Milk fat composition determines specific rheological, sensory and physicochemical properties of dairy products such as texture, melting point, flavor, color, oxidation rates, and viscosity. Previous studies have shown that milkfats containing higher levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points and decreased solid fat contents which leads to softer-textured products. An increased risk of higher oxidation rates can be a disadvantage of high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Three different milkfat compositions were obtained through dietary manipulation of cows: high oleic content, high linoleic content and control milkfat. Ice cream and butter were processed from the treated and control milks. Butter and ice cream samples then were analyzed to measure differences in fatty acid profiles and firmness. High-oleic and high-linoleic milkfat had lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids, such as C 16:0. Conjugated linoleic acid content was increased in the high-linoleic milkfat. High-oleic milkfat resulted in a softer butter. Ice cream samples were analyzed to measure differences in viscosity, melting point, oxidation rate and sensory perception. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in the fatty acid profiles of milkfat, ice cream mix viscosity, peroxide values of ice cream after 3 to 5 months of storage, butter color, and butter firmness. Sensory analyses included a scooping test at -18°C to detect differences in texture. A difference test was conducted to determine oxidation flavor differences between the three ice cream treatments at extended storage times. No significant differences were found in the scooping test or the oxidation flavor difference. Manipulation of the cow's diet increased the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids. It also influenced firmness of butter and behavior of peroxide values during extended storage of high-linoleic ice cream. / Master of Science

A utilização de métodos químicos para higienização de próteses é fundamental para a longevidade do tratamento reabilitador. Entretanto, pouco foi relatado a respeito da ação antimicrobiana das pastilhas efervescentes em estruturas metálicas de Prótese Parcial Removível. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação antimicrobiana de 5 higienizadores à base de peróxido alcalino na desinfecção de discos metálicos (12 mm x 3 mm) de Cobalto-Cromo (Co-Cr), obtidos a partir de padrões de cera, confeccionados em matriz metálica. Foram obtidos 252 espécimes de liga de Co-Cr (Degussa), polidos de forma padronizada, divididos aleatoriamente em 24 grupos (n=10) e 4 grupos de controle negativo (CN, n=3), e esterilizados por óxido de etileno. Cada grupo experimental, exceto CN, foi inoculado com: Candida albicans (Ca), Candida glabrata (Cg), Streptococcus mutans (Sm) ou Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). A adesão dos microrganismos ocorreu em 1 hora e 30 minutos em estufa incubadora a 37ºC. A maturação do biofilme foi obtida em 48 horas, com troca de meio após 24 horas, também a 37ºC, sendo que para Sm o processo ocorreu em microaerofilia. Os espécimes contaminados foram imersos por 5 minutos nas soluções: Polident 3 minutes® (P3), Polident for partials® (PP), Efferdent® (EF), Steradent® (ST) e Corega tabs® (CT) e água deionizada estéril (controle positivo, CP). Após as higienizações, os espécimes foram imersos em meio de cultura Letheen broth e levados à cuba ultrassônica para desprendimento dos microrganismos ainda viáveis. As suspensões obtidas foram diluídas, em 100, 10-1, 10-2 e 10-3, e semeadas para determinação da quantidade de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC/mL). A partir dos valores de UFC foram calculados os valores de Log10(UFC+1) para análise estatística. A distribuição dos dados para Ca, Cg e Sa apresentou-se não normal tendo-se utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis (&alpha;=0,05), seguido pelo teste de Dunn. Para Sm a distribuição dos dados apresentou-se normal, tendo sido utilizados ANOVA (&alpha;=0,05) e teste de Tukey. De acordo com os resultados, não houve diferença significativa para Ca (p=0,15). Para Cg (p=0,00) houve redução significativa de UFC, com EF e CT, em relação a CP. Para Sa (p=0,006) houve redução significativa de UFC com ST em relação a CP. Para Sm (p=0,00) houve redução significativa de UFC, com PP e ST, em relação a CP. Conclui-se que, embora alguns higienizadores tenham tido ação antimicrobiana em relação a Cg, Sm e Sa, nenhum foi capaz de reduzir o número de UFC de Ca. Desta forma, os peróxidos alcalinos estudados não devem ser utilizados como agentes de desinfecção de estruturas de Co-Cr unicamente em imersões de 5 minutos, pois não apresentaram ampla ação antimicrobiana sobre todos os microrganismos avaliados. / The use of chemical methods for denture hygiene is essential to the longevity of prosthetic treatment. However, few have been reported about the antimicrobial action of effervescent tablets on metal structures of partial denture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 5 alkaline peroxide denture cleansers on disinfection of metal disks (12 mm x 3 mm) made of Cobalt-Chromium (Co-Cr) obtained from wax patterns made up in a metal matrix. There were obtained 252 Co-Cr alloy specimens (Degussa) polished in a standard way, randomly divided into 24 groups (n = 10) and 4 negative control groups (NC, n = 3) all sterilized by ethylene oxide. Each experimental group, except CN, was inoculated with: Candida albicans (Ca), Candida glabrata (Cg), Streptococcus mutans (Sm) or Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). The adhesion of microorganisms occurred in 1 hour and 30 minutes in an incubator oven at 37°C. The biofilm growth occurred on 48 hours, with medium change every 24 hours, also at 37°C, while Sm process occurred in microaerophilic. Contaminated specimens were immersed for 5 minutes in those solutions: Polident 3 minutes® (P3), Polident for partials® (PP), Efferdent® (EF), Steradent® (ST) and Corega tabs® (CT) and sterile deionized water (positive control, PC). After hygienisation the specimens were immersed in the Letheen broth culture medium and taken to the ultrasonic tank to release the still viable microorganisms. The obtained suspensions were diluted, in 100, 10-1, 10-2 and 10-3, then seeded to determine the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU / mL). From the CFU values, were calculated values of Log10(CFU+1) for statistical analysis. Not-normal distribution of data to Ca, Cg and Sa was observed, having been used the Kruskal-Wallis test (&alpha; = 0.05) followed by Dunn\'s post test. Sm had normal data distribution and was used ANOVA test (&alpha; = 0.05) and Tukey post test. According to the results there was no significant difference for Ca (p = 0.15). For Cg (p = 0.00) significant reduction of CFUs was observed with EF and CT in relation to PC. Sa (p = 0.006) had significant reduction of CFUs with ST when compared to CP. For Sm (p = 0.00) was observed significant reduction of CFUs with PP and ST in relation to PC. It was concluded that although some denture cleansers had antimicrobial activity against Cg, Sm and Sa, none were able to reduce the CFU number of Ca. Thus, the studied alkaline peroxides should not be used as disinfectant agents with Co-Cr structures solely in 5 minutes immersions, since they dont presented antimicrobial action on all evaluated microorganisms.

A utilização de métodos químicos para higienização de próteses é fundamental para a longevidade do tratamento reabilitador. Entretanto, pouco foi relatado a respeito da ação antimicrobiana das pastilhas efervescentes em estruturas metálicas de Prótese Parcial Removível. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação antimicrobiana de 5 higienizadores à base de peróxido alcalino na desinfecção de discos metálicos (12 mm x 3 mm) de Cobalto-Cromo (Co-Cr), obtidos a partir de padrões de cera, confeccionados em matriz metálica. Foram obtidos 252 espécimes de liga de Co-Cr (Degussa), polidos de forma padronizada, divididos aleatoriamente em 24 grupos (n=10) e 4 grupos de controle negativo (CN, n=3), e esterilizados por óxido de etileno. Cada grupo experimental, exceto CN, foi inoculado com: Candida albicans (Ca), Candida glabrata (Cg), Streptococcus mutans (Sm) ou Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). A adesão dos microrganismos ocorreu em 1 hora e 30 minutos em estufa incubadora a 37ºC. A maturação do biofilme foi obtida em 48 horas, com troca de meio após 24 horas, também a 37ºC, sendo que para Sm o processo ocorreu em microaerofilia. Os espécimes contaminados foram imersos por 5 minutos nas soluções: Polident 3 minutes® (P3), Polident for partials® (PP), Efferdent® (EF), Steradent® (ST) e Corega tabs® (CT) e água deionizada estéril (controle positivo, CP). Após as higienizações, os espécimes foram imersos em meio de cultura Letheen broth e levados à cuba ultrassônica para desprendimento dos microrganismos ainda viáveis. As suspensões obtidas foram diluídas, em 100, 10-1, 10-2 e 10-3, e semeadas para determinação da quantidade de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC/mL). A partir dos valores de UFC foram calculados os valores de Log10(UFC+1) para análise estatística. A distribuição dos dados para Ca, Cg e Sa apresentou-se não normal tendo-se utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis (&alpha;=0,05), seguido pelo teste de Dunn. Para Sm a distribuição dos dados apresentou-se normal, tendo sido utilizados ANOVA (&alpha;=0,05) e teste de Tukey. De acordo com os resultados, não houve diferença significativa para Ca (p=0,15). Para Cg (p=0,00) houve redução significativa de UFC, com EF e CT, em relação a CP. Para Sa (p=0,006) houve redução significativa de UFC com ST em relação a CP. Para Sm (p=0,00) houve redução significativa de UFC, com PP e ST, em relação a CP. Conclui-se que, embora alguns higienizadores tenham tido ação antimicrobiana em relação a Cg, Sm e Sa, nenhum foi capaz de reduzir o número de UFC de Ca. Desta forma, os peróxidos alcalinos estudados não devem ser utilizados como agentes de desinfecção de estruturas de Co-Cr unicamente em imersões de 5 minutos, pois não apresentaram ampla ação antimicrobiana sobre todos os microrganismos avaliados. / The use of chemical methods for denture hygiene is essential to the longevity of prosthetic treatment. However, few have been reported about the antimicrobial action of effervescent tablets on metal structures of partial denture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 5 alkaline peroxide denture cleansers on disinfection of metal disks (12 mm x 3 mm) made of Cobalt-Chromium (Co-Cr) obtained from wax patterns made up in a metal matrix. There were obtained 252 Co-Cr alloy specimens (Degussa) polished in a standard way, randomly divided into 24 groups (n = 10) and 4 negative control groups (NC, n = 3) all sterilized by ethylene oxide. Each experimental group, except CN, was inoculated with: Candida albicans (Ca), Candida glabrata (Cg), Streptococcus mutans (Sm) or Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). The adhesion of microorganisms occurred in 1 hour and 30 minutes in an incubator oven at 37°C. The biofilm growth occurred on 48 hours, with medium change every 24 hours, also at 37°C, while Sm process occurred in microaerophilic. Contaminated specimens were immersed for 5 minutes in those solutions: Polident 3 minutes® (P3), Polident for partials® (PP), Efferdent® (EF), Steradent® (ST) and Corega tabs® (CT) and sterile deionized water (positive control, PC). After hygienisation the specimens were immersed in the Letheen broth culture medium and taken to the ultrasonic tank to release the still viable microorganisms. The obtained suspensions were diluted, in 100, 10-1, 10-2 and 10-3, then seeded to determine the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU / mL). From the CFU values, were calculated values of Log10(CFU+1) for statistical analysis. Not-normal distribution of data to Ca, Cg and Sa was observed, having been used the Kruskal-Wallis test (&alpha; = 0.05) followed by Dunn\'s post test. Sm had normal data distribution and was used ANOVA test (&alpha; = 0.05) and Tukey post test. According to the results there was no significant difference for Ca (p = 0.15). For Cg (p = 0.00) significant reduction of CFUs was observed with EF and CT in relation to PC. Sa (p = 0.006) had significant reduction of CFUs with ST when compared to CP. For Sm (p = 0.00) was observed significant reduction of CFUs with PP and ST in relation to PC. It was concluded that although some denture cleansers had antimicrobial activity against Cg, Sm and Sa, none were able to reduce the CFU number of Ca. Thus, the studied alkaline peroxides should not be used as disinfectant agents with Co-Cr structures solely in 5 minutes immersions, since they dont presented antimicrobial action on all evaluated microorganisms.

In this thesis manuscript are described our synthetic efforts and the first total synthesis of two natural products isolated from the sponges of the genus Plakortis. In total, two different synthetic approaches were studied to finally accomplish the synthesis of plakortolide I. The first approach is an extension of the method developed by our group which consists in the creation of the 1,2-dioxane cycle by intramolecular opening of vinyl epoxide with β-hydroperoxy group. Firstly, we was interested in the preparation of alkoxymethylhexa-2,5-dien-1-ol. We have also tried to create the 1,2-dioxane cycle by double opening of bis-1,5-epoxide with hydrogen peroxide. Further more we have synthesised trisubstituted β-hydroperoxy vinyl epoxide, precursor of 1,2-dioxan ring, from R-epichlorohydrin. During this synthesis a procedure of chemoselective methylenation of ketone in the presence of epoxide by Nysted reagent and Ti(OiPr)2Cl2 was developed. Finally, (-)-ent-plakortolide I and seco-plakortolide E were synthesised by intramolecular Michael addition of hydroperoxide to double bond of the butenolide moiety

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:36:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2358246 bytes, checksum: 882ce511185e31ae61ca9848e6d2ca90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) production was studied in plants of two rice cultivars, Fernandes (CNA-1158) and Maravilha (CNA-6843-1), in the presence of aluminum. Nine days-old rice seedlings were exposed to 0 and 1 mM Al for ten days and, then, plant growth, superoxide (O2 -), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chloroplastidic pigment contents, lipid peroxidation, gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were determined. The Fernandes cultivar growth did not change with Al treatment, while in Maravilha cultivar reductions were observed in both roots and shoot. The control plants of the two cultivars showed the same content of O2 - in the two parts of the plants. Aluminum treatment caused reduction in the O2 - contents only in the roots of the Fernandes cultivar, while in the leaves the reduction occurred in both cultivars, but with higher intensity in the Fernandes cultivar. The presence of O2 - was histochemically shown in the root apices of the two rice cultivar, independent of Al treatment. This oxygen reactive species accumulated mainly in the epidermis and external cortical cells of the root apices. The H2O2 content in the roots of control plants of the Fernandes cultivar were higher than in the Maravilha cultivar. After exposure to Al, a reduction in this reactive oxygen species content was observed only in the Fernandes cultivar, which became statistically similar to that of the Maravilha cultivar. In the leaves, Al treatment reduced the H2O2 content only in the Maravilha cultivar, which became similar to that of the Fernandes cultivar. Lipid peroxidation in the roots increased with the Al treatment only in the Maravilha cultivar, becoming significantly higher than in the Fernandes cultivar. In the leaves, Al treatment did not have any effect, but the Fernandes cultivar showed larger lipid peroxidation than the Maravilha cultivar. Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents increased in Fernandes cultivar, but they did not change in the Maravilha cultivar after plants exposure to aluminum. In spite of that, gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were not modified by Al treatment in none of the cultivars. In the presence of Al, Fernandes cultivar showed lower superoxide and hydrogen peroxide contents, which could explain, at least partly, the smallest lipid peroxidation of its membranes and, consequently its larger growth. / Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a produção de intermediários reativos de oxigênio em plantas de dois cultivares de arroz, Fernandes (CNA-1158) e Maravilha (CNA-6843-1), na presença de alumínio. Plântulas de arroz de nove dias de idade foram expostas ao Al nas concentrações de 0 e 1 mM, durante dez dias e, então, determinou-se o crescimento, os teores de superóxido (O2 -), de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e de pigmentos cloroplastídicos, a peroxidação de lipídios e parâmetros de trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila a. O crescimento do cultivar Fernandes não foi modificado pelo Al, enquanto o do cultivar Maravilha sofreu redução desta variável tanto nas raízes quanto na parte aérea. As plantas controle dos dois cultivares apresentaram os mesmos teores de O2 - nas duas partes das plantas. O tratamento com Al provocou redução no teor de O2 - nas raízes apenas no cultivar Fernandes, enquanto nas folhas a redução ocorreu nos dois cultivares, mas com maior intensidade no cultivar Fernandes. A presença de O2 - foi demonstrada histoquimicamente nos ápices radiculares dos dois cultivares, independente do tratamento com alumínio. O acúmulo desta espécie reativa ocorreu, principalmente, nas células epidérmicas e corticais mais externas. O teor de H2O2 nas raízes das plantas controle do cultivar Fernandes foi mais elevado que no cultivar Maravilha. Após exposição ao Al, observou-se redução no teor desta espécie reativa apenas no cultivar Fernandes, que passou a ter a mesma concentração do cultivar Maravilha. Nas folhas, o tratamento com Al causou redução no teor de H2O2 apenas no cultivar Maravilha, que passou a ter o mesmo teor do cultivar Fernandes. A peroxidação de lipídios nas raízes aumentou com o tratamento com Al apenas no cultivar Maravilha, passando a ser significativamente maior que no cultivar Fernandes. Nas folhas, o tratamento com Al não teve efeito, mas o cultivar Fernandes apresentou maior peroxidação de lipídios que o cultivar Maravilha. Os teores de clorofila a, b, clorofila total e carotenóides aumentaram no cultivar Fernandes, mas não se modificaram no cultivar Maravilha após exposição das plantas ao alumínio. Apesar disso, os parâmetros de trocas gasosas e de fluorescência da clorofila a não foram modificados pelo tratamento com Al em nenhum dos cultivares. Na presença de Al, o cultivar Fernandes apresentou menores teores de superóxido e de peróxido de hidrogênio, que explicam, pelo menos em parte, a menor peroxidação dos lipídios de suas membranas e, conseqüentemente seu maior crescimento.

Dans ce mémoire de thèse sont décrits nos efforts synthétiques qui ont conduits à la première synthèse totale de deux produits naturels isolés d’éponges marines du genre Plakortis. Deux approches synthétiques des plakortolides ont été successivement étudiées pour finalement aboutir à la synthèse de la plakortolide I qui comporte un cycle endoperoxide à 6 chainons (1,2-dioxane). La première approche qui est une extension d’une méthode développée au laboratoire consistait à créer le cycle 1,2-dioxane par une ouverture intramoléculaire d’un époxyde vinylique par un groupement hydroperoxyde en β de l’époxyde. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la préparation d’un intermédiaire de synthèse, un alkoxyméthylhexa-2,5-dien-1-ol. Nous avons aussi tenté de créer le cycle 1,2-dioxane par une double ouverture d’un di époxyde 1,5 par de l’eau oxygénée. Nous avons ensuite modifié notre stratégie de synthèse en introduisant au début de la synthèse la chaine latérale de la plakortolide I en partant de la R-épichlorhydrine commerciale. Nous avons ainsi synthétisé le β-hydroperoxy vinyl époxyde trisubstitué, précurseur du cycle 1,2-dioxane. Lors de cette synthèse, nous avons mis au point une méthode efficace et chimiosélective de méthylenation d’une cétone en présence d’un ester utilisant le réactif de Nysted catalysé par Ti(OiPr)2Cl2. La seconde approche du système bicyclique peroxylactone fait appel à une addition de Michael intramoléculaire d’un hydroperoxyde sur la double liaison d’un buténolide. Cette voie fut couronnée de succès car la (-)-ent-plakortolide I et la seco-plakortolide E ont été synthétisées / In this thesis manuscript are described our synthetic efforts and the first total synthesis of two natural products isolated from the sponges of the genus Plakortis. In total, two different synthetic approaches were studied to finally accomplish the synthesis of plakortolide I. The first approach is an extension of the method developed by our group which consists in the creation of the 1,2-dioxane cycle by intramolecular opening of vinyl epoxide with β-hydroperoxy group. Firstly, we was interested in the preparation of alkoxymethylhexa-2,5-dien-1-ol. We have also tried to create the 1,2-dioxane cycle by double opening of bis-1,5-epoxide with hydrogen peroxide. Further more we have synthesised trisubstituted β-hydroperoxy vinyl epoxide, precursor of 1,2-dioxan ring, from R-epichlorohydrin. During this synthesis a procedure of chemoselective methylenation of ketone in the presence of epoxide by Nysted reagent and Ti(OiPr)2Cl2 was developed. Finally, (-)-ent-plakortolide I and seco-plakortolide E were synthesised by intramolecular Michael addition of hydroperoxide to double bond of the butenolide moiety

Ausgangspunkte der vorliegenden Arbeit waren stereoselektive Synthesen von Reissert-analogen N-Acylaminohydroperoxiden über chirale N-Acylisochinoliniumsalze. Edukte waren Isochinolin(derivaten), Menthylchloroformiat und Wasserstoffperoxid. Es galt die Konfiguration der erhaltenen Produkte zu beweisen und deren Sauerstoffübertragungspotential zu erforschen. Ein zweites Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, von bekannten Diketopiperazinhydroperoxiden ebenfalls das Sauerstoffübertragungspotential zu überprüfen, weil sie die gleiche N-Acylaminohydroperoxidstruktur aufweisen aber bisher wenig untersucht wurden. Es gelang durch NMR-Untersuchungen und Vergleich mit ähnlichen Reaktionen die Annahme eines stereoselektiven Verlaufes zu widerlegen. Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass anstelle von Hydroperoxiden Peroxide vorliegen. Es konnte eine in situ Methode entwickelt werden, um mit dem vorgegebenen Substanzen unter Zusatz eines Metallkatalysators wie Vanadium(V)triisopropylat und Titan(IV)tetraisopropylat eine Sauerstoffübertragung auf Methylphenylsulfid zu erzielen. In Abhängigkeit der eingesetzen Isochinolinderivate gelang eine kinetische Racematspaltung, so dass eine stereoselektive Sulfoxidation möglich wurde. Das günstigste Ergebnis betrug 51 % Sulfoxid bei 73 % Enantiomerenüberschuss. Mit einem bekannten Diketopiperazinhydroperoxid konnte Methylphenylsulfid direkt in 62 % Sulfoxid mit 32 % Enantiomerenüberschuss überführt werden. Dies sind die ersten erfolgreichen stereoselektiven Sulfoxidationen mit N-Acylaminohydroperoxiden. / Starting points of the present work were stereoselective syntheses of Reissert analogous N-acylaminohydroperoxides derived from chiral N-acylisochinoliniumsalts. Starting materials were isochinoline (and derivates), menthylchloroformiate and hydrogen peroxide. It was a matter of proving the configuration of the preserved products and of investigating the oxygen transfer potential. The second purpose of this work was to check the oxygen transfer potential of known diketopiperazinehydroperoxides likewise because they show the same N-acylaminohydroperoxide structure, however, up to now they were only examined scarcely. One succeeded by NMR investigations and comparison with similar reactions in disproving the acceptance of a stereoselective course. Furthermore it was shown that there are peroxides instead of hydroperoxides. We developed an in situ method to achieve with the given substances under addition of a metal catalyst like vanadium(V)triisopropylate and titanium(IV)tetraisopropylate an oxygen transfer to methylphenylsulfide. In dependence of the used isochinoline derivates a kinetic resolution was observed, so that a stereoselective sulfoxidation became possible. The most favorable result amounted to 51% sulfoxide with 73% enantiomeric excess. With a known diketopiperazinehydroperoxide methylphenylsulfide could be directly transfered into 62% sulfoxide with 32% enantiomeric excess. These are the first successful stereoselective sulfoxidations with chiral N-acylaminohydroperoxides.

A novel cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) thiolato Schiff base, [Ru(SC6H4NC(H)C6H4OCH2CH2SMe)(&eta / 5-C2H5]2 was synthesized and deposited as a selfassembled monolayer (SAM) on a gold electrode. Effective electronic communication between the Ru(II) centers and the gold electrode was established by electrostatically cycling the Shiff base-doped gold electrode in 0.1 M NaOH from -200 mV to +600 mV. The SAMmodified gold electrode (Au/SAM) exhibited quasi-reversible electrochemistry. The integrity of this electro-catalytic SAM, with respect to its ability to block and electro-catalyze certain Faradaic processes, was interrogated using Cyclic and Osteryoung Square Wave voltammetric experiments. The formal potential, E0', varied with pH to give a slope of about - 34 mV pH-1. The surface concentration, &Gamma / , of the ruthenium redox centers was found to be 1.591 x 10-11 mol cm-2. By electrostatically doping the Au/SAM/Horseradish peroxidase at an applied potential of +700 mV vs Ag/AgCl, a biosensor was produced for the amperometric analysis of hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide and tert-butylhydroperoxide. The electrocatalytic-type biosensors displayed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with their limits of detection of 6.45 &mu / M, 6.92 &mu / M and 7.01 &mu / M for hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide and tert-butylhydroperoxide respectively.

La present tesi avalua els efectes de certs factors ambientals sobre la paraoxonasa1 (PON1), enzim antioxidant, possiblement protector enfront les malalties cardiovasculars, a través de dos estudis d'intervenció i un de transversal. En primer lloc, el tractament amb simvastatina dels pacients amb hipercolesterolèmia familiar, que presentaven una activitat paraoxonasa baixa, s'associava a un increment de l'activitat fins a valors similars als d'individus normolipèmics, independentment dels polimorfismes PON1-55 o PON1-192. En segon lloc, l'entrenament físic s'associava a un augment de l'activitat paraoxonasa en els individus QQ i una disminució de la mateixa en els portadors de l'al·lel R pel polimorfisme PON1-192. L'increment de l'activitat paraoxonasa immediatament després de l'exercici físic agut era seguit per una disminució subseqüent de l'activitat. La recuperació dels nivells basals d'activitat paraoxonasa a les 24h de l'exercici físic agut es donava en els individus QQ independentment del seu estat d'entrenament, i en els individus portadors de l'al·lel R només quan estan entrenats. En tercer lloc, el consum elevat d'àcid oleic comportava un augment de la concentració de c-HDL i de l'activitat paraoxonasa en els homes portadors dels genotips QR i RR del polimorfisme PON1-192, respectivament.Paraules claus: paraoxonasa, PON1, genotips, simvastatina, hipercolesterolèmia familiar, interacció gen-dieta, lipoproteïna d'alta densitat (HDL), exercici físic agut, entrenament físic, estrès oxidatiu, àcid oleic, oli d'oliva, peròxids lipídics, malaltia cardiovascular. / The present thesis evaluates some environmental factor effects on paraoxonase1 (PON1), an possibly protective against cardiovascular disease antioxidant enzyme, through two intervention studies and a cross-sectional one. First, treatment with simvastatin of the familial hypercholesterolemic patients, which had low paraoxonase activity, was associated with an increase in the activity to values similar to the normolipemic ones, regardless of the PON1-55 or PON1-192 polymorphisms. Second, Regular exercise was associated with an increase in PON1 activity in QQ subjects and with a decrease in R carriers. Increased PON1 activity immediately after a bout of exercise was subsequently followed by a decrease of activity. The recovery of the basal PON1 activity levels at 24 h was found in QQ subjects regardless of their training status and in trained R carriers, but not in untrained R carriers. Third, high oleic acid intake was associated with increased HDL cholesterol and PON1 activity levels only in men who were QR and RR of the PON1-192 polymorphism, respectively.

The natural product celastrol (1) possesses a wide array of promising biological activities related to diseases characterized by protein misfolding including those associated with neuronal degradation, inflammation, and cancer. Relevant to cancer, celastrol functions as a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of heat shock protein-90, providing a potential lead for the development of new inhibitors with improved pharmacology. A laboratory preparation of the small molecule was undertaken to provide access to the unnatural enantiomer of celastrol. The lack of understanding of the chemistry and biology of the growing class of celastroids is attributed to the incompatibility of biologically inspired polyene cyclization strategies to assemble friedelin triterpenoids. As a result of these problems residing at the interface of chemistry and biology, a purely synthesis-based strategy for polyene cyclizations to rapidly construct the pentacyclic core of the friedelin and celastroid natural products has been developed. This efficient strategy is gram scalable culminating in the first total synthesis of wilforic acid (127) and an advanced intermediate capable of delivering celastrol (1) as well as numerous celastroid natural products. Phenols possess broad utility serving as key materials in all facets of chemical industries, especially the pharmaceutical industry. The ideal synthesis of a phenolic compound entails the direct oxidation of an aryl C-H bond remains to be a difficult synthetic challenge. Following our initial report describing the hydroxylation of arenes using phthaloyl peroxide, new peroxide derivatives were investigated to probe their reactivity in an effort to hydroxylate aromatics which were previously unreactive. Electronically poor to moderately rich arenes were successfully hydroxylated with a broad functional group tolerance using 4,5-dichlorophthaloyl peroxide. This protocol has been applied toward the rapid synthesis of phenolic analogs and metabolites of current pharmaceuticals as well as biocides. Mechanistic studies using kinetic isotope effect, competition, and benzylic oxidation experiments indicate that a novel diradical reverse-rebound mechanism is the likely pathway. Further examination of the transition-state using linear free energy relationships with sigma vs. sigma+ values established a linear trend with a low negative rho value (- 3.92) corresponding best using sigma values supporting a diradical reverse-rebound addition. / text