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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1998Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_ah_me_araiq.pdf: 516521 bytes, checksum: f4c7ea7ac1bc51926aee3818d09347f1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Substâncias Húmicas (SH), extraídas de turfa sob diferentes condições foram caracterizadas com o objetivo de se desenvolver nova metodologia de extração com elevado rendimento, baixo teor de cinzas e sem grandes alterações estruturais. Parâmetros como: tempo, temperatura, atmosfera de extração, razão solo/extrator, granulometria do solo, extrator e sua concentração foram avaliados e mostraram ter grande influência no processo. Pelos estudos feitos e resultados obtidos pode-se concluir para a amostra estudada que: 1 - a extração alcalina das substâncias húmicas utilizando-se hidróxido de potássio aumenta o rendimento e diminui o teor de contaminantes inorgânicos co-extraídos em relação ao procedimento utilizando hidróxido de sódio; 2 - a concentração do extrator influencia muito no rendimento, teor de cinzas, razão E4/E6, razão AH/AF e composição elementar das substâncias húmicas extraídas; 3 - 4 horas de extração são suficientes para extrair praticamente toda matéria orgânica presente na amostra; 4 - a razão solo/extrator não exerce influência no teor de matéria orgânica extraída, entretanto, a diminuição dessa razão eleva o teor de contaminantes inorgânicos no extrato húmico; 5 - espectros na região do infravermelho e visível mostraram que o aumento da temperatura de extração causa mudanças estruturais nos ácidos húmico e fúlvico... / Humic Substances (HS), extracted from the peat under different conditions were characterised with the aim of developing a methodology of extraction with high yields, low contents of ashes and without big structural alterations. Parameters such as: time, temperature, extraction atmosphere, soil/extractor ratios, soil granulemetry, extractor and its concentration were evaluated and showed to have great influence on the process. By the studies done and results obtained we can conclude to the studied sample that: 1. the alkaline extraction from the humic substances using potassium hydroxide increase the yields and reduce the contents of inorganic contaminator co-extracted in relation to the procedure that uses sodium hydroxide; 2. the concentration of the extractor influences very much on the yields, contents of ashes, E4/E6 ratios, AH/AF ratios and elementary composition of the extracted humic substances; 3. four hours of extraction are enough to extract almost all the organic material present in the sample; 4. the soil/extractor ratios does not exert any influence on the contents of the extracted organic material, however, the decrease of this ratio increases the contents of inorganic contaminator in the humic extract; 5. spectres in the region of the infrared and visible showed that the increase of temperature of extraction provokes structural changes in the humic and fulvic acids. It was also verified that the reduction of the contents of humic acid and elevation of the fulvic acid extracted with the increase of temperature; 6. the nitrogen atmosphere minimises the oxidation of the humic and fulvic acids during the extraction. The increase in time of extraction of the humic substances in the absence of nitrogen favours the oxidative processes; ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

A estabilização de solos é uma técnica através da qual se busca a melhoria das características de comportamento do solo, especialmente em termos de resistência, deformabilidade, durabilidade e permeabilidade (Ingles & Metcalf, 1972). A ágil e rápida determinação do ganho de resistência de solos artificialmente cimentados ainda não é precisa, e necessita de grande aprimoramento. Com esse objetivo se desenvolveu um equipamento para previsão da resistência de solos moles orgânicos artificialmente cimentados que oferece rapidez nos ensaios e precisão nos resultados. O equipamento basicamente funciona com a cravação de uma haste com base circular alargada adaptada em um anel dinamométrico de nylon que penetra no solo e cujos resultados têm relação linear com a resistência à tração por compressão diametral e resistência à compressão simples independente do tipo de solo, adição de agente cimentante, tipo de agente cimentante, teor de umidade da mistura e tempo de cura. Neste estudo também são mostrados resultados do melhoramento de solo com diferentes teores de cimento e cal, bem como os efeitos dos teores de turfa e resíduo de folhas de eucalipto moídas. Além disso, são avaliados os efeitos do pH baixo através da acidificação das amostras com ácido clorídrico e sulfúrico. O teor de umidade do solo apresenta grande influência nos resultados, pois quanto maior a umidade menor a resistência ou maior o consumo de cimento. A adição de ácido húmico em teores de 0,5%, 2,1% e 4,0% apresentou redução de resistência à compressão simples. As misturas com resíduo de folha de eucalipto moídas e turfa apresentaram redução de resistência e também retardo na atuação dos agentes cimentantes. As misturas com adições de cimento atingiram de uma forma geral resultados superiores comparados com adições de cal virgem. No entanto a combinação de cimento e cal virgem apresentou ótimo desempenho até mesmo superior às misturas com adição de cimento. / Soil stabilization is a technique which seeks to improve the performance characteristics of the soil, especially in terms of strength, deformability, durability and permeability (Ingles & Metcalf, 1972). The