Under slutet av 1800-talet kom Pariskonventionen att förändra synen på patentoch en era av multilateralt samarbete kom att inledas.Med anledning av utvecklingen på den europeiska patentmarknaden har sedanmitten av 1900-talet betydande harmoniserande förändringar genomförts. Ettgemensamt patentsystem inom EU har dock ännu inte blivit verklighet.Svensk patenträtt har över tiden kommit att närma sig den europeiska, vilket är ettexempel på det arbete som pågår inom Europa. Inom den svenska rätten är Patentlagenav stor betydelse då internationella avtalsbestämmelser kommit att inkorporerasi denna lag.Även om ett nordiskt samarbete funnits sedan länge är det den europeiska patentkonventionentillsammans med det europeiska patentkontoret som utgjort det mestbetydelsefulla resultatet av samarbetet inom den europeiska patenträtten. I slutetav år 2009 nåddes en politisk överenskommelse gällande ett gemenskapspatentoch en gemensam patentdomstol inom EU. Huruvida denna överenskommelsekommer att utmynna i något nytt patent eller någon ny patentdomstol är dockännu oklart. Bland annat väntas ett avgörande från EG-domstolen.Det har argumenterats för att ett nytt patentsystem skulle kunna innebära ett merkostnadseffektivt och smidigt patentsystem inom EU. Samtidigt försvåras fråganslösning av de många olika viljor som finns då ett så övergripande samarbete är förhanden. Språkliga problem har varit betydande och komplicerat debatten.Vilka för- och nackdelar som skulle kunna följa av ett nytt patentsystem behandlasi denna uppsats för att svara på frågan om det verkligen behövs ett gemensamtpatentsystem inom EU. Trots de svårigheter som omgärdar frågan ställer sigmånga av de europeiska länderna positivt till ett ökat samarbete. Exakt hur dettasamarbete ska se ut har dock varit den stora frågan.Enligt min uppfattning finns det behov av ytterligare samarbete och fler förbättringarinom den europeiska patenträtten.

Patent information can provide up-to-date technological data that accelerate the development of new products and the improvement of technology. They also can provide a most useful survey of known solution possibilities, which avoid duplication and the resources wasting. Therefore, this study focuses on the patent searching and analysis of the mechanical overload protection devices. Patent information are fed into computer databases and stored for design around activities. The connections between biology and technology be called as bionics or biomimetics can lead to very useful and novel technical solution. This study introduced special underwater creatures ¡§snapping shrimp¡¨ which have a large claw can generate the snapping action. This action inspires us to find a new technical solution that using the liquid cohesion to store and release the energy. In the end, using the patent information and the new solution to achieve the new design of mechanical overload protection devices, include ¡§Force-Type¡¨ and ¡§Torque-Type¡¨.

<p>Under slutet av 1800-talet kom Pariskonventionen att förändra synen på patentoch en era av multilateralt samarbete kom att inledas.Med anledning av utvecklingen på den europeiska patentmarknaden har sedanmitten av 1900-talet betydande harmoniserande förändringar genomförts. Ettgemensamt patentsystem inom EU har dock ännu inte blivit verklighet.Svensk patenträtt har över tiden kommit att närma sig den europeiska, vilket är ettexempel på det arbete som pågår inom Europa. Inom den svenska rätten är Patentlagenav stor betydelse då internationella avtalsbestämmelser kommit att inkorporerasi denna lag.Även om ett nordiskt samarbete funnits sedan länge är det den europeiska patentkonventionentillsammans med det europeiska patentkontoret som utgjort det mestbetydelsefulla resultatet av samarbetet inom den europeiska patenträtten. I slutetav år 2009 nåddes en politisk överenskommelse gällande ett gemenskapspatentoch en gemensam patentdomstol inom EU. Huruvida denna överenskommelsekommer att utmynna i något nytt patent eller någon ny patentdomstol är dockännu oklart. Bland annat väntas ett avgörande från EG-domstolen.Det har argumenterats för att ett nytt patentsystem skulle kunna innebära ett merkostnadseffektivt och smidigt patentsystem inom EU. Samtidigt försvåras fråganslösning av de många olika viljor som finns då ett så övergripande samarbete är förhanden. Språkliga problem har varit betydande och komplicerat debatten.Vilka för- och nackdelar som skulle kunna följa av ett nytt patentsystem behandlasi denna uppsats för att svara på frågan om det verkligen behövs ett gemensamtpatentsystem inom EU. Trots de svårigheter som omgärdar frågan ställer sigmånga av de europeiska länderna positivt till ett ökat samarbete. Exakt hur dettasamarbete ska se ut har dock varit den stora frågan.Enligt min uppfattning finns det behov av ytterligare samarbete och fler förbättringarinom den europeiska patenträtten.</p>

