In recent years, patent aggregation and patent trolling activities have received growing attention from all over the world because of the controversial nature of such activities. Somehow it becomes a global obsession to presume that such activities or even the existence of PAEs are problematic by nature and need to be redressed via government intervention, partly due to the unpromising situation in the US. This article seeks to explore the nature of such issue and find out the most appropriate way for China to deal with such issue. The author believes that while such activities might at first sight seem problematic, in fact they are legal commercial practice in general, or more specifically, they are merely strategic uses of patents. This article also argues that there are available remedies under both EU and Chinese legal framework to catch the real problematic conducts derived from such activities. Hence it would seem to the author that even though the quantity of such activities is meant to increase in China, there is neither justification nor need to intervene such activities: the existing legal framework is enough to address certain misconducts; and the market is capable of ensuring its own equilibrium.

No description available.

Le potentiel acoustique évoqué (PAE) est influencé par l’âge dans de nombreuses espèces. Chez l’homme, l’augmentation de la fréquence de stimulation améliore la détection des anomalies du tronc cérébral. Son utilisation chez le poulain demeure anecdotique. Les buts de cette étude étaient: 1) de déterminer les valeurs de référence du PAE pour 3 différents protocoles de stimulation (11.33 Hz/70 dBNHL; 11.33 Hz/90 dBNHL; 90 Hz/70 dBNHL); 2) d’évaluer les effets de l’âge et de la fréquence de répétition de la stimulation acoustique sur les tracés du PAE chez le poulain de moins de 6 mois; 3) de comparer les données obtenues chez les poulains normaux à celles recueillies chez des poulains présentant des troubles neurologiques. Trente-neuf poulains normaux et 16 poulains avec des déficits neurologiques ont été inclus dans l’étude. Aucun effet de l’âge n’a été mis en évidence (p> 0,005). Aucune différence significative n’a été mise en évidence lorsque les latences absolues et relatives des poulains neurologiques ont été comparées à celles des poulains normaux (p>0,005). L’augmentation de la fréquence de stimulation acoustique n’a pas amélioré la détection d’anomalies sur les tracés de PAE chez les poulains neurologiques. Bien que toutes leurs valeurs de latences absolues et relatives soient demeurées à l’intérieur des valeurs de référence, 78,6% des poulains avec un déficit neurologique présentaient une asymétrie entre les tracés des deux oreilles. Cela démontre une différence de conduction de l’influx nerveux entre le côté droit et le côté gauche du tronc cérébral chez ces sujets. En conclusion, nous présentons ici les valeurs de référence du PAE chez le poulain de moins de 6 mois pour 3 protocoles de stimulation différents. D’autres études seraient nécessaire afin de déterminer si l’utilisation d’une fréquence de stimulation acoustique plus élevée est utile dans la détection d’anomalies du PAE chez les poulains souffrant de troubles neurologiques. La majorité des poulains avec des déficits neurologiques ont présenté des anomalies du PAE ce qui valide son utilisation pour le diagnostic de troubles neurologiques chez le poulain de moins de 6 mois. / Age and rate of acoustic stimulation are reported to affect peak latencies in brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) in different species. In foals, its use remains quite anecdotic but, as in humans and dogs, could be useful in the early diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The goals of this study were to 1) establish the reference values for BAER in foals using 3 different stimulation protocols (11.33 Hz/70 dBNHL; 11.33 Hz/90 dBNHL; 90 Hz/70 dBNHL), 2) evaluate the effects of age and rate of stimulation on BAER traces in foals up to 6 months old, and 3) compare these data with BAER obtained from foals with CNS disorders. Thirty-nine neurologically normal foals and 16 foals with neurological deficits were included in this study. No effects of age were observed in normal foals (p> 0.005). No significant differences were observed for latencies and interpeak latencies (IPL) when neurological foals were compared to normal foals (p> 0.05). Increasing the stimulation rate did not improve detection of CNS disorders. All neurologically abnormal foals had latencies and IPL within reference values. However, 78.6% of them had an asymmetry in their traces, reflecting a difference in conduction time between the left and right size of the brainstem. In conclusion, we provide reference values of BAER for foals up to 6 months using 3 different protocols. Further investigations are needed to conclude on the use of an increased rate of acoustic stimulation in foals. Most importantly, most foals with neurological deficits had also an abnormal BAER. This proves BAER is useful is the early diagnosis of neurological disorders in foals

