Submitted by Alessandra Portugal (alessandradf@ioc.fiocruz.br) on 2013-09-20T15:33:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Anael Viana Pinto Alberto.pdf: 4150812 bytes, checksum: 9ce0a5d780533302dcc603ae65f510fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-20T15:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anael Viana Pinto Alberto.pdf: 4150812 bytes, checksum: 9ce0a5d780533302dcc603ae65f510fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-31 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / ATP e outros nucleotídeos são liberados para o meio extracelular por vias reguladas ou pela perda da integridade de membrana. Uma vez fora da célula, esses compostos podem ativar receptores P2: P2X (receptores ionotrópicos) e P2Y (receptores acoplados a proteínas G). Além disso, O receptor P2X7 é um importante membro da família P2X, já que sua ativação pode levar a abertura de um poro membranar que permite a passagem de moléculas de até 900 Da. Os eosinófilos são as principais células efetoras em respostas alérgicas e estão associados com diversos processos fisiológicos e patológicos. Nesse trabalho investigamos a expressão de receptores P2 e suas funções em eosinófilos. Nesse contexto, nosso primeiro passo foi investigar a expressão e funcionalidade dos receptores P2X por patch clamping. Nossos resultados sugerem a presença de P2X1, de P2X2 e de P2X7. Em seguida, avaliamos por microfluorimetria a funcionalidade dos receptores P2Y, e verificamos com base na ordem de potência a possível presença de P2Y2, de P2Y4, de P2Y6 e de P2Y11. Além disso, confirmamos nossos dados por imunofluorescência. Realizamos também ensaios de migração in vitro e in vivo, para verificar se os nucleotídeos extracelulares poderiam atrair eosinófilos. O ATP foi capaz de induzir a migração dos eosinófilos, enquanto a suramina, um bloqueador P2, aboliu esse efeito, tanto in vitro, utilizando transwell, como in vivo, utilizando um modelo de pleurisia alérgica em ratos. Em seguida, avaliamos o possível papel da panexina-1 como poro associado ao receptor P2X7. Nesse trabalho utilizamos inibidores de hemicanais em experimentos de patch clamp e em ensaios de permeabilização de corante. Os resultados indicam que os inibidores de hemicanais não bloquearam a geração de corrente ou a captação de corante após a ativação do receptor P2X7 em macrófagos de ratos e camundongos. Demonstramos que eosinófilos de rato expressam receptores P2X e P2Y por imunofluorescência. Além disso, demonstramos que a ativação de receptores P2 pode aumentar a migração de eosinófilos in vitro e in vivo. Além disso, foi demonstrado que inibidores de panexina-1 não bloqueiam a captação do corante ou a corrente gerada pela ativação do receptor P2X7. Os nossos resultados demostraram que panexina-1 não é o poro associado ao receptor P2X7 em macrófagos / ATP and other nucleotides are released from cells through regulated pathways or following the loss of plasma membrane integrity. Once outside the cell, these compounds can activate P2 receptors: P2X ionotropic receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. . Additionally, P2X7 receptor is an important member of the P2X family of ionotropic receptor as its activation opens a non-selective pore allowing the passage of molecules up to 900 Da. Eosinophils represent major effector cells in the allergic inflammatory response and they are, in fact, associated with several physiological and pathological processes. Here we investigate the expression of P2 receptors and roles of those receptors in murine eosinophils. In this context, our first step were to investigate the expression and functionality of the P2X receptors by patch clamping, our results suggest the presence of P2X1, P2X2 and P2X7. Next we evaluate by microfluorimetry the expression of P2Y receptors, our results based in the ranking order of potency suggests the presence of P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6 e P2Y11. Moreover, we confirmed our findings by immunofluorescence assays. We also did in vitro and in vivo migration assays to verify whether nucleotides could attract eosinophil. ATP increased migration of eosinophils, while suramin a P2 blocker abolished this effect in both in vitro, using trasnwell, and in vivo, using a model of rat allergic pleurisy. Next, we evaluated the putative role of pannexin-1 as the pore associated to the P2X7 receptor. We used hemichannels inhibitors in patch clamp and dye uptake experiments. The results indicate that they do not interfere with current generation or dye uptake after activation of P2X7R in rat and mouse macrophages. We have demonstrated that rat eosinophils express P2X and P2Y receptors by immunofluorescence. In addition, the activation of P2 receptors can increase migration of eosinophils in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that specific inhibitors of pannexin-1 did not interfere with the dye uptake or current generated by the P2X7 activation. Our results showed that pannexin-1 is not the pore associated to the P2X7 receptor in macrophages.

1. The effects of external H-7, a potent protein kinase inhibitor, on the responses mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid A type (GAGA(A))-, nicotinic acetylcholine (nicotinic ACh)-, ionotropic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3)-, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and kainate (KA)-receptors were studied in freshly dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion neurone by use of whole cell patch-clamp technique. 2. External H-7 (1-1000 μM) produced a reversible, dose-dependent inhibition of whole cell currents activated by GABA, ACh and 5-HT. 3. Whole-cell currents evoked by ATP, 2-methylthio-ATP, NMDA and KA were sensitive to external H-7. 4. External H-7 shifted the dose-response curve of GABA-activated currents downward without changing the EC50 significantly (from 15.0 ± 4.0 μM to 18.0 ± 5.0 μM). The maximum response to GABA was depressed by 34.0 ± 5.3%. This inhibitory action of H-7 was voltage-independent. 5. Intracellular application of H-7 (20 μM), cyclic AMP (1 mM) and BAPTA (10 mM) could not reverse the H-7 inhibition of GABA-activated currents. 6. The results suggest that external H-7 selectively and allosterically modulates the functions of GABA(A)-, nicotine ACh- and 5-HT3 receptors via a common conserved site in the external domain of these receptors.

Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), exist in a process-bearing, ramified/surveying phenotype under resting conditions. Upon activation by cell-damaging factors, they get transformed into an amoeboid phenotype releasing various cell products including pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and the excytotoxic ATP and glutamate. In addition, they engulf pathogenic bacteria or cell debris and phagocytose them. However, already resting/surveying microglia have a number of important physiological functions in the CNS; for example, they shield small disruptions of the blood–brain barrier by their processes, dynamically interact with synaptic structures, and clear surplus synapses during development. In neurodegenerative illnesses, they aggravate the original disease by a microglia-based compulsory neuroinflammatory reaction. Therefore, the blockade of this reaction improves the outcome of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. The function of microglia is regulated by a whole array of purinergic receptors classified as P2Y12, P2Y6, P2Y4, P2X4, P2X7, A2A, and A3, as targets of endogenous ATP, ADP, or adenosine. ATP is sequentially degraded by the ecto-nucleotidases and 5′-nucleotidase enzymes to the almost inactive inosine as an end product. The appropriate selective agonists/antagonists for purinergic receptors as well as the respective enzyme inhibitors may profoundly interfere with microglial functions and reconstitute the homeostasis of the CNS disturbed by neuroinflammation.

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