專利檢索與分析對於企業、研發機構、學術單位等等不同性質的專利權人，在智慧財產經營與管理上扮演著決策參考的重要角色，由於目前存在著許多似是而非的方法與理論，透過適當的檢索方法及分析架構、利用方便的工具進行專利檢索，應用實際的方法進行專利分析，將技術與專利佈署的靜態資訊，授權、訴訟、轉讓、設質等動態資訊這些龐大資料轉化成具有結構化、系統化的統計資料，藉以分析專利權人佈署專利的軌跡，並且提供作為商業決策之參考的分析流程更顯出相當程度的困難，這些種種的困難點出了專利檢索與專利分析正確與客觀的重要性。 因此本研究之目的將包括以下各點： 一、檢討既有國內外專利檢索系統、專利地圖分析方法之優缺；研究國內外數個相關專利檢索系統（國內：Patent Guider、Patent Pilot，國外：Derwent、Delphion）的現況，分析界面、功能的差異，並且探討系統中對於專利分析方法的優缺。 二、檢視過去專利檢索的迷思與探討使用者對於專利分析方法的需求與期望；根據現有專利檢索系統的設計、專利檢索的方法、檢索結果的解讀，提出在整個檢索流程所引發的迷思，衍生探討使用者對於專利檢索與專利地圖的需求與期望；從不同使用者的角度探討專利檢索與專利地圖所應提供的訊息與功能，針對該些需求予以定義，並且分類、分級群組化；並從本章所研究的兩個主題綜合起來，將現狀的專利檢索迷思與使用者需求作為問題探討的重點，並試著在第四章提出檢索流程的步驟與專利分析的新方法。 三、解析專利地圖檢索流程，專利檢索的步驟與流程不外乎如下「釐清檢索的目的、界定檢索的範圍、善用檢索的工具、客觀的檢索方法、呈現檢索的結果」，先判斷使用者的需求在哪裡為出發點，並且還原產業鏈、價值鏈、供應鏈與產品、產值、地區、公司的交互關係，從中尋找深入研究或分析的目標產品、地區、公司，此時方能根據產品組合開始進行技術結構的拆解與專利的對應，若缺乏以上步驟，將會落入過去專利檢索的迷思，也達不到任何作用。 四、設計客觀的專利分析方法，提出新的報表與設計的概念及分析方法，分別界定表格的組成、不同的欄位定義、資料來源、操作界面與方式、限制條件，並且與前章所探討的使用者需求做連結，新設計的報表以產品組合、技術結構作為專利檢索的核心，利用樹狀階層關係展開產品或系統的模組、元件、結構、製程和對應的衍生技術，清楚地界定檢索標的，搜尋正確的專利資料後，還需要客觀可靠的分析方法，從使用者的需求對應設計報表所需的欄位和非專利資料來源，設定表格的定義，最後在解讀表格中數字與欄位的意義。 在檢討了過去專利檢索系統與分析的方法之後，整理出四項現有問題「專利數量迷思、數量指標公式、依賴專利分類、專利導出市場」，這些問題嚴重影響了既有的專利地圖正確性、客觀性與可行性，且本論文歸納提出五個革新「資料來源豐富化、操作界面整合化、檢索流程模組化、檢索方法彈性化、分析方法客觀化」，為了追求專利地圖能對使用者有著更為實際的幫助，應屏除過去的缺失，以嶄新的觀念與方法進行專利檢索與分析以獲得更為正確、客觀且可行性高的豐富結果。 關鍵字：專利檢索、專利分析 / The patent retrieval and the analysis acts an important character as policy-making reference in the intellectual property management regarding the enterprises, the research and development institutions, the academia and so on the other difference assignees. At present, there are many specious methods and the theories about the region. Therefore, it appears difficult to utilize an appropriate tool with an objectively analysis method for transforming static and corresponding dynamic information of patent into structured and systematized data so as to analyze patent disposition path of each assignee. What described above emphasizes the important of accurate patent retrieval and objective patent analysis. Therefore goal of the this thesis includes 4 subjects as below: First, the analysis methods of bygone patent map are studied through reviewing 4 patents retrieval system including domestic and foreign ones. I researched 4 patents retrieval systems which domestic: Patent Guider, Patent Pilot, overseas: Derwent, Delphion, and addressed differences between them by comparing each other’s present situation, data sources, user interface, functions, and so on. Second, the fallacy of the past patent retrieval procedure is inspected. According to the existing patent retrieval system design, the patent retrieval method, and how to read out from retrieval result, this thesis proposes some problems in the past patent retrieval procedure and discusses in detail the user’s demand and expectation for the patent retrieval and analysis. Third, I researched and analyzed the patent retrieval procedure so as to emit a new process. The patent retrieval procedure in steps is nothing more than as follows "sort out a clear goal, limits a reasonable scope, utilize a proper tool, adopt an objective method, present the retrieval result”. It gauges user’s demands first, then finds target products, areas, and companies to be researched and analyzed deeply later from the alternately relations of the actual industry chain, the value chain, the supply chain, the target products with their output value, different areas, and companies. Based upon the new process, the patent retrieval process and result will be clear and useful, if the technical structure of target products is expanded to find out the correspondence between patents and market information. Fourth, chapter 4 of the thesis presents an objective method for analyzing patents. This paragraph proposed new analysis forms with its data sources, definitions, user interface, and the limiting conditions within the analysis method linked to the user’s demand. The core of patent retrieval in the new analysis forms is the technical structure that is expanded as modules, components, structural technology, and process technology in a hierarchical way within the target product. After stacking out the retrieval target, the method defines every analysis forms and non-patent material using an objective and reliable way. After examined past patent retrieval system and the analysis method, the thesis reorganizes four existing questions "the fallacy of patent quantity, the quantitative index formula, the over dependence on patent classification, the patent derives the market". These questions have seriously affected accurateness, objectiveness, and the feasibility of the bygone patent map. Therefore, in order to pursue the patent map to be able to have a more actual help to the user, we should eliminate the past fallacy to carry on the patent retrieval and analysis by the brand-new idea and the method. Besides the conclusion, the thesis also inducts 5 innovations "diversifying the data sources, integrating the user interfaces, modularizing the retrieval process, the flexible retrieval method, the objective analysis method". Keywords: patent retrieval, patent analysis