Submitted by Socorro Albuquerque (sbarbosa@ufpa.br) on 2018-05-29T18:50:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_LagoGrandeCuruai.pdf: 11457619 bytes, checksum: 990b2ccbaed334916216eaa1036a4391 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Socorro Albuquerque (sbarbosa@ufpa.br) on 2018-05-29T18:53:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_LagoGrandeCuruai.pdf: 11457619 bytes, checksum: 990b2ccbaed334916216eaa1036a4391 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-29T18:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_LagoGrandeCuruai.pdf: 11457619 bytes, checksum: 990b2ccbaed334916216eaa1036a4391 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-07 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi compreender como fatores de ordem social e ambiental influenciaram o povoamento, a apropriação e o uso conjugado dos recursos naturais em uma região de transição entre os ecossistemas de várzea e de terra firme na Amazônia brasileira. Adotei uma abordagem histórica e etnográfica para examinar como relações de poder e práticas sociais mediaram a articulação da vida social ao regime de cheias e vazantes. A área eleita para a realização da pesquisa foi a região do Lago Grande, localizada no município de Santarém-PA. Questionei se seria possível, na atualidade, enxergar nas relações entre os segmentos sociais que coabitam a região do Lago Grande continuidades e rupturas com as relações de poder herdadas do período colonial e como tais relações poderiam estar intervindo na circulação humana entre os dois ecossistemas. Conclui-se que as várzeas ainda são controladas por segmentos das elites locais, formadas por proprietários de terras e gado. Estes fundaram seu poder no período colonial e lentamente comandaram o processo de ampliação dos sistemas de uso da terra para os interiores da terra firme. Desde 1950, a principal atividade econômica a impulsionar esta expansão tem sido a pecuária, por meio da prática da transumância. Entre os diversos fatores que sustentam a circulação sazonal entre a várzea e a terra firme pela população local, a transumância recebeu atenção especial da pesquisa. Três instituições comandam a atividade pecuária e logo sustentam a transumância: as ―sociedades‖, as permissões e os arrendamentos. As ―sociedades‖ entre grandes e pequenos criadores sustentam o crescimento da pecuária, atividade que muito mais do que uma simples poupança é sinônimo de prestígio e oportunidade de acesso regular a várzea. A criação de um projeto de assentamento agroextrativista em 2005, o PAE Lago Grande, anexou apenas a faixa de terra firme da região do Lago Grande, deixando as várzeas de fora. Por fim, considera-se que a circulação realizada entre as populações regionais entre os dois ecossistemas, de maneira geral, e a transumância, em particular, não vem sendo levada em consideração nas políticas de ordenamento territorial na Amazônia. / The aim of this study is to understand the role of the social and environmental order influenced the peopling, land appropriation and the seasonal use of natural resources between floodplains (várzea) and firm land (terra firme) ecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. I follow an historical and ethnographical approach to examine how social practices and the local power relations influenced the interrelated dynamic between social life and water movements (floods and droughts). The study area is Lago Grande, located in the city of Santarem, Pará State bordering the towns of Óbidos and Juruti. The main question is to investigate if power relations among social groups established and inherited during the colonial living in Lago Grande region are still operating in current times, and how this situation affects the control of transhumance between várzea and terra firme ecosystems. I conclude that the Amazon floodplains are still controlled by local elites, represented by land and livestock owners. The local elite established their socio-political power during colonial times, dominating an increasing process of entering from várzea to terra firme areas (i.e. deforestation). Since 1950, the main economical activity responsible for the expansion of land use from várzea to terra firme was cattle raising through transhumance between both ecosystems. Transumance has received a specific attention in this study, for it is among the main factors encouraging the circulation of local population between várzea and terra firme environments. From 1970‘s, large farmers started the transhumance which was later followed by smaller farmers, and intensified through the 1990‘s. Cattle ranching builds on three local practices which promote transhumance: ―societies‖, ―permissions‖ and land rentals (arrendamentos). A joint analysis allowed me to demonstrate that ―societies‖ between large and small farmers sustain the cattle ranching growth. In 2005, an Agro-extractivist Settlement was created (PAE Lago Grande) to favor land distribution and better economical opportunities among local populations. Though, the