agile and rapid determination of the resistance gain of artificially cemented soils is still not accurate and needs major improvement. The main objective of present research was the development and testing, as well as the correlation with standard equipments results, of an apparatus for predicting the resistance of artificially cemented organic soft soils in a fast and accurate testing procedure. The equipment developed in present research basically works with the penetration of a rod with a circular base (adapted in the tip of a dynamometer ring made of nylon) into cement treated soft soils whose results have linear relationship with the tensile strength and compression strength regardless of soil type, addition of cementing agent, type of cementing agent, moisture content of the mixture and curing time. In this study are also shown results of soil improvement due to insertion of different amounts of cement and/or lime, and the effects of the amounts of peat and crushed eucalyptus leaves into soil strength. Furthermore, the effects are evaluated from low pH by acidifying the sample with specific acids. The moisture content of the soil has a major influence on the results, the higher the humidity the lower resistance or higher cement consumption. The addition of humic acid at levels of 0.5%, 2.1% and 4.0% showed a reduction of the compressive strength. Mixtures with waste ground eucalyptus leaf and peat showed a delayed action on cementing agents. Some combinations of cements (cement, lime and ash) showed excellent performance. Combinations of cements generally obtained higher results compared to lime addition. However combinations of cement and lime came up with results better than mixtures with only cement.

A estabilização de solos é uma técnica através da qual se busca a melhoria das características de comportamento do solo, especialmente em termos de resistência, deformabilidade, durabilidade e permeabilidade (Ingles & Metcalf, 1972). A ágil e rápida determinação do ganho de resistência de solos artificialmente cimentados ainda não é precisa, e necessita de grande aprimoramento. Com esse objetivo se desenvolveu um equipamento para previsão da resistência de solos moles orgânicos artificialmente cimentados que oferece rapidez nos ensaios e precisão nos resultados. O equipamento basicamente funciona com a cravação de uma haste com base circular alargada adaptada em um anel dinamométrico de nylon que penetra no solo e cujos resultados têm relação linear com a resistência à tração por compressão diametral e resistência à compressão simples independente do tipo de solo, adição de agente cimentante, tipo de agente cimentante, teor de umidade da mistura e tempo de cura. Neste estudo também são mostrados resultados do melhoramento de solo com diferentes teores de cimento e cal, bem como os efeitos dos teores de turfa e resíduo de folhas de eucalipto moídas. Além disso, são avaliados os efeitos do pH baixo através da acidificação das amostras com ácido clorídrico e sulfúrico. O teor de umidade do solo apresenta grande influência nos resultados, pois quanto maior a umidade menor a resistência ou maior o consumo de cimento. A adição de ácido húmico em teores de 0,5%, 2,1% e 4,0% apresentou redução de resistência à compressão simples. As misturas com resíduo de folha de eucalipto moídas e turfa apresentaram redução de resistência e também retardo na atuação dos agentes cimentantes. As misturas com adições de cimento atingiram de uma forma geral resultados superiores comparados com adições de cal virgem. No entanto a combinação de cimento e cal virgem apresentou ótimo desempenho até mesmo superior às misturas com adição de cimento. / Soil stabilization is a technique which seeks to improve the performance characteristics of the soil, especially in terms of strength, deformability, durability and permeability (Ingles & Metcalf, 1972). The agile and rapid determination of the resistance gain of artificially cemented soils is still not accurate and needs major improvement. The main objective of present research was the development and testing, as well as the correlation with standard equipments results, of an apparatus for predicting the resistance of artificially cemented organic soft soils in a fast and accurate testing procedure. The equipment developed in present research basically works with the penetration of a rod with a circular base (adapted in the tip of a dynamometer ring made of nylon) into cement treated soft soils whose results have linear relationship with the tensile strength and compression strength regardless of soil type, addition of cementing agent, type of cementing agent, moisture content of the mixture and curing time. In this study are also shown results of soil improvement due to insertion of different amounts of cement and/or lime, and the effects of the amounts of peat and crushed eucalyptus leaves into soil strength. Furthermore, the effects are evaluated from low pH by acidifying the sample with specific acids. The moisture content of the soil has a major influence on the results, the higher the humidity the lower resistance or higher cement consumption. The addition of humic acid at levels of 0.5%, 2.1% and 4.0% showed a reduction of the compressive strength. Mixtures with waste ground eucalyptus leaf and peat showed a delayed action on cementing agents. Some combinations of cements (cement, lime and ash) showed excellent performance. Combinations of cements generally obtained higher results compared to lime addition. However combinations of cement and lime came up with results better than mixtures with only cement.