TU, Diss.--Dresden, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 197 - 217.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-129).

Zugl.: Berlin, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2009

In advanced industrial economies where, increasingly, intellectual assets are the principal source of value, productivity, and growth, strong intellectual property rights (IPRs)—conferred by patents, copyrights, and penalties for misappropriation of trade secrets—are an important inducement to invention and investment. For this reason, the extension and strengthening of IPRs in the United States and elsewhere in the past twenty-five years were appropriate and probably necessary. It may be that in some respects those processes should proceed further. On the other hand, there is growing friction over the assertion and exercise of some IPRs, particular patents, and claims that in some circumstances they may be discouraging research, its communication, and use. The question arises whether in some respects the strengthening and extension have proceeded too far. It is well known that the use of, reliance upon, and effects of patent protections vary across industries and technologies, but until recently there has been remarkably little empirical research documenting these differences. Fortunately, this is beginning to change, and the effects of some of the policy changes in the 1980s and 1990s are beginning to be investigated. Some evidence suggests that the effort to strengthen patent rights has indeed increased their importance and may have contributed to the growth of industrial R&D funding. On the other hand, recent survey evidence indicates that U.S. manufacturing firms in most industries rely more heavily on trade secrecy, lead time, and other technological protections to recoup their R&D investments than they do on legal mechanisms such as patents. This thesis examines the effects that a stronger, broader patent regime is having on today's industries. The main issues that emerge are those of patent quality and scope, as caused by problems with patent administration and litigation. Various solutions to these problems are then investigated, and recommendations made for future reform.

The relationship between patent and competition is rather complex. Whereas both sets of rules contribute to the same objective, i.e. consumer welfare and economic growth, their means collide. Patent laws create and protect monopolies while competition laws seek to limit their influence or even oppose their occurrence. However, since technological development is a financially risky process, it needs to be secured through a strong rewarding monopoly. Neo-classical theory has been so far the cornerstone of competition law. It is driven by a view of the market where price equilibrium and market atomicity constitute the main elements of allocative efficiency. But it promotes a rather static view of the market which neglects the fundamental aspects of technology-driven markets in the modern economy. Therefore we need to curb the role of the mainstream economic postulates by taking into account adequate theories in order to reflect modern innovation and technological diffusion onto the markets.

本研究利用專利檢索與分析來探討靈芝產業中專利佈局情況，技術領域現況及發展重點，產業中的競爭者、合作者及廠商，以及得知靈芝於全球、區域或不同國家的產品應用情況。研究範圍以廣泛使用之靈芝（Ganoderma lucidum）及松杉靈芝（Ganoderma tsugae）為主要研究對象，分析範圍包括其子實體、菌絲體及擔孢子各部位外，亦包含其所含之各種活性成分及各類相關應用。 透過分析PCT、美國、台灣及中國大陸之靈芝相關專利，將專利件數、國際專利分類表分析（又稱為IPC分類分析）及專利權人分析等結果製成圖表並對照產業資訊後可得知：（1）韓國及中國大陸為主要的靈芝消費市場，其中中國大陸消費市場正逐年擴大，且產品種類繁多，為全球最重要的靈芝消費市場；（2）靈芝普遍以醫藥品開發及保健產品應用為最主要的技術發展方向，而醫藥品研發則以抗腫瘤及治療免疫或過敏疾病為主要治療的疾病；（3）不同國家靈芝研發領域有些許差異，美國及歐洲國家主要針對特定細胞株或特定疾病之醫藥品開發，而韓國或中國大陸則是以靈芝保健食品開發或傳統複方製劑為主要產品開發方向；（4）靈芝產業中的競爭國家有美國、日本、中國大陸及韓國；（5）台灣有數家廠商於不同國家進行專利佈局，其中中央研究院內靈芝多醣體團隊其專利產出最為亮眼，為國際上具有相當研發能力之機構；（6）台灣靈芝相關的研發能力仍優於中國大陸，專利品質較佳，故於靈芝產業中台灣廠商仍具有相當之優勢；（7）靈芝醫藥品開發之專利佈局以美國最為完整，而中國大陸則是在靈芝子實體栽種及茶代用品的專利數量較其他兩國家為多。 / This study is to explore the use of patent search and patent analysis in understanding the situation of current patent portfolio, technology mainstream development, competitors, collaborators, and their applications within the Ganaderma industry at the national, regional as well as international levels. Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae are the subjects in this study. The areas of investigation included different forms of fruiting bodies, mycelium, basidiospores, their active components as well as their respective applications. In this study, Ganoderma related patents in US, Taiwan, China as well as international patents under PCT (Patent Corporation Treaty) were searched and studied. By incorporating the industrial information together with visual display of the related patent information using tables and graphs, the following conclusions can be obtained: (1) Korea and China are the main consumer markets of Ganoderma in the world, especially China market is expanding every year with various categories of product; (2) the mainstream technologies are health related products such as dietary supplements and medicinal preparations for the use as antineoplastic, immunological or allergic agents; (3) Ganoderma is investigated in various fields among varous countries; for example, the focus of United States and European countries are concentrated in medicinal use of Ganoderma for specific cell line and treatment of diseases whereas China and Korea are concentrated in the dietary supplements and classical complex mixture preparation development; (4) the United States, Japan, China and Korea are the major marketers as well competitors among each other in Ganoderma industry; (5) several firms in Taiwan own patent portfolio in more than one country, and among them Academia Sinica is considered one of the best in the world; (6) the quality and strength of Taiwan patents is considered better than China; as such Taiwan Ganoderma industry should have superior capability in technology development compared to China; (7) in the field of medicinal product development and treatment of diseases, United States is the distinct leader in the patent landscape whereas China patents are concentrated in Ganoderma fruit body cultivation and their use as tea substitutes.