territorial unit included terra firme but not the areas of the várzea ecosystem, vital for the local economy part of the year. Additionally, the PAE also did not alter the land tenure, keeping the same historically constructed power structures it aimed to deconstruct. / L‘objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment des facteurs d‘ordre social et environnemental ont influencé, en Amazonie brésilienne, le peuplement, l‘appropriation et l‘usage conjugué des ressouces naturelles, dans une région de transition entre des écosystèmes de plaines d‘inondation et de terre ferme. L‘approche adoptée est historique et ethnographique, afin d‘examiner comment les relations de pouvoir et les pratiques sociales sont articulées au régime hydraulique de crues et d‘étiages. Le lieu de l‘étude est la région du Lago Grande do Curuai, dans la commune de Santarém (État du Pará). Je me suis interrogé sur de possibles continuités et ruptures entre les relations de pouvoir actuelles et celles de l‘époque coloniale – relations qui influencent la circulation des hommes entre ces deux écosystèmes. Je conclue que les plaines d‘inondation (várzeas) sont, aujourd‘hui encore, contrôlées par des segments sociaux issus de l‘élite locale, formés de propriétaires terriens et d‘éleveurs de bovins. Ceux-ci ont construit leur pouvoir pendant la colonie portugaise et ont graditativement impulsé un mouvement vers des terres situées de plus en plus loin dans la terre ferme, avançant sur la forêt. Depuis 1950, l‘élevage est la principale activité économique à l‘origine de cette expansion, au moyen des pratiques liées à la transhumance du bétail. Parmi les facteurs qui induisent la circulation saisonnière entre la várzea et la terre ferme, la transhumance a reçu une attention particulière dans ce travail. L‘élevage transhumante repose sur trois pratiques locales qui favorisent la transumance : les « sociétés », les « permissions » et les locations de terrain (arrendamentos). Les « sociétés » entre grands et petits éleveurs sont à l‘origine de l‘expansion de l‘élevage. Lors de la création, en 2005, d‘un projet d‘établissement agro-extractiviste – le PAE Lago Grande – afin de régulariser l‘occupation foncière des populations régionales, seuls les terrains de terre ferme ont été intégrés dans la nouvelle unité territoriale. Enfin, la circulation des populations régionales entre ces deux écosystèmes ainsi que les pratiques de transhumance n‘ont pas été prises en compte lors de la mise en oeuvre des politiques de gestion territoriale en Amazonie.

No description available.

Le potentiel acoustique évoqué (PAE) est influencé par l’âge dans de nombreuses espèces. Chez l’homme, l’augmentation de la fréquence de stimulation améliore la détection des anomalies du tronc cérébral. Son utilisation chez le poulain demeure anecdotique. Les buts de cette étude étaient: 1) de déterminer les valeurs de référence du PAE pour 3 différents protocoles de stimulation (11.33 Hz/70 dBNHL; 11.33 Hz/90 dBNHL; 90 Hz/70 dBNHL); 2) d’évaluer les effets de l’âge et de la fréquence de répétition de la stimulation acoustique sur les tracés du PAE chez le poulain de moins de 6 mois; 3) de comparer les données obtenues chez les poulains normaux à celles recueillies chez des poulains présentant des troubles neurologiques. Trente-neuf poulains normaux et 16 poulains avec des déficits neurologiques ont été inclus dans l’étude. Aucun effet de l’âge n’a été mis en évidence (p> 0,005). Aucune différence significative n’a été mise en évidence lorsque les latences absolues et relatives des poulains neurologiques ont été comparées à celles des poulains normaux (p>0,005). L’augmentation de la fréquence de stimulation acoustique n’a pas amélioré la détection d’anomalies sur les tracés de PAE chez les poulains neurologiques. Bien que toutes leurs valeurs de latences absolues et relatives soient demeurées à l’intérieur des valeurs de référence, 78,6% des poulains avec un déficit neurologique présentaient une asymétrie entre les tracés des deux oreilles. Cela démontre une différence de conduction de l’influx nerveux entre le côté droit et le côté gauche du tronc cérébral chez ces sujets. En conclusion, nous présentons ici les valeurs de référence du PAE chez le poulain de moins de 6 mois pour 3 protocoles de stimulation différents. D’autres études seraient nécessaire afin de déterminer si l’utilisation d’une fréquence de stimulation acoustique plus élevée est utile dans la détection d’anomalies du PAE chez les poulains souffrant de troubles neurologiques. La majorité des poulains avec des déficits neurologiques ont présenté des anomalies du PAE ce qui valide son utilisation pour le diagnostic de troubles neurologiques chez le poulain de moins de 6 mois. / Age and rate of acoustic stimulation are reported to affect peak latencies in brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) in different species. In foals, its use remains quite anecdotic but, as in humans and dogs, could be useful in the early diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The