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Orientadores: Miriam Gonçalves Miguel, Gladis Camarini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T22:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_DeboraRegina_M.pdf: 5560763 bytes, checksum: 51614110f36c40f8f18bd356accee7ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho vem contribuir com a técnica de tratamento de solos moles por meio do sistema de estabilização Dry-Mix, analisando parâmetros de resistência à compressão não confinada de corpos-de-prova, devidamente preparados com misturas plásticas de solo mole, aglomerante (cimento Portland) e água, em laboratório. O solo utilizado era oriundo da região da Baixada Santista, localizada no Estado de São Paulo. Duas diferentes dosagens de cimento, 100 e 200 kg de cimento por m³ de solo, além de dois diferentes tipos de cimento CP III e CP V, foram utilizadas neste estudo. Os corpos-deprova foram ensaiados à compressão não confinada nas idades de cura de 7, 28, 90 e 180 dias, e submetidos aos ensaios de ultrassom, durante 28 dias. As dosagens inferiores a 100 kg de cimento por m³ de solo apresentaram resultados de resistência à compressão não confinada inferiores a 200 kN/m², não sendo recomendadas para o tratamento Dry-Mix. Os módulos de elasticidade apresentaram valores crescentes até a idade de 28 dias, indicando perda da rigidez após essa idade de cura. Nos ensaios de ultrassom, foram observados resultados significativos somente para os corpos-de-prova com a dosagem de 200 kg de cimento por m³ de solo. Os resultados de resistência à compressão simples foram submetidos a uma análise estatística, na qual as médias dos resultados foram comparadas com o tipo de cimento, a dosagem, a quantidade de turfa e a idade dos corpos-de-prova, utilizando o teste de Tukey, ao nível de 95% de probabilidade estatística. No geral, os melhores resultados ficaram por conta do cimento CP V - ARI, e com a dosagem de 200 kg de cimento por metro cúbico de solo / Abstract: This work focuses on contributing with the soft soil treatment through the use of Dry-Mix stabilization system, analyzing the parameters of unconfined compressive strength tests performed in specimens properly prepared with plastic mixtures of soft soil, binder (Portland cement) and water, in laboratory. The soil used was from Santos city, located in the state of São Paulo. Two different amounts of cement, 100 and 200 kg per cubic meter of soil, as well as two different kinds of cement: CP III and CP V cement were used in this study. The tests were conducted under unconfined compressive strength at ages 7, 28, 90 and 180 days and underwent ultrasound tests for 28 days. The amounts below 100 kg of cement per m³ presented unconfined compressive strength results under 200 kN/m², which are not recommended for Dry-Mix treatment. The modules of elasticity presented increasing numbers up to the age of 28 days, indicating rigidity loss after this age. In the ultrasound tests, significant results were observed only in the test with the amount of 200 kg of cement per soil m³. The simple unconfined compressive strength results underwent a statistic analysis, in which the result averages were compared according to the type of cement and amount, as well as the amount of peat and the tests ages, by using the Tukey's range test at 95% of statistical probability. In general, the best results were presented by the CP V - ARI cement, with the amount of 200 kg cement per m³ of soil / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Abstract This thesis examined hydrological processes such as snowmelt and groundwater discharge in drained peatland areas in the boreal zone. The studied processes were measured in situ using environmental tracers. Further, performance of a treatment wetland was studied during snowmelt and high flow. A GIS model was developed to estimate groundwater seepage areas in peatland