercícios para pés e tornozelos, visando a recuperação muscular e articular comprometidos pela doença. Um ensaio clínico randomizado, paralelo, com um braço de crossover, e avaliador cego, foi conduzido. Cinquenta e cinco pacientes com polineuropatia diabética foram randomizados e alocados para o grupo controle (n=29) e grupo intervenção (n=26). A intervenção foi aplicada por 12 semanas, 2 vezes por semana, por 40 a 60 minutos cada sessão. As variáveis primárias foram definidas como as que descrevem o rolamento do pé: pressão plantar em seis regiões plantares de interesse. As variáveis secundárias foram a cinética e cinemática de tornozelo no plano sagital, e as medidas clínicas da função de pés e tornozelo (teste de função muscular manual, testes funcionais), de sinais e sintomas da polineuropatia diabética, exame físico dos pés e teste de confiança e equilíbrio em atividades da marcha. Os efeitos de tempo (baseline e 12 semanas), de grupo (controle e intervenção) e de interação foram calculados por meio de ANOVAs casewise 2 fatores, e para as comparações intragrupo do grupo intervenção (baseline, 12 semanas e 24 semanas) foram usadas ANOVAs para medidas repetidas. As variáveis não paramétricas foram comparadas entre grupos por meio de testes de Mann-Whitney e entre os tempos de intervenção por meio do teste de Wilcoxon. Adotou-se um ? de 5% para diferenças estatísticas e o coeficiente d de Cohen para descrição do tamanho do efeito da intervenção. Após 12 semanas de exercícios, observou-se mudanças positivas no rolamento do pé. Houve uma suavização do contato do calcanhar no apoio inicial, refletido pelo aumento do tempo do pico de pressão e da integral do pico de pressão. O médio-pé aumentou sua participação no rolamento observado pela diminuição da velocidade média do deslocamento do centro de pressão e aumento da integral do pico de pressão. O antepé lateral passou a realizar o apoio no solo antecipadamente em relação ao antepé medial, que previamente à intervenção aconteciam concomitantemente, e esse resultado foi evidenciado pela antecipação do tempo do pico de pressão em antepé lateral após a intervenção. A ação de hálux e dedos também aumentou (aumento de integral do pico de pressão e picos de pressão), em uma patologia marcada pela diminuição do contato do hálux e desenvolvimento de dedos em garra, que diminui o contato dos dedos com o solo. O grupo controle apresentou algumas pioras com relação à função muscular e parâmetros cinéticos e cinemáticos de tornozelo, enquanto que o grupo intervenção mostrou melhora na função de muitos grupos musculares, em testes funcionais e no pico de momento extensor na fase de aplainamento do pé. Apesar do protocolo de intervenção ter sido construído de modo a permitir que o paciente incorpore os exercícios na sua rotina diária, a aderência a este tipo de intervenção deve ser estudada, já que grande parte das variáveis retornaram ao baseline após o período de follow up. Ações preventivas são fundamentais para diminuir as complicações devastadoras da neuropatia diabética / This study shows how the foot rollover process during gait of patients with diabetic polyneuropathy can be improved with exercises for foot and ankle, aiming at the recovery of the muscles and joints affected by the disease. A clinical trial randomized, parallel, one arm of crossover, with blind assessment was conducted. Fifty-five patients with diabetic polineuropathy were randomly allocated to the control group (n = 29) and intervention group (n = 26). The intervention was applied for 12 weeks, twice a week, for 40 to 60 minutes per session. The primary variables were defined as those that describe the foot rollover: plantar pressure in 6 plantar areas of interest. The secondary variables were kinetic and kinematics of the ankle in the sagittal plane were calculated, and the clinical measures of foot and ankle function (manual muscle function testing, functional testing), signs and symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy, physical examination of the feet and balance and confidence test in gait activities. The time effects (baseline and 12 weeks), group effects (control and intervention groups) and interaction effects were calculated using casewise two factos ANOVAs, and for intragroup comparisons of intervention group (baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks) it was used ANOVAs for repeated measures. The nonparametric variables were compared between groups using Mann-Whitney tests and between periods of assessment using Wilcoxon test. We adopted an ? of 5% for statistical differences and the Cohen\'s d coefficient for description of the effect size. After 12 weeks ofexercises, there were positive changes in the foot rollover process. There was a softening of heel contact in initial contact, reflected by the increase in time to peak pressure and the pressure time integral. The midfoot increased its participation observed by the decrease in speed of displacement of the center of pressure and increased pressure time integral. The lateral forefoot contact was earlier relative to the medial forefoot, that occurred at the same time before intervention, observed by the early time to peak pressure of lateral forefoot after the intervention. The participation of the hallux and toes also increased (increase of pressure time integral and peak pressure), in a pathology that is marked by decreased contact of the hallux and development of claw toes, which reduces contact of the toes with the ground. CG showed some worsening in relation to muscle function and kinematic and kinetic parameters of the ankle, while the IG showed improvement in the function of many muscles groups, functional tests and peak extensor moment during the forefoot contact. The intervention protocol was constructed to allow the patient to incorporate exercise into their daily routine, but adherence to treatment should be studied and motivational strategies need to be applied, since most of the variables returned to baseline after the follow up period (12 weeks after the intervention). Preventive actions are critical to reducing the devastating complications of diabetic neuropathy