goals of this study were to 1) establish the reference values for BAER in foals using 3 different stimulation protocols (11.33 Hz/70 dBNHL; 11.33 Hz/90 dBNHL; 90 Hz/70 dBNHL), 2) evaluate the effects of age and rate of stimulation on BAER traces in foals up to 6 months old, and 3) compare these data with BAER obtained from foals with CNS disorders. Thirty-nine neurologically normal foals and 16 foals with neurological deficits were included in this study. No effects of age were observed in normal foals (p> 0.005). No significant differences were observed for latencies and interpeak latencies (IPL) when neurological foals were compared to normal foals (p> 0.05). Increasing the stimulation rate did not improve detection of CNS disorders. All neurologically abnormal foals had latencies and IPL within reference values. However, 78.6% of them had an asymmetry in their traces, reflecting a difference in conduction time between the left and right size of the brainstem. In conclusion, we provide reference values of BAER for foals up to 6 months using 3 different protocols. Further investigations are needed to conclude on the use of an increased rate of acoustic stimulation in foals. Most importantly, most foals with neurological deficits had also an abnormal BAER. This proves BAER is useful is the early diagnosis of neurological disorders in foals

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-25T22:23:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GISELA2.pdf: 3610929 bytes, checksum: 92c6ce26ead483046230da7265a5ab96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T22:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GISELA2.pdf: 3610929 bytes, checksum: 92c6ce26ead483046230da7265a5ab96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / This work, initially based on the analysis of some documents related to the current Brazilian educational legislation aims to develop an investigation about the applicability of the student assistance within the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo (IFSP). Based on the right to education of every citizen, which our Constitution guarantees, the Government created in 2010, the National Student Assistance Program (PNAES). Supported by this Program, the IFSP created in 2011, the Student Assistance Program (SAP), giving validity and continuity to the actions developed in Campi to minimize evasion and school failure, in order to ensure the permanence of the students in that Institute. Although SAP has been implemented in all Campi of IFSP, this work aims to analyze and study specifically the Campus Cubatão, located in the Santos region because, among others, this has been the first decentralized unit of the Federal Institutes of the country. In this study, our goal is to analyze the operating structure of the IFSP with the specific intention of investigating the Campus of Cubatão. Also checking the Social Vulnerability issues found in this renowned institution and investigating the actions of PAE born of PNAES, observing the applicability of this program based on the principle of Active Gratuity and the right to education of every citizen. Therefore, we use fundamentally, not only the aforementioned legislation, but also the principle Melchior´s Active Gratuity (2011) and the concept of social vulnerability proposed by Alves (1994) and Abramovay (2002). / Este trabalho realizado, inicialmente, com base na análise de alguns documentos referentes à legislação educacional brasileira vigente tem por objetivo desenvolver uma investigação acerca da aplicabilidade da Assistência Estudantil dentro do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP). A partir da questão do Direito à Educação de todo cidadão, que está garantido em nossa Constituição Federal, o governo elaborou, no ano de 2010, o Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil (PNAES). Respaldados nesse Programa, o IFSP criou, em 2011, o Programa de Assistência Estudantil (PAE), dando validade e continuidade às ações desenvolvidas nos Campi para minimizar a evasão e o fracasso escolar, com vistas a garantir a permanência dos educandos no referido Instituto. Embora o PAE tenha sido implementado em todos os Campi do IFSP, no decorrer do presente trabalho analisamos e estudamos, exclusivamente, o Campus Cubatão, localizado na região da Baixada Santista devido a, dentre outros fatores, ter sido a primeira unidade descentralizada dos Institutos Federais do país. Assim, neste estudo, temos como objetivo analisar a estrutura de funcionamento do IFSP com o intuito específico de investigar o Campus de Cubatão, verificar as questões de Vulnerabilidade Social encontradas na destacada instituição, averiguar as ações do PAE que nascem do PNAES, observar a aplicabilidade desse programa com base no princípio da Gratuidade Ativa e do Direito à Educação de todo cidadão. Para tanto, utilizamos, fundamentalmente, além da legislação já mencionada, o princípio da Gratuidade Ativa de Melchior (2011) e o conceito de Vulnerabilidade Social proposto por Alves (1994) e por Abramovay (2002).