systems surrounding eskers. It was found that soil frost had a clear impact on water quality during snowmelt. This was evident as lower suspended sediments, water colour and dissolved organic carbon concentrations, among other changes. The treatment wetland was found to reduce the suspended solids load during the snowmelt period and late autumn, while reductions in phosphorus and nitrogen loads occurred during summer. A sampling algorithm was built to test how different sampling frequencies affected the estimation of suspended solid loads from the constructed wetland. The results showed increasing uncertainty for sparser sampling (from weekly to monthly sampling), but the uncertainty remained high even at weekly sampling. The GIS model was tested on two eskers and shown to give a fair estimate of groundwater discharge locations. It can thus be used for improving aquifer protection in boreal eskers related to the drainage networks surrounding them. However, to be applied more widely, further efforts are required. The findings in this thesis could be used to develop better water management policies for peat extraction areas, or other industries operating in similar soils and climate. For example, meltwater could be allowed to temporarily bypass treatment facilities in areas with deep soil frost penetration. The wetland study showed that peatland-based wetlands are a suitable approach for improving water treatment performance even under variable hydraulic loads. The uncertainty in the estimated load from a small peat extraction catchment was high, which might limit the use of such data for some purposes. Load estimation methods using the concentration data collected during previous years might be able to reduce the uncertainty, but if the uncertainty needs to be lowered substantially use of sensor technology might be the only viable approach. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee lumensulannasta syntyvää valuntaa erilaisilla turvemailla ja pintavalutuskentän puhdistustehoa lumensulannan aikaan turvetuontantoalueella. Lisäksi työssä pohditaan miten erilainen näytteenottoohjelma vaikuttaa turvetuotantoalueilta arvioituun kiintoaine kuormitukseen ja kehitetään yleiseen paikkatietoaineistoon perustuva malli jolla on mahdollista ennustaa pohjaveden purkatumispaikkoja harjualueilla. Routaisella turvetuotantoalueelta kiintoaineen, värin ja liuenneen orgaanisen hiilen pitoisuudet olivat pieniä lumensulannan aikaan. Työssä seurattu pintavalutuskenttä vähensi kiintoainekuormitusta alapuoliseen vesistöön myös lumensulannan ja syksyn aikana. Ravinteiden osalta pintavalutuskentän toiminta oli parasta kesäaikaan, lumensulannan ja syksyn aikana havaittiin typen ja fosforin huuhtoutumista. Eri näytteenotto-ohjelmilla havaittiin olevan suuri vaikutus arvioituun kuormitukseen. Yleisesti voidaan sanoa epävarmuuden kasvavan kohti harvempaa näytteenotto väliä (viikoittainen-kuukausittainen), mutta, myös viikoittaisella näytteenotolla epävarmuus on huomattava. Kehitettyä paikka- tietomallia kokeiltiin kahdella harjulla jossa se pystyi antamaan suuntaa antavaa arvioita pohjaveden purkautumispaikoista. Työn tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää turvetuotannon tai muiden turvemailla tai niiden lähellä sijaitsevien teollisuuden vesistövaikutuksia arvioitaessa. Esimerkiksi routaisella turvemaalla voitaisiin harkita lumensulannasta aiheituvan valunnan ohijuoksutusta vesiensuojelurakenteista. Työssä todettiin myös pintavalutuskenttien toimivan vaihtelevan kuormituksen alaisena, sekä lumensulannan että syksyn aikaan. Arvioiduissa kuormituksissa erinäytteenottoväleillä havaitut suuret epävarmuudet saattavat rajoittaa laskelmien käyttöä joissakin tarkoituksissa. Epävarmuutta voidaan vähentää käyttämällä hyväksi edellisinä vuosina tehtyjä vedenlaatumittauksia. Luotettavin tapa epävarmuuden vähentämiseksi on jatkuvatoimisten vedenlaatumittareiden käyttäminen.

