This study aims to examine the throughput of nanoparticles through a Cladophora cellulose based virus removal filter. The effect of Brownian motion and flow velocity on the retention of 5 nm gold nanoparticles, 12.8 nm dextran nanoparticles and 28 nm ΦX174 bacteriophages was examined through MATLAB simulations and filtration experiments. Modeling of Brownian motion at different flow velocities was performed in MATLAB by solving the Langevin equation for particle position and velocity for all three types of particles. The motion of all three particle types was shown to be constrained at local flow velocities of 1∙10-2 m/s or greater. The constraint was greatest for ΦX174 bacteriophages, followed by dextran particles and then gold particles as a result of particle diameter. To verify the effect experimentally, virus removal filters were prepared with a peak pore width of 23 nm. Filtration experiments were performed at different flux values where gold and dextran particles did not exhibit any difference in retention between fluxes. However, a significant amount of gold and dextran particles were removed by the filter despite being smaller than the measured pore size. A decrease in retention with filtrated volume was observed for both particle types. Filtration of ΦX174 bacteriophages exhibited a difference in retention at different fluxes, where all bacteriophages where removed at a higher flux. The results from both simulations and experiments suggest that the retentive mechanism in filtering is more complex than what can be described only by size exclusion sieving, Brownian diffusion and hydrodynamic constraint of particles.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / To study the dispersion of the coffee fruits during the drying, a vibrated tray drier with recycle was used. The dryer consists basically of four sections: drying vertical tunnel, vibration system, system of warm air supply to the drying tunnel and recycle system of coffee fruits. The drying tunnel contains four perforated trays through which the coffee fruits and air flow out, in cross flow. The coffee fruits drying was carried out using two experimental design, where the studied variables were, for the first design: coffee fruits temperature (40; 45 and 50ºC); mass of coffee fruits (11.5; 12.5 and 13.5 kg) and air mass rate (7; 8 and 9 kg air/min); the varieties of coffee fruits were: Acaiá, Catuaí and Mundo Novo; and for the second design: mass of coffee fruits (10; 12 and 14 kg) and air mass rate (7; 8 and 9 kg air/min), with coffee fruits temperature around 45ºC and the coffee variety Mundo Novo. For the first experimental design, the coffee fruits temperature only influenced significantly the drying time, where the largest temperature level reduces in 26.77 h the drying time. For the second experimental design, the studied variables were not significant on drying time. Coffee fruit sphericity, density, sticky decreased with the decrease of the moisture content. With reference to the quality of coffee grain, the best operational conditions were obtained with greater coffee fruits mass and air mass rate. The coffee fruits flow in the drying tunnel is promoted by vibration of the trays coupled to electromagnetic vibrators. The vibration amplitude was determined by an accelerometer connected to a signal conditioner and an analogical oscilloscope. The vibration amplitude decreased with the reduction of the coffee fruits moisture content due to the shrinkage and decrease of the mass, sticky, density and particle size coffee fruits. The coffee fruits mass rate and the residence time distribution were determined (RTD), during the drying. At the end of the drying, the flow occurs with easiness due to: absence of sticky of the coffee fruits; decrease of the particle mass and particle vibration damping decrease, due to particle rigidity acquired in the drying. The dispersion coefficient (Ez) was determined by Taylor Dispersion Model, Free Dispersion Model and Modified Free Dispersion Model. For the great majority of the experiments, the model that better fitted the experimental data (greater coefficient of correlation) was the model of the Modified Free Dispersion. The dispersion coefficient (Modified Free Dispersion) ranged from 1.31×10-4 to 68.67×10-4 m2/s. The Péclet number ranged from 1.15 to 31.00. / Para estudar a dispersão dos frutos de café durante a secagem, utilizou-se um secador de bandejas vibradas com reciclo. O secador consiste basicamente de quatro seções: túnel vertical de secagem, sistema de vibração, sistema de injeção de ar aquecido no túnel de secagem e sistema de reciclo dos frutos de café. O túnel de secagem contém quatro bandejas perfuradas por onde escoam os frutos de café e o ar, em fluxo cruzado. A secagem dos frutos de café foi realizada utilizando-se dois planejamentos experimentais, onde as variáveis estudadas foram, para o primeiro planejamento de secagem: temperatura dos frutos de café (40; 45 e 50ºC); massa de frutos de café alimentada (11,5; 12,5 e 13,5 kg) e vazão de ar de secagem (7; 8 e 9 kg ar/min), a variedade dos frutos de café foram: Acaiá, Catuaí e Mundo Novo; e para o segundo planejamento de secagem: massa de frutos de café (10; 12 e 14 kg) e vazão de ar (7; 8 e 9 kg ar/min), mantendo-se a temperatura dos frutos em 45ºC e a variedade Mundo Novo. Para o primeiro planejamento somente a temperatura dos frutos influenciou significativamente o tempo de secagem, onde o maior nível de temperatura reduz em 26,77 h o tempo de secagem. Para o segundo planejamento as variáveis estudadas não foram significativas para o tempo total de secagem dos frutos de café. Durante a secagem ocorre encolhimento dos frutos de café, diminuição da esfericidade, da pegajosidade, da densidade aparente e aumento da área superficial específica com a diminuição do conteúdo de umidade dos frutos de café. Em relação à qualidade do grão de café, as melhores condições operacionais foram obtidas com maior massa e maior vazão de ar de secagem. O escoamento do café no túnel de secagem é promovido pela vibração das bandejas acopladas a vibradores eletromagnéticos. A amplitude de vibração foi determinada por um acelerômetro acoplado a um condicionador de sinal e a um osciloscópio analógico. A amplitude vibracional diminuiu com a diminuição da umidade dos frutos de café devido ao encolhimento e à diminuição da massa, da pegajosidade, da densidade e do diâmetro dos frutos de café. Durante a secagem foram determinadas a vazão mássica dos frutos de café e a distribuição do tempo de residência (DTR). Ao final da secagem, o escoamento dos frutos de café ocorre com maior facilidade devido a: ausência de pegajosidade dos frutos de café; diminuição da massa das partículas e redução do amortecimento da vibração dos frutos de café devido à rigidez adquirida na secagem. O coeficiente de dispersão (Ez) foi determinado pelos modelos da Dispersão de Taylor, da Dispersão Livre e da Dispersão Livre Modificado. Para a grande maioria dos experimentos, o modelo que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais (maior coeficiente de correlação) foi o Modelo da Dispersão Livre Modificado. O coeficiente de dispersão dos frutos de café variou de 1,31×10-4 a 68,67×10-4 m2/s. O número de Péclet variou de 1,15 a 31,00. / Doutor em Engenharia Química