No description available.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal / Le Québec a toujours connu un fort taux d’immigration. Cependant, depuis quelques années, la composition de la population issue de l’immigration semble changer et se composer beaucoup plus de minorités visibles. Toutefois, cette population a tendance à rencontrer certaines difficultés dans son intégration sur le marché du travail, c’est pour cette raison, que le gouvernement québécois a adopté le programme d’accès à l’égalité (PAE) pour limiter les effets de la discrimination et du racisme en emploi, en exigeant des employeurs que les obstacles à l’embauche et à l’emploi des membres des groupes discriminés soient levés. Une des modalités d’application des PAE est représentée par l’obligation contractuelle qui exige l’instauration d’un tel programme par chaque entreprise québécoise de 100 employés et plus recevant un contrat du gouvernement ou une subvention, de 100 000 $ et plus. A travers notre étude, nous tentons d’examiner s’il existe une voie complémentaire de sensibiliser et d’intéresser les entreprises à s’impliquer davantage sur la question de l’égalité à travers la gestion de la diversité culturelle. L’objectif premier de toute entreprise étant de faire des profits, nous tentons donc de voir si cette voie complémentaire serait liée à la recherche de bénéfices de marché issus de la diversité. La question qui se pose alors est de savoir si l’adoption de bonnes pratiques de gestion de la diversité culturelle peut avoir des répercussions sur la performance organisationnelle et la rentabilité économique. A cette fin, nous avons analysé deux catégories d’entreprises : une qui est « passive »en matière de gestion diversité et l’autre plutôt « active ». Nos résultats ont indiqué qu’en effet, il existerait un lien entre les initiatives de diversité, l’intégration des minorités et les profits commerciaux des entreprises. Ceci appuie notre hypothèse de départ selon laquelle, une vaste gamme de meilleures pratiques visant la diversité va de pair avec des bénéfices tant pour l’entreprise que pour les membres des minorités visibles. Nous ne sommes toutefois pas parvenu à prouver de façon directe et significative le lien qui existe entre la performance organisationnelle et les pratiques de gestion de la diversité culturelle, à cause des nombreux facteurs autant externes qu’internes aux entreprises pouvant influencer ce lien. La prise en compte de ces différentes conditions d’émergence des bénéfices de la diversité culturelle constitue une importante avenue de recherches futures. / Quebec aiways knew a high immigration rate. However, for a few years now, the make up of the population resulting from immigration seems to have changed and to be composed much more of visible minorities. Yet, this population tends to encounter certain difficulties in its integration on the labor market, it is for this reason, that the Québec government adopted the program of access to equality (PAE) to limit the effects of discrimination and racism in employment, by requiring employers that the obstacles at the time of recruitment and during the employment of the members of the discriminated groups be lified. One of the methods of application of the PAE is represented by the contractual obligation which requires the introduction of such a program by each Québéc company of 100 employees and more receiving a govemment contract or a subsidy, of 100 000 $ and more. Throughout our study, we try to examine whether there is a complementary way to sensitize and to interest the companies to be more involved on the question ofthe equality through the management ofcultural diversity. The main objective of ail companies being to turn a profit, we thus try to see whether this complementary way would be related to the search for market benefits resuiting from diversity. The question which arises then is to know if the adoption of good managerial practices of cultural diversity can have effects on the organizational performance and the economic profitability. For this purpose, we analyzed two categories of companies: one winch is ‘passive” as regards to diversity management and the other, rather “activ&’. Our resuits indicated that indeed, there would be a link between the initiatives of diversity, the integration of the minorities and the commercial profits of the companies. Tins supports our starting hypothesis according to winch, a vast range of better practices aiming at diversity goes hand in hand with the benefits as much for the company as for the members of the visible minorities. Nevertheless, we did not manage to prove in a direct and significant way the relation that exists between the organizational performance and the administrative practices of cultural diversity, because of the many factors, as much extemal as internai to the companies, able to influence tins relation. The taking into account of these various conditions of emergence of the benefits of cultural diversity constitutes an important avenue of future research.