Les tourbières sont communément utilisées comme archives de dépôts de mercure (Hg). De nombreuses études ces dernières décennies ont montré que les taux d’accumulation de Hg (HgARs) ont augmenté en réponse à l’industrialisation. Les signatures isotopiques en Hg se révèlent très utiles pour mieux caractériser les dépôts de Hg. Elles ont permis de montrer que les dépôts secs de Hg élémentaire gazeux (GEM) dominent les dépôts de Hg sur la tourbière du Pinet. L’analyse d’échantillons de tourbe provenant de plusieurs tourbières en hémisphère nord montre que les dépôts secs de GEM dominent globalement les dépôts de Hg. Les tourbières pourraient donc être utilisées comme archives à la fois des dépôts humides et des concentrations en GEM pendant l’Holocène. On présente la première reconstruction quantitative des concentrations passées en GEM à partir de carottes de tourbe. L’impact de l’Homme sur le cycle du Hg a eu pour conséquence une augmentation graduelle des concentrations en GEM de 0,2 (10 000 – 4000 BP) à 3,5 ng m-3 (20ème siècle), accompagnée par des modifications de signatures isotopiques du Hg atmosphérique. Cette première utilisation de tourbières comme archives de concentration et d’isotopie du GEM est prometteuse, et devrait être étendue à la période pré-anthropique pour étudier les variations naturelles du cycle du Hg pendant l’Holocène. / During the past few decades, peatlands were successfully used to investigate historical mercury (Hg) deposition. The chronology of Hg accumulation rates (HgARs) to peatlands is well constrained, with recent increases in HgAR associated with anthropogenic Hg emissions and deposition. The use of Hg stable isotopes in peatland ecosystems provides new opportunities to better characterize and understand historical Hg deposition. In an extensive study conducted at the Pinet peat bog (French Pyrenees) we identify gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) dry deposition, via foliar uptake, as the dominant Hg transfer pathway from the atmosphere to peat vegetation. Based on the Hg isotope analysis of multiple northern hemispheric peat records, we find that GEM dry deposition dominates Hg deposition globally. We suggest that peatlands can be used as archives of both past Hg wet deposition, Hg dry deposition and GEM concentration. We present the first quantitative reconstruction of historical atmospheric GEM concentrations using peat archives from the Pyrenees. The Human impact on Hg cycling caused a gradual increase in GEM concentrations from 0.2 (10,000 – 4000 BP) to 3.5 ng m-3 (20th Century) and was accompanied by a change in atmospheric Hg isotope signatures. This first comprehensive study on Hg isotope deposition to peatlands is promising and should be extended to pre-anthropogenic times to investigate natural variations in atmospheric Hg dynamics during the Holocene.

This study investigates patterns and processes in transformed and uncultivated Peat Swamp Forests (PSF) situated within the Kosi Bay Lake System Catchment (KBLSC) in north-eastern Maputaland, South Africa. Phytosociological investigations were performed to identify and describe the influence of recorded environmental factors and land use cultivation practices on PSF vegetation patterns (gradients and associations). PSF habitat were grouped into four mutually exclusive classes in the form of pristine, long-time recovering, recently disturbed and active gardening sites. Plant species were recorded separately in different forest strata, while peat profiles were sampled and described in selected Peat Swamp Forest valley bottom crosssections during fieldwork surveys in May and September of 2003. Multivariate analysis in the form of Agglomerative cluster analysis, Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations, and Indicator species analysis were used to identify and describe 5 Peat Swamp Forest communities associated with uncultivated and long-time recovering conditions (38 sampling plots), while 9 PSF communities were identified and described from the combined (four) PSF classes (65 sampling plots). Peat Swamp Forests were associated with channeled valley bottom and hillslope seepage inter– dune landscape settings that are connected to other watercourses within the Kosi Bay Lake System Catchment. The study found that Peat Swamp Forests are consistent with the definition of a phreatic (groundwater dependant) ecosystem, as they displayed indicators of prolonged groundwater-derived saturation, including peat development on slopes located above the active channel. Cultivation practices modified the structure and species composition of PSF, while their recovery after gardening abandonment appeared to be related to the wetness regime and the remaining peat body. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Plant Science / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第22562号 / 地博第265号 / 新制||地||100(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 岡本 正明, 准教授 甲山 治, 准教授 柳澤 雅之, 教授 水野 広祐 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM