Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Heat and electricity production along with waste management are two modern day challenges for society. One of the possible solution to both of them is the incineration of household waste to produce heat and electricity. Incineration is a waste-to-energy treatment process, which can reduce the need for landfills and save the use of more valuable fuels, thereby conserving natural resources. This report/paper investigates the performance and emissions of a municipal solid waste (MSW) fueled industrial boiler by performing a system identification analysis using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS-R) modeling. The boiler is located in Västerås, Sweden and has a maximum capacity of 167MW. It produces heat and electricity for the city of Västerås and is operated by Mälarenergi AB. A dataset containing 148 different boilers variables, measured with a one hour interval over 2 years, was used for the system identification analysis. The dataset was visually inspected to remove obvious outliers before beginning the analysis using a multivariate data analysis software called The Unscrambler X (Version 10.3, CAMO Software, Norway). Correlations found using PCA was taken in account during the PLSR modelling where models were created for one response each. Some variables had an unexpected impact on the models while others were fully logical regarding combustion theory. Results found during the system analysis process are regarded as reliable. Any errors may be due to outlier data points and model inadequacies.

In radiation therapy, interfraction organ motion introduces a level of geometric uncertainty into the planning process. Plans, which are typically based upon a single instance of anatomy, must be robust against daily anatomical variations. For this problem, a model of the magnitude, direction, and likelihood of deformation is useful. In this thesis, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to statistically model the 3D organ motion for 19 prostate cancer patients, each with 8-13 fractional computed tomography (CT) images. Deformable image registration and the resultant displacement vector fields (DVFs) are used to quantify the interfraction systematic and random motion. By applying the PCA technique to the random DVFs, principal modes of random tissue deformation were determined for each patient, and a method for sampling synthetic random DVFs was developed. The PCA model was then extended to describe the principal modes of systematic and random organ motion for the population of patients. A leave-one-out study tested both the systematic and random motion model’s ability to represent PCA training set DVFs. The random and systematic DVF PCA models allowed the reconstruction of these data with absolute mean errors between 0.5-0.9 mm and 1-2 mm, respectively. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first successful effort to build a fully 3D statistical PCA model of systematic tissue deformation in a population of patients. By sampling synthetic systematic and random errors, organ occupancy maps were created for bony and prostate-centroid patient setup processes. By thresholding these maps, PCA-based planning target volume (PTV) was created and tested against conventional margin recipes (van Herk for bony alignment and 5 mm fixed [3 mm posterior] margin for centroid alignment) in a virtual clinical trial for low-risk prostate cancer. Deformably accumulated delivered dose served as a surrogate for clinical outcome. For the bony landmark setup subtrial, the PCA PTV significantly (p30, D20, and D5 to bladder and D50 to rectum, while increasing rectal D20 and D5. For the centroid-aligned setup, the PCA PTV significantly reduced all bladder DVH metrics and trended to lower rectal toxicity metrics. All PTVs covered the prostate with the prescription dose.

The use of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is gaining popularity among clinicians. Despite the many ideal qualities it possesses, it is often difficult to manipulate and often requires a second appointment for placement of a restoration to allow for setting. If the time to set of MTA can be accelerated to a single appointment time frame without significantly altering its properties, then MTA may gain even wider acceptance. The purpose of this study is to identify the percentage of a Portland Cement Accelerator (PCA), that when added to MTA, will decrease the time to set of MTA towards a single appointment time frame. Ten Teflon sample molds were prepared to hold 20 standardized chambers in each. Three sample molds were prepared with a 5.0% (by weight of MTA) accelerator, 3 with 10.0% accelerator and 3 with 15.0% accelerator mixed with MTA and water. Another sample mold contained a mixture of MTA and water only and acted as the control. Samples were tested using a dial indicator microgauge apparatus that measured the depth of needle penetration starting at 2 minutes and then every minute up to 15 minutes. Samples were also tested at 3, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours. A mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA showed the four accelerator groups were significantly different and there was a significant time trend. The 5.0% accelerator group set significantly faster compared to the 15.0% and the control at 15 minutes or less (p<0.05). In conclusion, it appears that 5.0% PCA when added to MTA can accelerate the setting reaction.

Dans ce travail, nous étudions l’adsorption de protéines sur des surfaces chimiquement contrôlées. Le but est d’établir le lien entre les propriétés physico-chimiques de la surface (hydrophobicité /charge) et la structure physique de protéines. Des couches auto-assemblées de thiols ayant des groupements terminaux différents sont formées sur des surfaces d’or (SAM) et servent de support à l’adsorption ou du greffage de protéines. Les SAM sont caractérisés, avant ou après l’adsorption de protéines, avec une combinaison de techniques. Des analyses ex situ sont réalisées, dans l’air, en spectroscopie infrarouge en lumière polarisée (PM-IRRAS) ou, sous ultra-vide, en spectroscopie des photoelectrons X (XPS) et en spectrométrie de masse d’ions secondaires (ToF-SIMS). L’analyse en composante principale (PCA) des résultats ToF-SIMS aide à révéler l’orientation des protéines adsorbées grâce à la répartition des fragments d’acides aminés. En microbalance à quartz avec mesure de la dissipation (QCM-D), l’adsorption des protéines est suivie in situ (i.e. en phase liquide). Deux protéines globulaires ayant des propriétés structurales différentes sont d’abord étudiées, la β-Lactoglobuline (βLG) est dite dure quand l’albumine de sérum bovin (BSA) est dite souple. Des orientations différentes sont proposées après adsorption sur les SAM. Un cas plus complexe est ensuite étudié avec l’adsorption ou le greffage d’un anticorps sur les surfaces. De nouveau, différentes orientations sont proposées et elles sont corrélées à des mesures de bio-reconnaissances. En conclusion, cette thèse établie une méthodologie de détermination directe et sans marquage de l’orientation de protéines adsorbées. / In this work we studied protein adsorption on chemically well-controlled surfaces. The focus is put on linking physico-chemical properties of surfaces (hydrophobicity/charge) to the structural properties of the adsorbed proteins. To this end, alkyl thiols differing by their end group were used to build self-assembled monolayers on gold substrates (SAM) that serve as templates for protein adsorption or covalent grafting. SAM surfaces before and after protein adsorption were characterized with a combination of techniques. Ex situ analysis were carried out, in air with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), or in vacuum using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). ToF-SIMS results were analyzed statistically in principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal preferential orientations based on amino acids fragments distributions. Protein adsorption was also followed directly in situ (i.e. in the liquid phase) with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Two model proteins – β-Lactoglobulin (βLG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) – were first studied. They are both model globular proteins with different structural properties (βLG is hard while BSA is soft). Different orientations were proposed for both proteins on each SAM surface. A more complex case was then studied with the adsorption and grafting of a monoclonal antibody on the SAM. Again differences in orientations were determined and correlated to biorecognition measurements. In conclusion, this thesis establishes a methodology for the direct label free determination of protein orientation on surfaces.

Orientador: Gustavo Habermann / Resumo: O alumínio (Al) é um dos componentes mais abundantes da crosta terrestre e é tóxico à maioria das plantas, sendo o seu primeiro sintoma de toxicidade a redução no crescimento radicular. Algumas plantas desenvolveram mecanismos para tolerar a presença do Al por meio da formação de complexos de ácidos orgânicos (AOs) com Al, internamente (no simplasto da folha ou das raízes) ou fora da raiz (apoplasto da raiz ou rizosfera). Neste trabalho, plantas de Titricum aestivum L. (Poaceae) (trigo) de cultivar sensível ao Al (ANAHUC75) e tolerante ao Al (JAC5) foram cultivados em diferentes concentrações de Al, variando o estado físico do meio, sendo estes sólido e líquido. Foram encontrados o ácido oxálico e succínico exsudados pelas raízes e acumulados no meio de cultura. Estes foram qualificados e quantificados por Cromatografia Gasosa por Espectrofotometria de Massas (GC-MS) e analisados por métodos estatísticos (ANOVA, teste de Kruskal-Wallis e PCA). Assim, foi possível verificar que o estado físico do meio de cultura gera diferenças significativas nas concentrações de exsudados pela raiz quando cultivadas nas mesmas concentrações de Al, visto que para o ácido succínico em ambas as cultivares e em todos os tratamentos e o ácido oxálico na cultivar tolerante apresentaram disparidade em relação aos teores exsudados. / Abstract: Aluminum (Al) is one of the most abundant elements of the Earth's crust and it is toxic to most plants, being the reduction of root growth its first toxicity symptom. Some plants have developed mechanisms to tolerate Al through the formation of organic acid complexes (AOs) with Al. This occurs internally (in the root or leaf symplast) or outside the root environment (root apoplast or even in the rhizosphere). Here, Titricum aestivum L. (Poaceae) (wheat) plants of an Al-sensitive cultivar (ANAHUC75) and an Al-tolerant cultivar (JAC5) were cultivated at different concentrations of Al, varying the physical state of the medium, being solid and liquid. Oxalic and succinic acid were exuded by the roots and accumulated in the culture medium. These were qualified and quantified by Mass Spectrophotometric Gas Chromatography (GC-MS) and analyzed by statistical methods (ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test and PCA). Thus, it was possible to verify that the physical state of the culture medium generates significant differences in the concentrations of root exudates when cultivated at the same Al concentrations, since for succinic acid in both cultivars and in all treatments and oxalic acid in tolerant cultivar presented disparity in relation to the exudate contents. / Mestre

When it comes to the task of classification the data used for training is the most crucial part. It follows that how this data is processed and presented for the classifier plays an equally important role. This thesis attempts to investigate the performance of multiple classifiers depending on the features that are used, the type of classes to classify and the optimization of said classifiers. The classifiers of interest are support-vector machines (SMO) and multilayer perceptron (MLP), the features tested are word vector spaces and text complexity measures, along with principal component analysis on the complexity measures. The features are created based on the Stockholm-Umeå-Corpus (SUC) and DigInclude, a dataset containing standard and easy-to-read sentences. For the SUC dataset the classifiers attempted to classify texts into nine different text categories, while for the DigInclude dataset the sentences were classified into either standard or simplified classes. The classification tasks on the DigInclude dataset showed poor performance in all trials. The SUC dataset showed best performance when using SMO in combination with word vector spaces. Comparing the SMO classifier on the text complexity measures when using or not using PCA showed that the performance was largely unchanged between the two, although not using PCA had slightly better performance

Thesis advisor: Rudolph Hon / This study characterizes the current state of water quality of surface streams and rivers in the eastern New England region. A set of water quality data for nine rivers, part of the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program was statistically evaluated to identify natural and anthropogenic persistent influential factors on water quality in surface waters. Binary analysis and multivariate analysis, mainly Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis (FA) were applied to determine the least number of independent relationships among multiple chemical components in the data set. Statistical results show that in eight of the nine rivers included in this study, four principal components can explain about 80% of the total variance of the original data. The most significant contributing factors can be identified with: (1) chemical weathering; (2) road salt applications; (3) nutrient cycling; and (4) agricultural/waste water. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology and Geophysics.

Les gestes de la main représentent un moyen naturel et intuitif de communication chez l'homme lui permettant d'interagir avec son environnement dans la vie de tous les jours. Ils permettent notamment de ponctuer et de renforcer l'expression orale d'un dialogue entre personnes. Outre la communication entre individus, les gestes de la main permettent de manipuler des objets ou encore d'interagir avec des machines. Avec le développement de la vision par ordinateur, on assiste à un véritable engouement pour de nouveaux types d'interactions qui exploitent le mouvement de la main et qui passent par une étape d'analyse et de reconnaissance du mouvement afin d'aboutir à l'interprétation des gestes de la main. La réalisation d'un tel objectif ouvre un large champ d'applications. C'est dans ce cadre que se positionne le travail réalisé au cours de cette thèse. Les objectifs visés étaient de proposer des méthodes pour: 1) permettre le transfert d'animation depuis une séquence réelle vers un modèle 3D représentant la main. Dans une telle perspective, le suivi permet d'estimer les différents paramètres correspondant aux degrés de liberté de la main. 2) identifier les gestes de la main en utilisant une base de gestes prédéfinie dans le but de proposer des modes d'interactions basés sur la vision par ordinateur. Sur le plan technique, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux types d’approches : le premier utilise un modèle 3D de la main et le deuxième fait appel à une base de gestes / Hand gestures take a fundamental role in inter-human daily communication. Their use has become an important part of human-computer interaction in the two last decades. Building a fast and effective vision-based hand motion tracker is challenging. This is due to the high dimensionality of the pose space, the ambiguities due to occlusion, the lack of visible surface texture and the significant appearance variations due to shading. In this thesis we are interested in two approaches for monocular hand tracking. In the first one, a parametric hand model is used. The hand motion tracking is first formulated as an optimization task, where a dissimilarity function between the projection of the hand model under articulated motion and the observed image features, is to be minimized. A two-step iterative algorithm is then proposed to minimize this dissimilarity function. We propose two dissimilarity functions to be minimized. We propose also in this thesis a data-driven method to track hand gestures and animate 3D hand model. To achieve the tracking, the presented method exploits a database of hand gestures represented as 3D point clouds. In order to track a large number of hand poses with a database as small as possible we classify the hand gestures using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Applied to each point cloud, the PCA produces a new representation of the hand pose independent of the position and orientation in the 3D space. To explore the database in a fast and efficient way, we use a comparison function based on 3D distance transform. Experimental results on synthetic and real data demonstrate the potentials of ours methods

Studien undersöker hur fyra stora, skandinaviska, serieförvärvande företag som är verksamma på den svenska marknaden ser på förvärvsuppföljning, hur förvärvsuppföljning ter sig samt vad företagen gör med information som utvinns genom uppföljning. En kvalitativ metod användes och studien baseras på intervjuer med de undersökta företagen. Studiens slutsats är att, även om företagen anser att förvärvsuppföljning är viktig, så genomförs inte uppföljning av förvärvsprojekt i samtliga företag på så vis som tidigare forskning föreslår. I de studerade företagen följs de finansiella målen oftast upp, medan uppföljning av icke-finansiella mått sker genom en mer löpande och ad hoc avstämning. Vidare finner studien indikationer på att erfarenhet spelar roll vid förvärvsprocessen och att integration är av betydelse gällande förvärvsuppföljning.