• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 18
  • 13
  • 11
  • 4
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 60
  • 12
  • 11
  • 11
  • 11
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Simula??o de desempenho luminoso para salas de aula em Natal-RN

Carvalho, Juliana Portela Vilar de 02 December 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-26T17:57:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaPortelaVilarDeCarvalho_DISSERT.pdf: 16421439 bytes, checksum: 9b1cab4ebc6b2a3260e35bd95369a4f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-28T20:15:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaPortelaVilarDeCarvalho_DISSERT.pdf: 16421439 bytes, checksum: 9b1cab4ebc6b2a3260e35bd95369a4f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T20:15:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaPortelaVilarDeCarvalho_DISSERT.pdf: 16421439 bytes, checksum: 9b1cab4ebc6b2a3260e35bd95369a4f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / A cidade do Natal-RN tem grande disponibilidade de luz natural, entretanto seu uso n?o ? sistematicamente explorado na arquitetura escolar. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa se prop?e a determinar procedimentos para a an?lise de desempenho luminoso para projetos de escolas em Natal-RN. O m?todo de an?lise ? dividido em Fator de C?u Vis?vel (FCV), simula??o e compara??o dos resultados. A flutua??o do comportamento anual da luz determinou a ado??o da simula??o din?mica como procedimento de obten??o de dados. A modelagem foi executada no programa SketchUp, a simula??o foi realizada no programa Daysim e a tabula??o dos dados foi feita por meio de planilhas eletr?nicas no Excel. Os modelos analisados s?o salas de aula de dimens?es 7,20m x 7,20m, com janelas com Percentual de Abertura de Fachada (PAF) de 20%, 40% e 50%, e com dispositivos de sombreamento como marquise, marquise inclinada, marquise com prote??o lateral, marquise com vista frontal, marquise simples com tr?s brises horizontais, marquise dupla, marquise dupla com tr?s brises horizontais, al?m do uso da prateleira de luz nos modelos com PAF de 40% e 50%. Os dados foram tratados em planilhas eletr?nicas, com duas faixas de UDI: entre 300lux e 2000lux e entre 300lux e 3000lux. A simula??o foi realizada com o arquivo clim?tico do ano de 2009 para a cidade de Natal-RN. As sa?das gr?ficas s?o curvas de ilumin?ncia, isolinhas de UDI entre 300lux e 2000lux e tabelas com o ?ndice de ocorr?ncias de ofuscamento paro UDI entre 300lux e 3000lux. O melhor desempenho de UDI300-2000lux foi evidenciado para: Fase 1 (modelos com PAF de 20%), Fase 2 (modelos com PAF 40% e 50% com o uso da prateleira de luz). O melhor desempenho de UDI300-3000lux foi evidenciado para Fase 1 (PAF 20% e 40% com a prateleira de luz), Fase 2 (PAF 40% e 50% com prateleira de luz). Os resultados comprovam que a obten??o de uma ilumina??o natural com qualidade depende principalmente da efic?cia do sistema de sombreamento para evitar o ofuscamento, principal causa encontrada de desconforto luminoso. Recomenda??es bioclim?ticas de aberturas grandes e sombreadas parcialmente (com incid?ncia de radia??o solar direta na abertura) resultaram em ilumin?ncias muito acima do crit?rio de aceita??o. O aumento da efici?ncia do sombreamento (de 73% a 91%) em aberturas de tamanho m?dio (PAF?s de 40% e 50%) reduziu ou eliminou o ofuscamento sem comprometer a profundidade de v?o iluminado (de 7,20m). Foi determinada a zona passiva para os modelos que tiveram um desempenho luminoso aceit?vel, possibilitando o c?lculo da rela??o entre profundidade de da luz natural e a altura de verga de janela para os diferentes tamanhos de aberturas. A raz?o variou entre 1,54 a 2,57 para o PAF de 20%, 40% e 50% respectivamente. Houve uma redu??o ou elimina??o do ofuscamento na zona passiva, em rela??o ao uso da prateleira de luz / The city of Natal has a significant daylight availability, although it use isn?t systematically explored in schools architecture. In this context, this research aims to determine procedures for the analysis of the daylight performance in school design in Natal-RN. The method of analysis is divided in Visible Sky Factor (VSF), simulating and analyzing the results. The annual variation of the daylight behavior requires the adoption of dynamic simulation as data procedure. The classrooms were modelled in SketchUp, simulated in Daysim program and the results were assessed by means of spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel. The classrooms dimensions are 7.20mx 7.20m, with windows-to-wall-ratio (WWR) of 20%, 40% and 50%, and with different shading devices, such as standard horizontal overhang, sloped overhang, standard horizontal overhang with side view protection, standard horizontal overhang with a dropped edge, standard horizontal overhang with three horizontal louvers, double standard horizontal overhang, double standard horizontal overhang with three horizontal louvers, plus the use of shelf light in half the models with WWR of 40% and 50%. The data was organized in spreadsheets, with two intervals of UDI: between 300lux and 2000 lux and between 300lux and 3000lux. The simulation was performed with the weather file of 2009 to the city of NatalRN. The graphical outputs are illuminance curves, isolines of UDI among 300lux and 2000 lux and tables with index of occurrences of glare and to an UDI among 300lux 3000lux. The best UDI300-2000lux performance was evidenced to: Phase 1 (models with WWR of 20%), Phase 2 (models with WWR of 40% and 50% with light shelf). The best UDI300-3000lux performance was evidenced to: Phase 1 (models with WWR of 20% and 40% with light shelf) and Phase 2 (models with WWR of 40% and 50% with light shelf). The outputs prove that the daylight quality mainly depends on the shading system efficacy to avoid the glare occurrence, which determines the daylight discomfort. The bioclimatic recommendations of big openings with partial shading (with an opening with direct sunlight) resulted in illuminances level higher than the acceptable upper threshold. The improvement of the shading system percentage (from 73% to 91%) in medium-size of openings (WWR 40% and 50%) reduced or eliminate the glare occurrence without compromising the daylight zone depth (7.20m). The passive zone was determined for classrooms with satisfactory daylight performance, it was calculated the daylight zone depth rule-of-thumb with the ratio between daylight zone depth and the height of the window for different size of openings. The ratio ranged from 1.54 to 2.57 for WWR of 20%, 40% and 50% respectively. There was a reduction or elimination of glare in the passive area with light shelf, or with awning window shading.
32

Avaliação da modulação da infecção de macrófagos humanos com Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis por fator ativador de plaquetas (PAF) / Evaluation of modulation of human infection with macrophages Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis by platelet activating factor (PAF)

Borges, Arissa Felipe 28 February 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-18T12:21:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Arissa Felipe Borges - 2013.pdf: 8506033 bytes, checksum: 5e9de67542df7e057a413d653adfb783 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-18T13:20:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Arissa Felipe Borges - 2013.pdf: 8506033 bytes, checksum: 5e9de67542df7e057a413d653adfb783 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-18T13:20:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Arissa Felipe Borges - 2013.pdf: 8506033 bytes, checksum: 5e9de67542df7e057a413d653adfb783 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The platelet activating factor (PAF) is produced by macrophages during inflammation and infection. The role of PAF in leishmaniasis, a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp is not yet fully elucidated. This study was aimed to evaluate the modulation of human macrophage infection with L. (V.) braziliensis by PAF. Monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with promastigote forms and the infection was assessed under light microscopy (infection index = % infected macrophages x the mean number of parasites per macrophage) after 4 h or 48 h incubation. The NBT assay was used to evaluate the production of superoxide anion. Treatment with PAF 10-10 M, 3 h before the addition of the parasites, increased infection index after 4 h of incubation (Medium vs PAF: 212 vs 324, p <0.05), whereas the infection decreased after 48 h of incubation when PAF was added together with parasites (554 vs 181, p <0.05). The effect of PAF seems to be on macrophages and not on parasites, since the treatment of parasites before incubation with the cells decreased the infection index after 4 h (p <0.05). It was observed that treatment of macrophages with rIFNg, PAF and LPS simultaneously intensified the decreasing of infection index, but the results were not significantly different of those from cultures treated with only PAF. Treatment of macrophages with a PAF antagonist, PCA 4248, 30 min before incubation with the parasites caused a significant increase of the infection index in a concentration-dependent manner (p <0.05) after 48 h. The effect of PCA 4248 was observed only when it was present during the first 4 h of incubation. The inhibition of the reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and nitric oxide (NO) production with apocynin and aminoguanidine, respectively, increased the infection (Medium vs apocynin: 200 vs 501; vs Aminoguanidine: 389, p <0.05). In parallel, it was showed that L. (V.) braziliensis induces the production of ROI (superoxide anion) which is further increased by exogenous or endogenous PAF. In conclusion, PAF modulates phagocytosis and increases the microbicidal activity depending on the concentration, contributing to the control of the human macrophage infection with L. (V.) braziliensis. The data showed that Leishmania (V.) braziliensis induces the production of ROI and NO in human macrophages, and suggested that PAF-enhanced microbicidal activity is mediated by an increased production of ROI. The data indicate that PAF activates human macrophages, and can play an important role in the control of the infection by L. (V.) braziliensis. / O fator ativador de plaquetas (PAF) é produzido por macrófagos durante a inflamação e infecções. O papel do PAF na leishmaniose, doença causada pelo protozoário Leishmania spp ainda não está completamente elucidado. Neste trabalho foi avaliado se o PAF é capaz de modular a infecção de macrófagos humanos com L. (V.) braziliensis. Macrófagos foram derivados de monócitos e incubados com formas promastigotas, sendo a infecção avaliada sob microscopia de luz (Índice de infecção = % macrófagos infectados x número médio de parasitos por macrófagos), após 4 h ou 48 h de incubação. O ensaio do NBT foi utilizado para avaliar a produção de ânion superóxido. O tratamento com o PAF 10-10 M, 3 h antes da adição dos parasitos, aumentou o índice de infecção após 4 h de incubação (Meio vs PAF: 212 vs 324, p < 0,05), enquanto diminuiu este índice após 48 h de incubação, quando o PAF foi adicionado junto com os parasitos (554 vs 181, p < 0,05). O efeito do PAF parece ser nos macrófagos e não nos parasitos, uma vez que o tratamento dos parasitos antes da incubação com as células diminuiu significantemente a infecção após 4 h (p < 0,05). Foi observado que o tratamento dos macrófagos com rIFNg, PAF e LPS simultaneamente, apesar de causar uma redução mais acentuada nos índices de infecção, não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao tratamento com o PAF sozinho. O tratamento dos macrófagos com um antagonista de PAF, o PCA 4248, 30 min antes da incubação com os parasitos causou um aumento significante do índice de infecção, de maneira dependente da concentração (p < 0,05), após 48 h. O efeito do PCA 4248 foi observado somente quando este estava presente durante as primeiras 4 h de incubação. A inibição da produção de reativos intermediários do oxigênio (ROI) e óxido nítrico (NO), com apocinina e aminoguanidina, respectivamente, aumentou a infecção (Meio vs Apocinina 10-3 M: 200 vs 501; vs Aminoguanidina 10-3 M: 389, p < 0,05). Em paralelo, a quantificação da produção de ânion superóxido, demonstrou que L. (V.) braziliensis induz a produção de ROI e que esta produção pode ser aumentada pelo PAF exógeno ou endógeno. Em conclusão, o PAF modula a fagocitose e aumenta a atividade microbicida, dependendo da concentração, contribuindo para o controle da infecção de macrófagos humanos com L. (V.) braziliensis. A infecção de macrófagos humanos com L. (V.) braziliensis induz a produção de ROI e NO, sendo sugerido que o PAF aumenta a atividade microbicida dos macrófagos via aumento da produção de ROI. Os dados indicam que o PAF ativa os macrófagos humanos, podendo ser relevante no controle da infecção por L. (V.) braziliensis.
33

A retro-projected robotic head for social human-robot interaction

Delaunay, Frédéric C. January 2016 (has links)
As people respond strongly to faces and facial features, both consciously and subconsciously, faces are an essential aspect of social robots. Robotic faces and heads until recently belonged to one of the following categories: virtual, mechatronic or animatronic. As an original contribution to the field of human-robot interaction, I present the R-PAF technology (Retro-Projected Animated Faces): a novel robotic head displaying a real-time, computer-rendered face, retro-projected from within the head volume onto a mask, as well as its driving software designed with openness and portability to other hybrid robotic platforms in mind. The work constitutes the first implementation of a non-planar mask suitable for social human-robot interaction, comprising key elements of social interaction such as precise gaze direction control, facial expressions and blushing, and the first demonstration of an interactive video-animated facial mask mounted on a 5-axis robotic arm. The LightHead robot, a R-PAF demonstrator and experimental platform, has demonstrated robustness both in extended controlled and uncontrolled settings. The iterative hardware and facial design, details of the three-layered software architecture and tools, the implementation of life-like facial behaviours, as well as improvements in social-emotional robotic communication are reported. Furthermore, a series of evaluations present the first study on human performance in reading robotic gaze and another first on user’s ethnic preference towards a robot face.
34

Determining Effects of the PAF-R and Anti-Hypertensive Drugs Mediated Microvesicle Particle Release in Modulating Anti-Tumor Response of Lung Cancer

Forino, Andrew Stephen 07 June 2020 (has links)
No description available.
35

Implication of mirna-149 in platelet-activating-factor-receptor-mediated effects on lung cancer growth and treatment efficacy

Chauhan, Shreepa J. 03 June 2020 (has links)
No description available.
36

Characterization of a Phased Array Feed Model

Jones, David A. 03 July 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Creating accurate software based models of phased array feeds (PAFs) is one of many steps to successfully integrating PAFs with current and future radio telescopes, which is a goal of many groups around the globe. This thesis characterizes the latest models of a 19 element hexagonal PAF of dipoles used by the BYU radio astronomy research group and presents comparisons of these models with experimental data obtained using a prototype array. Experiments were performed at the NRAO site in Green Bank, West Virginia, and utilized the outdoor antenna test range and 20 meter radio telescope. Accurate modeling of the PAF requires modeling the signal and noise characteristics of the array, which is a computationally large problem. It also requires accurate modeling of the noise contribution of the receivers connected to the coupled array, which is something that has only recently been understood. The modeled and measured element receive patterns, array impedance matrix, signal and noise correlation matrices, and efficiencies and sensitivities of the PAF are compared and promising levels of agreement are shown. Modeled sensitivity is 30 to 46% larger than measured.
37

Le VEGF induit la synthèse du PAF par l’entremise de l’activation du VEGFR-2 : identification des phosphotyrosines impliquées

Rechka, Abdennebi 08 1900 (has links)
Notre laboratoire a démontré que la capacité proinflammatoire du vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A165) implique la synthèse endothéliale du facteur d’activation plaquettaire (PAF) via l’activation du récepteur tyrosine kinase homodimérique VEGFR-2/R-2. La synthèse du PAF requiert l’activation de la p38 MAPK et p42/44 MAPK qui activent la phospholipase A2 secrétée de type V (sPLA2-V). Nous avons découvert que la synthèse aigue de prostacycline (PGI2) induite par le VEGF-A165 requiert l’activation des récepteurs hétérodimériques VEGFR-1/R-2. L’activation sélective des récepteurs du VEGF peut donc agir comme balance dans la synthèse de facteurs pro-(PAF) et anti-(PGI2) inflammatoire. Cependant, les tyrosines impliquées dans la transphosphorylation de VEGFR-2/R-2 menant à la synthèse du PAF sont inconnues. Par mutagenèse dirigée, nous avons effectué des transfections transitoires de cellules endothéliales avec des plasmides codant pour le VEGFR-2 dont les tyrosines ciblées ont été remplacées de façon séquentielle par une phénylalanine. Un vecteur vide pcDNA a été utilisé comme contrôle négatif. La stimulation des cellules endothéliales de l’aorte bovine (BAEC) transfectées avec le VEGF-A165 (1nM) pendant 15 minutes augmente la synthèse du PAF de 300%, laquelle était similaire dans les BAEC non transfectées. Dans les BAEC transfectées avec les vecteurs pcDNA codant pour les mutations Y801F, Y1059F, Y1175F et Y1214F, nous avons observé une réduction de 54, 73, 68, et 57% respectivement de la synthèse du PAF induite par le VEGF par rapport au pcDNA témoin. Nos résultats apportent un nouvel aperçu sur le mécanisme par lequel le VEGF induit la synthèse du PAF qui est connu pour sa contribution dans l’activité pro-inflammatoire du VEGF. / Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inflammatory effects require acute platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis by endothelial cells (EC). We reported that VEGF-mediated PAF synthesis involves the activation of the homodimeric tyrosine kinase receptor VEGFR-2/R-2 which is leading to p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and secreted group V phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-V) activation. We also reported that VEGF-A165-mediated prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis requires VEGFR-1/R-2 heterodimeric receptor activation. Selective activation of VEGF receptors can thus act as a balance in the synthesis of pro-(PAF) and anti-(PGI2) inflammatory factors. It is unknown which VEGFR-2 tyrosine phosphorylation site(s) contribute(s) to PAF synthesis. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were transfected with pcDNA vectors encoding for native VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) cDNA, or tyrosine phosphorylation sites mutated into phenylalanine (Y801F), (Y1059F), (Y1175F), (Y1214F), and an empty pcDNA vector was used as negative control. Treatment of pcDNA-transfected BAEC with VEGF-A165 (1nM) for 15 minutes increased PAF synthesis by 300%, which was similar to VEGF-mediated PAF synthesis in untransfected BAEC. In BAEC transfected with pcDNA vectors encoding mutated Y801F, Y1059F, Y1175F or Y1214F VEGFR-2 cDNA, we observed a marked reduction of VEGF-mediated PAF synthesis by 54, 73, 68 and 57% respectively as compared to pcDNA-transfected BAEC. Our current data provide novel insight on the mechanisms by which VEGF promotes endothelial PAF synthesis which is known to contribute to VEGF pro-inflammatory activities.
38

Atividade pró-trombótica da toxina ExoU de Pseudomonas aeruginosa detectada em modelos experimentais in vivo e in vitro / Prothrombotic activity of the toxin Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin ExoU detected in experimental models in vivo and in vitro

Glória Beatriz da Silva Machado 29 June 2011 (has links)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa é um importante agente de pneumonia, particularmente em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica, que pode evoluir para sepse, com elevadas taxas de letalidade. Na sepse, o processo inflamatório sistêmico exacerbado favorece o desequilíbrio entre as vias de coagulação e fibrinólise e a instalação de um estado pró-coagulante, com o aparecimento de trombose microvascular, coagulação intravascular disseminada e falência de múltiplos órgãos. Conhecendo a potente atividade pró-inflamatória da toxina ExoU produzida por P. aeruginosa, decorrente de sua atividade fosfolipásica A2, o objetivo desta tese foi investigar seu potencial de indução de alterações hemostáticas relacionadas à patogênese da sepse. Utilizando modelo de sepse em camundongos inoculados, por via intratraqueal, com suspensões de P. aeruginosa produtora de ExoU (PA103) ou de cepa com deleção do gene exoU, não produtora da toxina, foi mostrado que ExoU determinou maior gravidade da infecção, maior taxa de letalidade, leucopenia, trombocitose, hiperpermeabilidade vascular e transudação plasmática, evidenciadas, respectivamente, pela maior concentração de proteínas nos lavados broncoalveolares (LBAs) e acúmulo do corante Azul de Evans, previamente inoculado nos animais, por via endovenosa, no parênquima renal. ExoU favoreceu, também, a ativação plaquetária, confirmada pela maior concentração de plaquetas expressando P-selectina em sua superfície, maior número de micropartículas derivadas de plaquetas e maior concentração plasmática de tromboxano A2. A histopatologia dos pulmões e rins dos animais infectados com PA103 confirmou a formação de microtrombos, que não foram detectados nos animais controles ou infectados com a cepa mutante. Nos pulmões, a produção de ExoU determinou intensa resposta inflamatória com maior concentração de leucócitos totais e polimorfonucleados, interleucina-6 e fator de necrose tumoral-&#945; nos LBAs. A análise imunohistoquímica mostrou intensa deposição de fibrina nos alvéolos e septos interalveolares. A atividade pró-coagulante dependente do fator tissular detectada nos LBAs dos camundongos infectados com PA103 foi independente da produção do inibidor da via de ativação do fator tissular (TFPI), mas associada ao aumento da produção do inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio-1 (PAI-1). Para investigar a participação do fator de ativação plaquetária (PAF) na liberação de PAI-1, foi pesquisada a atividade da enzima PAF-acetil-hidrolase (PAF-AH) nos LBAs dos camundongos. A atividade de PAF-AH apresentou-se significativamente elevada nos LBA dos camundongos infectados com PA103. O tratamento dos animais com um inibidor do PAF, antes da infecção, resultou na diminuição significativa das concentrações de PAI-1 e de leucócitos totais, bem como da atividade pró-coagulante dos LBAs. In vitro, ExoU induziu maior expressão do RNA mensageiro de PAI-1 e maior liberação da proteína PAI-1 nos sobrenadantes de células epiteliais respiratórias da linhagem A549. O tratamento das células A549 com um anticorpo anti-receptor de PAF, antes da infecção, reduziu significativamente a concentração de PAI-1 nos sobrenadantes de células infectadas com a cepa selvagem. Estes resultados demonstraram um novo mecanismo de virulência de P. aeruginosa através da atividade pró-trombótica de ExoU e a possibilidade de utilização da identificação de ExoU em isolados clínicos de pacientes graves como um marcador prognóstico para estes pacientes. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important agent of pneumonia, mainly in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, which can progress to sepsis with high mortality rates. In sepsis, the systemic inflammatory process favors exacerbated imbalance between the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways and the installation of a procoagulant state, leading to microvascular thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure. Knowing the powerful proinflammatory activity of the P. aeruginosa toxin ExoU, secondary to its phospholipase A2 activity, the goal of this study was to investigate the ExoU potential to induce hemostatic changes related to sepsis pathogenesis. By using a murine model of pneumosepsis, obtained by the intratracheal injection of suspensions of the ExoU-producing PA103 P. aeruginosa strain or of its isogenic mutant PA103&#916;exoU, defective in the toxin synthesis, ExoU was shown to enhance the severity of the infection and to induce higher mice mortality rate as well as leukopenia, thrombocytosis, vascular hyperpermeability and plasma transudation, evidenced, respectively, by the higher protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and accumulation of Evans blue dye, previously intravenous injectioned, in mice renal parenchyma. ExoU also favored platelet activation, evidenced by the higher concentration of platelets expressing P-selectin on their surface, greater number of platelet-derived microparticles and increased plasma concentration of thromboxane A2. Histopathology of the lungs and kidneys of PA103-infected animals confirmed the formation of microthrombi, which were not detected in controls or in animals infected with the bacterial mutant. In lungs, ExoU induced an intense inflammatory response with high concentrations of total and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-&#945; in mice BALF. Immunohistochemical analysis showed intense fibrin deposition in the alveoli and interalveolar septa. The tissue factor-dependent procoagulant activity detected in BALF from PA103-infected mice did not depend on decreased production of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) production, but was associated with increased concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). To investigate the role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in PAI-1 release, we compared the activity of the enzyme PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) in BALF from control and infected mice, and we observed that PAF-AH activity was significantly elevated in BALF from PA103-infected animals. Mice treatment with a PAF inhibitor prior to infection resulted in a significant reduction of PAI-1 concentration, as well as of BALF total leukocytes and procoagulant activity. In vitro, ExoU induced higher expression of PAI-1 m RNA and increased release of PAI-1 protein in supernatants from A549 epithelial respiratory cell cultures. A549 cell treatment with an anti-PAF receptor prior to infection significantly reduced PAI-1 concentration in supernatants from cells infected with the wild type strain. These results show a novel mechanism by which a baterial product can favor a prothrombotic activity and ExoU production by infecting P. aeruginosa isolates may have prognostic implications for patients.
39

Atividade pró-trombótica da toxina ExoU de Pseudomonas aeruginosa detectada em modelos experimentais in vivo e in vitro / Prothrombotic activity of the toxin Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin ExoU detected in experimental models in vivo and in vitro

Glória Beatriz da Silva Machado 29 June 2011 (has links)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa é um importante agente de pneumonia, particularmente em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica, que pode evoluir para sepse, com elevadas taxas de letalidade. Na sepse, o processo inflamatório sistêmico exacerbado favorece o desequilíbrio entre as vias de coagulação e fibrinólise e a instalação de um estado pró-coagulante, com o aparecimento de trombose microvascular, coagulação intravascular disseminada e falência de múltiplos órgãos. Conhecendo a potente atividade pró-inflamatória da toxina ExoU produzida por P. aeruginosa, decorrente de sua atividade fosfolipásica A2, o objetivo desta tese foi investigar seu potencial de indução de alterações hemostáticas relacionadas à patogênese da sepse. Utilizando modelo de sepse em camundongos inoculados, por via intratraqueal, com suspensões de P. aeruginosa produtora de ExoU (PA103) ou de cepa com deleção do gene exoU, não produtora da toxina, foi mostrado que ExoU determinou maior gravidade da infecção, maior taxa de letalidade, leucopenia, trombocitose, hiperpermeabilidade vascular e transudação plasmática, evidenciadas, respectivamente, pela maior concentração de proteínas nos lavados broncoalveolares (LBAs) e acúmulo do corante Azul de Evans, previamente inoculado nos animais, por via endovenosa, no parênquima renal. ExoU favoreceu, também, a ativação plaquetária, confirmada pela maior concentração de plaquetas expressando P-selectina em sua superfície, maior número de micropartículas derivadas de plaquetas e maior concentração plasmática de tromboxano A2. A histopatologia dos pulmões e rins dos animais infectados com PA103 confirmou a formação de microtrombos, que não foram detectados nos animais controles ou infectados com a cepa mutante. Nos pulmões, a produção de ExoU determinou intensa resposta inflamatória com maior concentração de leucócitos totais e polimorfonucleados, interleucina-6 e fator de necrose tumoral-&#945; nos LBAs. A análise imunohistoquímica mostrou intensa deposição de fibrina nos alvéolos e septos interalveolares. A atividade pró-coagulante dependente do fator tissular detectada nos LBAs dos camundongos infectados com PA103 foi independente da produção do inibidor da via de ativação do fator tissular (TFPI), mas associada ao aumento da produção do inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio-1 (PAI-1). Para investigar a participação do fator de ativação plaquetária (PAF) na liberação de PAI-1, foi pesquisada a atividade da enzima PAF-acetil-hidrolase (PAF-AH) nos LBAs dos camundongos. A atividade de PAF-AH apresentou-se significativamente elevada nos LBA dos camundongos infectados com PA103. O tratamento dos animais com um inibidor do PAF, antes da infecção, resultou na diminuição significativa das concentrações de PAI-1 e de leucócitos totais, bem como da atividade pró-coagulante dos LBAs. In vitro, ExoU induziu maior expressão do RNA mensageiro de PAI-1 e maior liberação da proteína PAI-1 nos sobrenadantes de células epiteliais respiratórias da linhagem A549. O tratamento das células A549 com um anticorpo anti-receptor de PAF, antes da infecção, reduziu significativamente a concentração de PAI-1 nos sobrenadantes de células infectadas com a cepa selvagem. Estes resultados demonstraram um novo mecanismo de virulência de P. aeruginosa através da atividade pró-trombótica de ExoU e a possibilidade de utilização da identificação de ExoU em isolados clínicos de pacientes graves como um marcador prognóstico para estes pacientes. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important agent of pneumonia, mainly in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, which can progress to sepsis with high mortality rates. In sepsis, the systemic inflammatory process favors exacerbated imbalance between the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways and the installation of a procoagulant state, leading to microvascular thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure. Knowing the powerful proinflammatory activity of the P. aeruginosa toxin ExoU, secondary to its phospholipase A2 activity, the goal of this study was to investigate the ExoU potential to induce hemostatic changes related to sepsis pathogenesis. By using a murine model of pneumosepsis, obtained by the intratracheal injection of suspensions of the ExoU-producing PA103 P. aeruginosa strain or of its isogenic mutant PA103&#916;exoU, defective in the toxin synthesis, ExoU was shown to enhance the severity of the infection and to induce higher mice mortality rate as well as leukopenia, thrombocytosis, vascular hyperpermeability and plasma transudation, evidenced, respectively, by the higher protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and accumulation of Evans blue dye, previously intravenous injectioned, in mice renal parenchyma. ExoU also favored platelet activation, evidenced by the higher concentration of platelets expressing P-selectin on their surface, greater number of platelet-derived microparticles and increased plasma concentration of thromboxane A2. Histopathology of the lungs and kidneys of PA103-infected animals confirmed the formation of microthrombi, which were not detected in controls or in animals infected with the bacterial mutant. In lungs, ExoU induced an intense inflammatory response with high concentrations of total and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-&#945; in mice BALF. Immunohistochemical analysis showed intense fibrin deposition in the alveoli and interalveolar septa. The tissue factor-dependent procoagulant activity detected in BALF from PA103-infected mice did not depend on decreased production of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) production, but was associated with increased concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). To investigate the role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in PAI-1 release, we compared the activity of the enzyme PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) in BALF from control and infected mice, and we observed that PAF-AH activity was significantly elevated in BALF from PA103-infected animals. Mice treatment with a PAF inhibitor prior to infection resulted in a significant reduction of PAI-1 concentration, as well as of BALF total leukocytes and procoagulant activity. In vitro, ExoU induced higher expression of PAI-1 m RNA and increased release of PAI-1 protein in supernatants from A549 epithelial respiratory cell cultures. A549 cell treatment with an anti-PAF receptor prior to infection significantly reduced PAI-1 concentration in supernatants from cells infected with the wild type strain. These results show a novel mechanism by which a baterial product can favor a prothrombotic activity and ExoU production by infecting P. aeruginosa isolates may have prognostic implications for patients.
40

Le VEGF induit la synthèse du PAF par l’entremise de l’activation du VEGFR-2 : identification des phosphotyrosines impliquées

Rechka, Abdennebi 08 1900 (has links)
No description available.

Page generated in 0.0306 seconds