This thesis discuss various steps how institution of family policy in France and the Czech Republic influences the social status of single mothers, or how it affects their standard of living an opportunities. The thesis is based on a comparative analysis of two measures. The first one concerns possibilities of work-life balance, the second one means of prevention from poverty. The key factor influencing work-life balance is the interplay between maternity/ parental leave, public childcare accesibility and flexible working time practice. The character and availability of allowances completes the picture of what the prevailing gender principles in each family policy are. Hence, it also demonstrates the situation of single mothers. Key words: one-parent family, signle mothers, labor market, flexibility, discrimination, poverty, social policy, family policy, work-life balance, maternity/ parental leave, childcare, gender

La capacité humaine de reconnaitre et d’identifier de nombreux individus uniquement grâce à leur voix est unique et peut s’avérer cruciale pour certaines enquêtes. La méconnaissance de cette capacité jette cependant de l’ombre sur les applications dites « légales » de la phonétique. Le travail de thèse présenté ici a comme objectif principal de mieux définir les différents processus liés au traitement des voix dans le cerveau et les paramètres affectant ce traitement. Dans une première expérience, les potentiels évoqués (PÉs) ont été utilisés pour démontrer que les voix intimement familières sont traitées différemment des voix inconnues, même si ces dernières sont fréquemment répétées. Cette expérience a également permis de mieux définir les notions de reconnaissance et d’identification de la voix et les processus qui leur sont associés (respectivement les composantes P2 et LPC). Aussi, une distinction importante entre la reconnaissance de voix intimement familières (P2) et inconnues, mais répétées (N250) a été observée. En plus d’apporter des clarifications terminologiques plus-que-nécessaires, cette première étude est la première à distinguer clairement la reconnaissance et l’identification de locuteurs en termes de PÉs. Cette contribution est majeure, tout particulièrement en ce qui a trait aux applications légales qu’elle recèle. Une seconde expérience s’est concentrée sur l’effet des modalités d’apprentissage sur l’identification de voix apprises. Plus spécifiquement, les PÉs ont été analysés suite à la présentation de voix apprises à l’aide des modalités auditive, audiovisuelle et audiovisuelle interactive. Si les mêmes composantes (P2 et LPC) ont été observées pour les trois conditions d’apprentissage, l’étendue de ces réponses variait. L’analyse des composantes impliquées a révélé un « effet d’ombrage du visage » (face overshadowing effect, FOE) tel qu’illustré par une réponse atténuée suite à la présentation de voix apprise à l’aide d’information audiovisuelle par rapport celles apprises avec dans la condition audio seulement. La simulation d’interaction à l’apprentissage à quant à elle provoqué une réponse plus importante sur la LPC en comparaison avec la condition audiovisuelle passive. De manière générale, les données rapportées dans les expériences 1 et 2 sont congruentes et indiquent que la P2 et la LPC sont des marqueurs fiables des processus de reconnaissance et d’identification de locuteurs. Les implications fondamentales et en phonétique légale seront discutées. / The human ability to recognize and identify speakers by their voices is unique and can be critical in criminal investigations. However, the lack of knowledge on the working of this capacity overshadows its application in the field of “forensic phonetics”. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the processing of voices in the human brain and the parameters that influence it. In a first experiment, event related potentials (ERPs) were used to establish that intimately familiar voices are processed differently from unknown voices, even when the latter are repeated. This experiment also served to establish a clear distinction between neural components of speaker recognition and identification supported by corresponding ERP components (respectively the P2 and the LPC). An essential contrast between the processes underlying the recognition of intimately familiar voices (P2) and that of unknown but previously heard voices (N250) was also observed. In addition to clarifying the terminology of voice processing, the first study in this thesis is the first to unambiguously distinguish between speaker recognition and identification in terms of ERPs. This contribution is major, especially when it comes to applications of voice processing in forensic phonetics. A second experiment focused more specifically on the effects of learning modalities on later speaker identification. ERPs to trained voices were analysed along with behavioral responses of speaker identification following a learning phase where participants were trained on voices in three modalities : audio only, audiovisual and audiovisual interactive. Although the ERP responses for the trained voices showed effects on the same components (P2 and LPC) across the three training conditions, the range of these responses varied. The analysis of these components first revealed a face overshadowing effect (FOE) resulting in an impaired encoding of voice information. This well documented effect resulted in a smaller LPC for the audiovisual condition compared to the audio only condition. However, effects of the audiovisual interactive condition appeared to minimize this FOE when compared to the passive audiovisual condition. Overall, the data presented in both experiments is generally congruent and indicate that the P2 and the LPC are reliable electrophysiological markers of speaker recognition and identification. The implications of these findings for current voice processing models and for the field of forensic phonetics are discussed.